胰头癌、壶腹部癌274例临床与病理诊断分析

目的探讨胰头、壶腹部癌临床与病理诊断的符合率,提高临床诊断水平.方法回顾性分析1981年1月～ 2002年12月临床诊断的胰头、壶腹部癌274例.将274例患者分为3组:A组(胰十二指肠切除术)163例,B组(肿瘤未切除者)66例,C组(单纯内镜检查)45例.结果临床诊断胰头、壶腹部癌274例,与病理诊断比较符合率为73.7%(202/274).A组临床诊断与病理诊断比较符合率93.2%(152/163),B组为45.4%(30/66),C组为42.2%(19/45).在122例胰头肿块中,胰头癌符合率为68.85%(84/122),其中A组胰头癌符合率89.71%(61/68),B组43.14%(22/1),C组33.3%(1/3).在150例壶腹部肿块中,壶腹癌诊断符合率为72.0%(108/150),其中A组为88.17%(82/93),B组为53.3%(8/15),C组为42.85%(18/42).2例为转移癌.胰头、壶腹部癌临床与病理诊断不符合72例(26.3%),其中15例为慢性胰腺炎,16例为慢性十二指肠黏膜炎,8例为十二指肠黏膜上皮不典型增生和33例其他疾病.B超、CT、内镜、ERCP、血清标志物和PGGT、PGGT/TGGT的联合检测,发现早期胰头壶腹部癌(T1N0M0)30例(13.1%, 30/229),其中早期胰头癌9例(10.7%, 9/84),早期壶腹部癌21例(14.5%, 21/145).结论早期胰头、壶腹部癌(T1N0M0)诊断困难,应提高其诊断水平;胰头癌和胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎的鉴别诊断十分重要;在组织病理学确诊胰头、壶腹部癌以前,胰十二指肠切除必须慎重.     

胰腺癌及壶腹周围癌120例临床分析

我院自1969～1984年6月共收治胰腺癌及壶腹周围癌120例,其中手术109例,手术切除率为28.4%,而胰头癌切除率为28.8%(19/66),壶腹周围癌切除率为80%(12/15),胰头十二指肠切除术死亡率为12.9%(4/31),手术总死亡率为17.4%(19/     

CT与B超对胰头癌诊断的对比分析

目的 探讨胰头癌的超声学特点和B超在胰头癌诊断中的价值.方法 对38例疑为胰腺癌患者进行胰腺B超检查及CT检查,并与病理结果对照.同时对比观察B超和CT在胰头癌诊断中的异同.结果 38例疑为胰腺癌的患病者最终有28例证实为胰头癌患者,B超检查检出21例,诊断符合率为75.0%,CT检出24例,诊断符合率为85.7%.B超与CT比较,各项观察指标均无统计学差异(P均>0.05).结论 B超和CT对胰头癌检查诊断符合率基本一致.     

中老年壶腹部癌切除术后29例生存因素分析

壶腹部癌是一种少见的消化道恶性肿瘤,大约占整个消化道肿瘤的4%.壶腹部癌包括壶腹癌、十二指肠癌和胆总管下端癌三种.在临床上与胰头癌有很多共同点,故统称之为壶腹部周围癌[1].其恶性程度明显低于胰头癌,故手术切除率和5年生存率都明显高于胰头癌.其术后5年生存率为20%~35%[2].由于发病率相对较低,关于其预后因素分析的研究很少,单独进行壶腹部癌病例研究的文献则更少.因此,本研究收集了我院近10多年来的壶腹部癌病例,着重就其切除术后影响长期生存的临床病理因素进行分析;以期为手术方式的合理选择和辅助治疗提供依据.     

影响胰头、壶腹部癌患者胰十二指肠切除术后生存的因素

目的分析影响胰头癌、壶腹部癌行胰十二指肠切除术的患者生存期的因素。方法收集1990年1月至2005年6月因胰头癌、壶腹部癌行胰十二指肠切除术的95例患者,有完整随访资料的68例纳入分析。观察的影响因素包括性别,年龄,术前黄疸、GPT、贫血,临床分期,原发肿瘤大小,淋巴结转移,住院期间输血量。Kaplan-Meier法计算累计生存率,单因素分析采用Logrank法,多因素分析采用COX回归模型。结果胰头癌1年、2年、3年生存率分别为37%,12%,12%;壶腹部癌1年、2年、3年生存率分别为60%,38%,31%。单因素分析提示,胰头癌患者的临床分期、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移及输血量与预后有关(P<0.05);壶腹部癌患者的各观察指标与预后的关系无统计学意义。多因素分析提示输血是胰头癌的独立预后因素;壶腹部癌患者无明确的影响预后的独立因素。结论输血是影响胰头癌预后的独立因素,加强围手术期处理有助改善胰头癌患者的预后。     

