抗血小板药预防脑卒中的应用进展

以阿司匹林为代表的抗血小板药已被证实在对脑卒中预防有确实的疗效。阿司匹林、氯吡格雷等抗血小板药物作为脑卒中预防的基础用药,其疗效确切并已经列入相关脑卒中预防指南。替卡格雷、西洛他唑、三氟柳、沙格雷酯等新型抗血小板药物在部分地区的临床试验中也已经取得了令人满意的脑卒中预防结果。但是多年来,阿司匹林的最佳预防剂量仍在商榷中,在患者应用抗血小板药物的过程中,存在一定比例的出血并发症。当两种抗血小板药物合用更可能导致出血并发症的发生比例增高。寻求抗血小板药的疗效及出血并发症间的平衡点,促进抗血小板药物的进步与发展。文中就抗血小板药物在预防脑卒中的应用进展作介绍。     

缺血性脑卒中二级预防中的抗血小板治疗及其研究进展

抗血小板治疗是缺血性脑卒中二级预防中影响脑卒中再发率的重要因素。阿司匹林和氯吡格雷是临床常用的抗血小板药物。缺血性脑卒中二级预防中抗血小板药物的联合应用以及新药的研究已成为时下热点。由于缺血性脑卒中发病后早期再发率较高,因此早期以及长期二级预防中的抗血小板治疗方式不尽相同。     

基因多态性与抗血小板药物个体化治疗研究

血小板的活化与聚集在血栓形成的病理生理中起着重要的作用,而抗血小板治疗是动 脉硬化性脑梗死急性期治疗、一级及二级预防的重要组成部分。目前阿司匹林、氯吡格雷为最常用 的抗血小板药物。但抗血小板药物对不同人群血小板抑制作用存在较大差异,人群对抗血小板药 物的低反应性与缺血性脑血管病复发具有相关性,本篇将重点从基因多态性的角度阐述抗血小板 药物抵抗的可能机制,指导临床个体化治疗。     

急性缺血性卒中的抗血小板治疗

急性缺血性卒中患者血小板被激活，抗血小板治疗可减少早期脑梗死的复发，减轻脑损伤的体积，降低早期死亡和改善存活者的长期预后。但抗血小板治疗增加非致死性或症状性颅内出血的发生率。阿司匹林是证据最充分且得到各国指南推荐的治疗急性缺血性卒中的抗血小板药物，对未溶栓治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者应尽早开始阿司匹林治疗。氯吡格雷、血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/IIIa受体抑制剂、双嘧达莫、西洛他唑等单药用于治疗急性缺血性卒中的安全性和疗效目前尚无足够的证据。抗血小板药物联合应用的疗效和可能的风险尚需进一步研究。     

缺血性脑卒中患者阿司匹林或氯吡格雷及其联合应用抗血小板治疗的研究

目的 研究缺血性脑卒中患者阿司匹林或氯吡格雷及其联合应用抗血小板治疗的效果.方法 180例缺血性脑卒中患者分为阿司匹林组(阿司匹林肠溶片100 mg/d)、氯吡格雷组(氯吡格雷75 mg/d)和联合用药组(阿司匹林肠溶片+氯吡格雷,剂量相同);每组60例.在治疗前、治疗14 d后,用血栓弹力图检测患者的花生四烯酸(AA)和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)途径诱导的血小板抑制率.结果 治疗后,3组AA、ADP途径诱导的血小板抑制率显著高于治疗前(均P＜0.05);3组间AA、ADP途径诱导的血小板抑制率的差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).联合用药组和阿司匹林组AA途径诱导的血小板抑制率显著高于氯吡格雷组(均P＜0.05);联合用药组和氯吡格雷组ADP途径诱导的血小板抑制率显著高于阿司匹林组(均P＜0.05);联合用药组与阿司匹林组AA途径、联合用药组与氯吡格雷组ADP途径诱导的血小板抑制率的差异无统计学意义.结论 阿司匹林和氯吡格雷对缺血性脑卒中患者均有显著的抗血小板作用;而阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷能从两个途径抑制血小板聚集,抗血小板的效果更好.     

血小板输注治疗对抗血小板药物脑出血患者围手术期出血的预防

目的探讨在血栓弹力图(thromboelastography,TEG)指导下血小板输注治疗对口服抗血小板药物脑出血患者围手术期出血情况及输血量的影响。方法回顾性分析30例行急诊手术治疗的抗血小板药物基底节区脑出血患者,其中12例行血小板输注,比较在TEG指导下有无输注血小板治疗对术中、术后出血量及输血量的影响。结果术前两组病例凝血常规检查在正常范围,但血栓弹力图提示血小板功能过度抑制(血小板抑制率90%),比较两组病例术中出血量(t=-3.998,P=0.008)、输血总量(Z=-3.245,P=0.001)、术后血肿残余量(t=-2.909,P=0.043)、引流量(t=-8.790,P=0.041),提示差异有统计学意义。输血小板组1例,未输血小板组4例行二次手术,两者比较无统计学意义(χ~2=1,P=0.317)。结论 TEG检测指标能够更全面准确地评估患者术前凝血功能,研究提示术前血小板输注,一定程度上改善抗血小板治疗后脑出血患者术中、术后出血情况,减少输血量。     

