矽肺病人外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

通过５６例矽肺病人Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的测定,发现ＣＤ３较正常对照组明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＣＤ８显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＣＤ４２组之间差异无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０５）。提示矽肺病人存在细胞免疫功能异常。而不同矽肺期别Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群异常未见显著性。     

皮肤疣的生物学疗法及免疫学研究

９０例多发性皮肤疣患者要用自体疣移植主动免疫法治疗，随机分为２组，疣移植加眼左旋咪唑５１例，单纯疣移植３９例，结果显示，治愈率分别为９０．２％与８２．５％（Ｐ〉０．２５），对２３例进行了免疫学研究，统计资料表明，术前与术后患者ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＡ，ＩｇＭ及淋巴细胞转化率均无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。检测１０例患者ＣＤ３，ＣＤ４，ＣＤ８细胞百分率均下降（Ｐ〈０．０５），ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值下降（Ｐ〈０．０５     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化与分析

采用免疫花环法对４９例慢性肝炎患者外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群进行观察，发现与正常人相比，慢性肝炎患者Ｔ３＋、Ｔ４＋，Ｔ４＋／Ｔ８＋比值明显低于正常人（Ｐ＜００１），Ｔ８＋明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜００１）；ＣＡＨ－Ｂ、ＣＰＨ－Ｂ的Ｔ３＋、Ｔ４＋、Ｔ４＋／Ｔ８＋比值亦明显低于正常人（Ｐ＜００５），Ｔ８＋明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜００５），而二组间无明显区别（Ｐ＞００５），慢性乙肝（ＣＡＨ－Ｈ、ＣＰＨ－Ｂ）患者的Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群间存在平衡失调，功能紊乱     

小儿急性感染性多发性神经根炎T细胞亚群状态的探讨

本文对２０例急性感染性多发性神经根炎患儿外周血Ｔ细胞亚群进行检查及动态观察，结果患儿在急性期ＣＤ３＋、ＣＤ４＋比正常儿减少（Ｐ均＜０．０１）、ＣＤ３＋增多（Ｐ＜０．０５）、ＣＤ＋４／ＣＤ＋８比值低于正常儿；在恢复期ＣＤ３＋、ＣＤ４＋比急性期增多（Ｐ均＜０．０５）、ＣＤ８＋减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）．ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋比值上升并接近正常儿，该结果与细胞介导的迟发性超敏反应为基础的自身免疫学说的理论不相符，提示本病的发生可能与Ｔ细胞亚群平衡的失调，细胞免疫功能低下有关。     

反复呼吸道感染患儿细胞免疫功能的观察

目的 探讨反复呼吸道感染（ＲＲＴＩ）患儿淋巴细胞免疫功能的动态变化。 方法 采用ＬＴＴ,间接免疫荧光法。ＥＬＩＳＡ等方法,对５４例ＲＲＴＩ患我笔２１例对照组儿童的外周血淋巴细胞的增殖应答效应,ＩＬ－２Ｒ的表达能力,Ｔ细胞亚群,ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值等项目进行了检测。 结果ＲＲＴＩ患儿与对照儿童的ＰＢＬ增殖应答能力无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）;Ｔ细胞亚群,ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）;ＲＲ     

乙肝特异性转移因子等三种药物联用对无症状HBV携带者T淋巴 …

目的 探讨乙肝特异性转移因子、肝康灵和左旋咪唑涂布剂联用,对无太ＨＢＣＶ携带者细胞免疫功能的影响。方法用葡萄球菌蛋白Ａ（ＳＰＡ）花环法制定了治疗１组（３８例大三阳）、治疗２组（９７例小三阳）、对照１组（２８例大三阳）及对照２组（５５例小三阳）Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群。结果 治疗１组、治疗２组经三种药物治疗后ＣＤ４百分率均明显增加（Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＣＤ８百分率均明显下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８明显和蔼     