壶腹周围癌粪弹力蛋白酶1检测及临床意义

目的探讨壶腹周围癌患者粪弹力蛋白酶1检测的临床意义。方法2005年1月至2006年3月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院、北京市消化疾病中心临床表现、影像学或组织学检查确诊的无法手术切除的壶腹周围癌连续病例34例及非胰性胃肠疾病患者20例,采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验进行粪弹力蛋白酶1检测,以200μg/g为临界值。结果34例壶腹周围癌中有29例粪弹力蛋白酶1<200μg/g(29/34,85.3%),粪弹力蛋白酶1平均(114.85±105.19)μg/g,与非胰性胃肠疾病组[(513.28±101.51)μg/g]比较,差异有统计学意义;21例胰头癌患者18例粪弹力蛋白酶1<200μg/g,粪弹力蛋白酶1平均(118.81±111.05)μg/g;13例壶腹部癌患者11例粪弹力蛋白酶1<200μg/g,粪弹力蛋白酶1平均(108.46±99.04)μg/g,胰头癌组粪弹力蛋白酶1与壶腹部癌组比较,差异无统计学意义,胰头癌组及壶腹部癌组弹力蛋白酶1均低于非胰性胃肠疾病组,差异有统计学意义。结论壶腹周围癌患者普遍存在胰腺外分泌功能障碍。     

影响胰头、壶腹部癌患者胰十二指肠切除术后生存的因素

目的 分析影响胰头癌、壶腹部癌行胰十二指肠切除术的患者生存期的因素.方法 收集1990年1月至2005年6月因胰头癌、壶腹部癌行胰十二指肠切除术的95例患者,有完整随访资料的68例纳入分析.观察的影响因素包括性别,年龄,术前黄疸、GPT、贫血,临床分期,原发肿瘤大小,淋巴结转移,住院期间输血量.Kaplan-Meier法计算累计生存率,单因素分析采用Log rank法,多因素分析采用COX回归模型.结果 胰头癌1年、2年、3年生存率分别为37%,12%,12%;壶腹部癌1年、2年、3年生存率分别为60%,38%,31%.单因素分析提示,胰头癌患者的临床分期、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移及输血量与预后有关(P＜0.05);壶腹部癌患者的各观察指标与预后的关系无统计学意义.多因素分析提示输血是胰头癌的独立预后因素;壶腹部癌患者无明确的影响预后的独立因素.结论 输血是影响胰头癌预后的独立因素,加强围手术期处理有助改善胰头癌患者的预后.     

黄疸前期壶腹周围癌的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨黄疽前期壶腹周围痛的临床特点,提高早期诊断率和手术疗效.方法 回顾性分析1998年1月至2005年12月收治的27例黄疸前期壶腹周围癌的临床资料.结果 黄疸前期壶腹周围癌的临床症状多为非特异性,主要包括上腹部饱胀不适(92.6%)、上腹部胀痛或隐痛(55.6%)以及不规则发热等(29.6%).B超、CT、MRCP、ERCP和内镜超声(EUS)等影像学检查有助于早期诊断,其阳性发现率分别为75.6%、85.2%、83.3%、84.6%和88.9%.本组27例患者中,19例行区域性胰十二指肠切除术,5例行胰十二指肠切除联合血管切除,3例行胆管或胆囊空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,总切除率为88.9%.无手术死亡,术后并发症发生率为7.4%.术后1、3、5年生存率分别为100%、70.8%、41.7%.结论 壶腹周围癌在黄疸前期有其临床特点和影像学异常改变.如能在黄疸前期作出明确诊断,仍然是提高手术切除率和改善预后的一个重要途径.     

