脑卒中恢复期干预措施研究近况

脑卒中是严重威胁人类健康的最常见疾病之一,其发病率、病死率、病残率高,是世界范围内死亡和残疾的主要因素之一.根据世界卫生组织统计,全世界每年约有500万人死于脑卒中,有1 500万人患非致死性脑卒中[1].在中国,每年约有200万人首次发生脑卒中,150万人死于脑卒中及其并发症,幸存的脑卒中患者中约75%的患者有不同程度残疾,约1/3的患者严重残疾而影响生活自理,脑卒中患者复发率高,5年内约半数患者复发,复发患者预后更差[2].     

创伤性颅脑外伤注意障碍的神经影像电生理研究进展

正创伤性颅脑外伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)是神经外科常见疾病,不论国内国外TBI的发生率均相当高,研究文献报道美国每年约170万人遭受脑外伤,而中国TBI的发病率为67.38/10万人口,病死率约为30%[1]。尽管随着脑外伤治疗手段不断提高,已大大降低早期病死率,但是仍留有很高的致残率。TBI的严重后果包括运动障碍、知觉障碍、认知缺陷、语言障碍、外伤性癫痫、人格改变等。其中认知功能     

颅脑损伤后神经递质系统变化与认知障碍的研究进展

近年来,颅脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)的发生率、致残率逐渐增高,随着对脑外伤急性期治疗F段的不断提高,已能大大降低早期的死亡率.然而,它仍是慢性期致残的主要原因,其中认知功能障碍是最持久和最严重的症状之一[1].虽然大部分患者中这些功能在1年后恢复正常,但仍有10％～15％的轻型脑损伤患者存在功能障碍,在中、重型TBI患者中比例更高[2].TBI后认知障碍的确切机制至今仍不十分清楚,研究发现大脑内学习和记忆等认知活动与多种神经递质相关,包括乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,Ach),去甲肾上腺素,多巴胺(DA),5-羟色胺(5-HT),γ-氨基丁酸,谷氨酸,神经营养因 子等[3].本文就TBI后主要神经递质系统的变化及其与认知障碍的研究进展进行简要综述.     

Sigma-1受体在缺血性脑卒中中的研究进展

我国每年约有250万人发生缺血性脑卒中,其中70％ ～80％ 的患者存在不同程度的残疾[1 ].美国一项对82家医院2083例缺血性脑卒中患者的研究发现,约1/3的患者在脑卒中后3个月出现永久性的残疾或死亡[2 ].目前脑卒中的治疗策略首选是溶栓治疗,但是治疗时间窗窄,只有3％ ～5％ 的患者能获得有效治疗[3 ].深...     

中国卒中康复治疗指南简化版

卒中的特点是高发病率,高致残率和高死亡率.中国每年新发卒中患者约200万人,其中70％～80％的卒中患者因为残疾不能独立生活[1].卒中康复是经循证医学证实的对降低致残率最有效的方法,是卒中组织化管理中不可或缺的关键环节,现代康复理论和实践证明,卒中后进行有效的康复能够加速康复的进程,减轻功能上的残疾,节约社会资源[2].     

颅脑损伤继发医院获得性肺炎危险因素的研究进展

<正>随着交通事故、失足跌倒、工伤意外等事件的频发,颅脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)逐渐增多,近年来我国TBI发病率约为24.1%^[1]。据报道,在欧洲和美国,每年有超过160万人因TBI住院,而在所有创伤导致的死亡中,TBI占30%～40%^[2]。     

乙醇对颅脑创伤预后影响的研究进展

颅脑创伤(TBI)已成为世界范围内一个重要的公共卫生问题,高死亡率和致残率给社会和家庭带来沉重的经济负担.早在1985年,美国全年因TBI所造成的经济负担就达378亿美元,现巳升至每年600亿美元.我国交通伤是发生TBI最主要的原因[1],而机动车交通伤发生的主要原因是酒后驾车.     

积极应用高新技术提高颅脑创伤救治水平

随着社会经济的发展，由于交通和工伤事故等原因所致的颅脑创伤(TBI)发生率也在增加。目前在发达国家TBI发生率约为150～250人／10万／年，而我国为100～200人／10万／年，成为影响人类健康的重要问题。近20～30年以来，随着先进诊断技术(CT、MR)的应用，包括直升飞机参与的院前急救体系的建立和完善，以     

地震灾害中关于颅脑创伤急救的思考

地球上,地震以每年超过一百万次的频率发生着,但是真正造成巨大人员和物资损失的大地震全球平均三年一次.自20世纪以来,中国共发生7级以上地震36次,共伤亡78万余人.其中死亡人数超过100人的地震16次,死伤781 521人[1].最著名的是1976年唐山大地震,死亡约25万人[2].     

脑爆震伤动物模型评价

正据报道,美国颅脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)最近每年发生约140万次,占外伤性死亡的1/3。美军在伊拉克和阿富汗战争中穿戴先进的盔甲,大大提高了生存率,不可避免地增加了非致命损伤~([1])。2000~2006年,美军有26万余人遭受TBI,约5万人属于中重度TBI,大约70%参战回国的TBI人员是由爆炸所引起~([2])。美军部署到伊拉克和阿富汗军人中,有10%~20%人受到脑爆震伤(blast TBI,bTBI)的     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.