缺锌对大鼠胸腺发育影响及机理探讨

目的：研究缺锌对胸腺发育及Ｔ淋巴细胞活化与增殖功能的影响。方法：建立大鼠缺锌（ＺＤ）模型，测定胸腺肽、胸腺激素活性、胸腺Ｔ淋巴细胞转化、活化Ｔ淋巴细胞钙离子和活性钙调蛋白等。结果：１．ＺＤ组的血清、毛、胸腺细胞锌含量低于对照（ＡＬ）组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。２．ＺＤ组的胸腺重量、指数和细胞大小低于ＡＬ组（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）。３．ＺＤ组胸腺的胸腺肽含量、胸腺素活性低于ＡＬ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。４．ＺＤ组胸腺细胞的ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ和蛋白质含量低于ＡＬ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。５．ＺＤ组胸腺细胞中增殖期细胞（Ｓ＋Ｇ２／Ｍ）、增殖指数（ＰＩ）低于ＡＬ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。６．ＺＤ组胸腺细胞内ｃＡＭＰ含量与ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值高于ＡＬ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。７．ＺＤ组胸腺细胞内的Ｃａ２＋、ＣａＭ、ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－２Ｒα及Ｔ细胞增殖率低于ＡＬ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。８．ＺＤ组胸腺Ｔ淋巴细胞内的锌离子与Ｃａ２＋、ＣａＭ、ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－２Ｒα、Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖率呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｃａ２＋与ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－２Ｒα呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣａＭ与ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－２Ｒα呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：适量锌有促进胸腺发育、胸腺激素活?     

乙肝特异性转移因子等三种药物联用对无症状HBV携带者T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的　探讨乙肝特异性转移因子、肝康灵和左旋咪唑涂布剂联用,对无症状ＨＢＶ 携带者细胞免疫功能的影响。方法用葡萄球菌蛋白Ａ（ＳＰＡ） 花环法制定了治疗Ⅰ组（３８ 例大三阳） 、治疗Ⅱ组（９７ 例小三阳） 、对照Ⅰ组（２８ 例大三阳） 及对照Ⅱ组（５５ 例小三阳）Ｔ 淋巴细胞亚群。结果　治疗Ⅰ组、治疗Ⅱ组经三种药物治疗后ＣＤ４ 百分率均明显增加（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ;ＣＤ８ 百分率均明显下降（ｐ ＜ ０ ．０５） ;ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８ 明显升高（ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。而对照Ⅰ组、对照Ⅱ组则治疗前后比较无此等变化（ｐ ＞ ０ ．０５） 。提示　乙肝特异性转移因子等三种药物联用,具有明显的促进ＣＤ４ 细胞成熟分化;抑制ＣＤ８ 细胞;改变ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８ 比值等作用,从而调节细胞免疫功能、减轻肝细胞免疫损伤。     

反复呼吸道感染30例患儿SIL—2R,T细胞亚群测定的临床分析

本文应用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ,ＡＰＡＰ法检测Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群及自动速率散射比浊法测定血清免疫球蛋白,探讨反复呼吸道感染患儿的免疫功能变化。结果ＲＲＴＩ患儿ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ、ＣＤ８细胞百分率明显升高而ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值及血清ＩｇＧ明显降低,与对照组相比。差异有非常显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＣＤ４细胞百分率,血清ＩｇＡ也较对照组明显降低,差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５）,提示ＲＲＴＩ患儿存在免疫     

氨茶碱对支气管哮喘外周血T淋巴细胞亚群比值影响的临床观察

目的：探讨氨茶碱对支气管哮喘外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群比值有何影响，对支气管哮喘的治疗起何作用。方法：选择支气管哮喘病人３６例分成两组，分别给予氨茶碱和未用氨茶碱类止喘药，并在治疗前后进行Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的测定。结果：用药前两组ＣＤ＋８、ＣＤ＋４／ＣＤ＋８比值无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０１）。用药后，氨茶碱组ＣＤ＋８增高，ＣＤ＋４／ＣＤ＋８比值恢复正常（（Ｐ＞０．０１）；而未用氨茶碱组ＣＤ＋８、ＣＤ＋４／ＣＤ＋８比值无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０１）。结论：氨茶碱可发挥免疫调节作用，使支气管哮喘外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞发生改变，使ＣＤ＋８数量和功能增高，恢复ＣＤ＋４／ＣＤ＋８比值，ＣＤ＋８能抑制嗜酸细胞及Ｂ淋巴细胞释放炎性介质，阻断哮喘发作。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.