壶腹癌的超声诊断以及鉴别诊断探讨

目的 探讨超声诊断壶腹癌的准确性以及其与胰头癌、胆管下段癌的鉴别.方法 对2007-02～2009-01收治的壶腹周围癌患者采用回顾性分析的方法进行统计学分析.结果 54例病例超声诊断平均准确率为87.04%.三组肿瘤最大直径的比例进行组间比较(χ2=13.41,P＜0.05)肿瘤直径差异有统计学意义;胰头癌组、壶腹癌组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).肝外胆管扩张程度,壶腹癌组和胆总管下段癌组分别与胰头癌组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),胰管扩张程度三组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 超声诊断是壶腹癌最重要的诊断手段,对鉴别胰头癌和胆管下段癌有辅助作用.     

胰头癌淋巴结微转移的检出及其分析

目的 通过对胰头癌切除标本中淋巴结微转移的检测,分析淋巴结微转移对胰头痛临床分期及预后的影响,探讨其临床价值.方法 以手术显微镜法完整取出20例冈胰头癌行区域性胰十二指肠切除术标本中的淋巴结,常规病理检测淋巴结转移,免疫组化检测淋巴结微转移.结果 20例标本中共找到677枚淋巴结,常规病理显示13例共87枚淋巴结发生转移.在病理检测阴性的590枚淋巴结中,免疫组化检测又发现3例57枚淋巴结存在微转移.常规病理结合免疫组化检测,淋巴结转移阳性患者从65%(13/20)增加到80%(16/20);转移淋巴结的检出率从12.9%(87/677)上升到21.3%(144/677),相差显著(P<0.05).微转移检测使3例ⅡA期患者转为ⅡB期,有淋巴结微转移患者的1年内肿瘤转移、复发率为75%,而无微转移者的转移、复发率为25%.结论 胰头癌淋巴结微转移的检出有助于肿瘤分期的确定和预后的判断.     

ERCP对原发性肝外胆管癌的诊断价值

ＥＲＣＰ检查梗阻性黄疸２８７例中原发性肝外胆管癌４８例，其中胆囊癌４例（８％），肝总管癌１１例（２３％），胆总管癌１２例（２５％），壶腹癌１７例（３６％），胆管多部位癌４例（８％）。另外胰头癌浸润胆总管５例。本文探讨了原发性肝外胆管癌的Ｘ线特征、鉴别诊断；对比分析了ＥＲＣＰ与Ｂ超的诊断价值。     

335例壶腹周围癌手术分析

目的 我院近十年来开展的335例壶腹周围癌的手术情况，以期能为逐步提高其外科手术治疗的安全性和疗效提供有益帮助。方法 分析1990年1月至1999年12月间在我院普外科施行手术的335例壶腹周围癌患的临床资料，其中胰头癌237例，壶腹部癌98例。结果 胰头癌与壶腹部癌手术切除率分别为13．5％与66．3％，总手术切除率为29％，根治性手术死亡率为7．69％与5．45％，手术并发症发生率分别为26．9％与32．7％。本组手术并发症主要是：胰瘘、胆瘘、出血、腹腔感染、吻合口梗阻。结论 要最大眼度地提高壶腹周围癌的手术切除率和长期生存率，降低手术死亡率、并发症发生率，除了提高早期诊断率以外，更重要的是一支专业手术组医师梯队的建立。     

Long-term results of surgical treatment of Vater's ampulla neoplasms

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Vater's ampulla neoplasms account for 30% of resected bilio-pancreatic confluent tumors. Study aim was to review long-term results of surgical treatment for ampullary neoplasms. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective review from 1993 to 2002 identified 55 patients admitted for Vater's ampulla neoplasm in our institution. Follow-up was complete for all cases with a median follow-up of 24 (range 2-180) months. RESULTS: Among the ampullary neoplasms, 10 were adenomas (median age 71) and 45 adenocarcinomas (median age 69). Of the adenomas 60% were treated surgically with excellent long-term results. The resectability rate of ampullary carcinomas was 84%. 34 patients had pancreaticoduodenectomy and 4 ampullectomy. Importantly, the rate of false-negative preoperative biopsies was 45%. Seven patients were treated by stenting or derivation due to poor condition. Actuarial five-year survival rate after pancreatoduodenectomy was 68% (median follow-up 24 months), compared to 0% for other approaches (p < 0.01). After pancreatoduodenectomy, the lymph node status influenced survival, while disease-free survival at 5 years was 85% for NO and 27% for N1 (p < 0.001). Among the pancreatoduodenectomies, 55% consisted of pylorus-preserving procedure which did not influence prognosis compared to absence of pylorus preservation. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatoduodenectomy remains the gold standard for Vater's ampulla neoplasms resection due to the low sensitivity of diagnostic biopsies for carcinoma detection. Vater's ampulla neoplasms resection by pancreatoduodenectomy is associated with good long-term results; however survival after curative resection is influenced by lymph node status.     

Endoscopic papillectomy: a novel approach to difficult cannulation.

BACKGROUND: Selective cannulation of the biliary and pancreatic ducts is considered to be the most difficult and rate limiting aspect of diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). AIMS/METHODS: A novel technique for difficult cannulation is described and its potential role in relieving malignant duodenal obstruction secondary to ampullary carcinoma. A diagnostic endoscopic papillectomy was performed in 10 patients in whom previous attempts at cannulation had failed. Five patients had exophytic ampullary carcinomas, one had carcinoma of the head of pancreas, two had an oedematous ampulla secondary to low common bile duct stones, while two had protuberant ampullae with ectopic orifices. The technique entails snaring the ampulla flush with the duodenal wall using a polypectomy snare and in a similar fashion to polypectomy removing the ensnared ampulla with diathermy using a coagulation current. The underlying exposed ducts can then be cannulated while the ensnared ampulla can be retrieved to aid histological diagnosis. RESULTS: Successful cannulation was achieved in all 10 cases with significant haemorrhage in one patient (10%). Four of the snared ampullary carcinomas (80%) were retrieved enabling a histological diagnosis to be made. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the potential role for endoscopic papillectomy as a means of cannulation in difficult circumstances, however larger comparative studies are required.     

Clinicopathological features in misdiagnosed pancreatic carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There is more potential for misclassification of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas than for many other cancers because of the difficulty of accurate diagnosis. METHODOLOGY: We analyzed the clinicopathological features of 105 patients who were suspected of having unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas on their 1st visit to our outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Ten of 105 patients (10%) had been misdiagnosed as having pancreatic carcinoma. The final diagnoses were made mainly using dynamic computed tomography (CT) and/or histologic examination. The incidence of weight loss (> or = 7% of total-body weight, within 6 months before diagnosis) in the misdiagnosed patients was significantly lower than that in pancreatic carcinoma patients (30% vs. 67%, p=0.02). Serum CA19-9 abnormality (> 100 U/ml) was observed less frequently in the misdiagnosed patients than in the patients with pancreatic carcinoma (40% vs. 77%, p=0.01). The detection of a dilated main pancreatic duct and/or pancreatic mass by imaging modalities was less frequent in the misdiagnosed patients (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic CT and/or histologic examination may be essential when making a definite diagnosis of advanced pancreatic carcinoma. In addition, weight loss, serum CA19-9 abnormality, detection of a dilated main pancreatic duct and/or pancreatic mass may also be useful in making a differential diagnosis of this disease.     

Pancreatic tuberculosis with obstructive jaundice—a case report

Isolated pancreatic tuberculosis (TB) is very rare and its treatment somewhat controversial. We report a case of pancreatic TB diagnosed as pancreatic carcinoma. An 82-yr-old man presented with right upper abdominal pain and obstructive jaundice, without fever or weight loss. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a mass lesion in the pancreatic head, which caused stricturing of the distal common bile duct and pancreatic duct in the head of the gland. As malignancy was suspected, he underwent a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy). Histological examination of the resection specimen disclosed typical features of tuberculosis in the pancreatic head, lymph nodes, and at the ampulla of Vater. The rest of the abdominal cavity was unremarkable. After receiving antimicrobial therapy for tuberculosis for 6 months, he remains well, without jaundice or a recurrent mass visible by ultrasound.     

胰胆管扩张的MRCP表现对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断意义

目的 研究胰胆管扩张对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析45例胰腺癌和41例慢性胰腺炎的MRCP资料。结果 胰腺癌组的MRCP主要特征包括：(1)胰管扩张多呈管腔光滑，明显扩张，并多在胰头肿块处截断(26例，占74．3％)；(2)扩张的胆总管多呈突然截断(26例，占89．7％)；(3)双管征(28例，占62．2％)。慢性胰腺炎组的MRCP主要特征：(1)胰管扩张多呈粗细不均的不规则型，并贯通病变(18例，占60．0％)，部分可见胰管结石(6例，占14．6％)；(2)扩张的胆总管由上至下逐渐变细(18例，占90．0％)。结论 胰胆管MRCP表现的形态特征对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断有鉴别意义。     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for metastatic ampullary and pancreatic tumors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To report the clinical presentation, diagnosis and results of aggressive surgical management in patients with metastatic ampullary and pancreatic tumors. METHODOLOGY: Twelve patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary or pancreatic metastases from January 1, 1987, to June 30, 1998, in 2 institutions. The primary cancer was renal cell carcinoma (n = 5), melanoma (n = 2), venous leiomyosarcoma (n = 1), carcinoid tumor (n = 1), colon carcinoma (n = 1), breast carcinoma (n = 1) and small-cell lung carcinoma (n = 1). The mean interval between primary treatment and metachronous pancreatic metastasis was 88 months. In 3 cases, pancreatic metastases were synchronous with the primary tumor. The main symptoms were jaundice (n = 8) and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding (n = 2). The principal investigations were computed tomography scan (n = 9), arteriography (n = 7), duodenoscopy (n = 6) and fine-needle aspiration (n = 4). A correct preoperative diagnosis was made for 8 patients. RESULTS: In all cases, the pancreatic tumor was resected with intention to cure or provide useful palliation, using pancreaticoduodenectomy for isolated tumors (n = 11) or total pancreatectomy for multiple lesions (n = 1). Three out of 12 patents had positive lymph nodes, and the resection margin was free of disease in all cases. There was no postoperative mortality. Survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy averaged 26 months. Overall survival of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy was 35% at 2 years and 17% at 5 years. One patient is still alive more than 10 years after pancreaticoduodenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed safely, representing a suitable option for resection in patients with symptomatic or late isolated pancreatic metastases in the absence of widely metastatic disease. The best indications are solitary metastases from renal cell carcinoma, sarcoma and neuroendocrine tumors. However, there is no evidence of survival benefit after pancreaticoduodenectomy for synchronous tumors or metachronous tumors from melanoma or colon carcinoma.     

Mucinous carcinoma of Vater's ampulla with a unique extension along the main pancreatic duct

We report a case of mucinous carcinoma of Vater's ampulla with a unique extension along only the main pancreatic duct (MPD) and microinvasion to the pancreas. A 52‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital for the evaluation and treatment of acute pancreatitis. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) demonstrated swelling in the head of the pancreas with a mass in the duodenum. Hypotonic duodenography and endoscopic examination revealed a well‐defined mass, measuring about 25 mm in size, in Vater's ampulla. A biopsy specimen of the tumor showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. A pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with a regional lymphadenectomy was performed, under a preoperative diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of Vater's ampulla with direct invasion into the head of the pancreas. The resected specimen of the duodenum confirmed the presence of the mass, which measured 22 × 15 mm in size, in Vater's ampulla. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of two components: moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma in the peripheral region of the tumor Vater's papilla and mucinous carcinoma in the central region of the tumor. The mucinous carcinoma component uniquely extended along only the MPD with microinvasion to the pancreas. Immunohistochemically, both the moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and the mucinous carcinoma were positive for cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and negative for cytokeratin 7 (CK7) which is the pattern of intestinal‐type carcinoma of Vater's ampulla. We concluded that the original site of this tumor may have been the duodenal epithelium of Vater's ampulla originally moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma—which subsequently changed to mucinous carcinoma that extended along only the MPD with microinvasion to the pancreas.     

胰腺腺鳞癌9例临床分析

目的：探讨胰腺腺鳞癌临床病理学特点和诊断治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析9例经手术和病理证实的胰腺腺鳞癌的临床、手术及病理资料。结果：本组共9例,77．8％（7／9）为老年患,肿瘤位于胰头6例,胰体尾3例。主要的临床表现是黄疸和腹痛,CT提示胰腺低密度占位。8例获手术切除,1例行胆囊空肠襻式吻合术。病理检查：瘤体平均直径为4．5cm,镜下表现为腺癌和鳞癌混杂。肿瘤侵犯十二指肠3例,侵犯肠系膜上静脉1例,侵犯脾静脉1例,侵犯胃1例,侵犯神经2例,淋巴结转移2例,肝转移1例。随访7例,术后生存3－17月,平均生存时间5．5月,均死于肿瘤复发和肝转移。结论：胰腺腺鳞癌呈侵袭性生长,易侵犯周围脏器和远处转移,恶性程度高,预后差;临床症状和影像学表现无特异性,术前确诊困难;手术切除是有效的治疗手段。