糖尿病并急性脑梗死双联抗血小板治疗的临床观察

目的观察氯吡格雷联合肠溶阿司匹林治疗糖尿病并发急性脑梗死急性期神经功能缺损的疗效。方法将符合入选标准的72例患者随机分为联合治疗组(37例)和阿司匹林组(35例)。联合治疗组给予氯吡格雷联合肠溶阿司匹林治疗,阿司匹林组给予肠溶阿司匹林治疗,分别在治疗前后检测血小板参数变化和进行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS),并记录出血不良反应。结果在糖尿病并发急性脑梗死的急性期短期治疗中,2组患者反映血小板凝血功能增强的平均血小板体积(MPV)和大血小板比例(P-LCR)二项指标均明显降低,而联合治疗组更为明显;神经功能缺损评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),联合治疗组在改善患者神经功能方面明显优于对照组;2组均无发生脑出血及严重出血事件。结论氯吡格雷联合肠溶阿司匹林在糖尿病并发急性脑梗死的早期治疗中疗效显著,优于单用肠溶阿司匹林,且不良反应轻,出血发生率低,值得临床推广应用。     

检测血小板聚集功能评估拜阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗缺血性脑血管病的药物敏感性和耐药性研究

目的探究检测血小板聚集功能评估拜阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗缺血性脑血管病(ischemic cerebrovascular disease,ICVD)的药物敏感性和耐药性。方法采用随机数字表法将菏泽市立医院2016-02-2017-02收治的80例ICVD患者,按治疗药物的不同分成拜阿司匹林组与氯吡格雷组各40例,均采用血小板聚集功能检测,探讨拜阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗ICVD的药物敏感性和耐药性效果。结果治疗后拜阿司匹林组、氯吡格雷组相比治疗前均显著改善(P0.05),治疗24 h后氯吡格雷组改善幅度显著优于拜阿司匹林组(P0.05),治疗14 d后2组持平无显著差异(P0.05),治疗30 d时,2组纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、血小板凝集率(PAgT)有显著性差异(P0.05),治疗后60 d时Fbg、PAgT、血小板计数(PLT)存在显著性差异(P0.05)。结论血小板聚集功能检测可评估拜阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗缺血性脑血管病的药物敏感性和耐药性,因不同个体对抗血小板药物的临床受益存在差异,可采取血小板聚集功能检测,帮助临床实时调整治疗方案。     

抗血小板药物对急性非心源性脑梗死患者血浆溶血磷脂酸的影响

目的 观察抗血小板药物阿司匹林和氯吡格雷对急性非心源性脑梗死患者血浆溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA）水平的影响。方法 选取急性脑梗死患者180例,随机分为阿司匹林组和氯吡格雷组,阿司匹林组在常规治疗的基础上加用拜阿司匹林0.1g,每天一次,氯吡格雷组在常规治疗的基础上加用氯吡格雷75mg,每天一次。两组分别于治疗前和治疗后第12～14天测定血浆LPA。另设正常对照组50名,均为我院健康体检者。结果 脑梗死组LPA水平明显高于对照组（3.80±0.87μmol/L vs 2.85±0.65μmol/L,P <0.01）;与治疗前相比,阿司匹林组和氯吡格雷组治疗后LPA水平均明显降低（3.26±0.50μmol/L vs 3.79±0.83μmol/L,P <0.01;3.06±0.69μmol/L vs 3.82±0.90μmol/L,P <0.01）,但氯吡格雷组降低更明显（P <0.01）。结论 急性脑梗死患者血中LPA水平高于正常人;抗血小板药物阿司匹林、氯吡格雷均能显著降低急性脑梗死患者LPA,其中氯吡格雷较阿司匹林更明显。     

双联抗血小板治疗对后循环缺血性脑卒中预后结局的影响

目的观察阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷对后循环缺血性脑卒中的预后结局的影响。方法将126例后循环缺血性脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各63例。治疗组给予拜阿司匹林肠溶片100mg+氯吡格雷75mg,1次/d。对照组单用拜阿司匹林100mg,1次/d。2组患者均治疗2周。治疗结束后选择临床症状及经颅多普勒(TCD)评价其临床效果,治疗完成90d随访,通过纤维蛋白原(FIB)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT),比较2组患者长期治疗效果。结果治疗2周完成后,治疗组总有效率为96.8%,对照组为88.9%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论拜阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗后循环缺血的效果显著,安全可行,值得推广。     

Measuring antiplatelet drug effects in the laboratory

This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of currently available tests for the monitoring of antiplatelet therapy (especially aspirin and clopidogrel). Many tests of platelet function are now available for clinical use, and some of these tests have been shown to predict clinical outcomes after antiplatelet therapy. However, in most of these studies, the number of major adverse clinical events was low. No published studies address the clinical effectiveness of altering therapy based on the results of monitoring antiplatelet therapy. Therefore, the correct treatment, if any, of "resistance" to antiplatelet therapy is unknown and, other than in research trials, monitoring of antiplatelet therapy in patients is not generally recommended. A clinically meaningful definition of "resistance" to antiplatelet drugs needs to be developed, based on data linking drug-dependent laboratory tests to clinical outcomes in patients.     

42例青年卒中患者与中年组DSA对比分析

目的 应用数字减影血管造影(DSA)了解青年缺血性脑卒中脑血管病变的特点.方法 选择行DSA检查的青年(年龄15～45岁)缺血性卒中患者42例为观察组,同期行DSA检查的中年(年龄46～64岁)缺血性卒中患者60例为对照组,分析青年患者血管病变的发病特点.结果 42例15～45岁患者中有64.3%出现脑血管异常,2例为椎动脉发育较差,4例moyamoya病,3例颅内动脉炎改变,18例血管狭窄和(或)闭塞.60例46～64岁患者中有60.0%出现脑血管异常,2例为椎动脉发育较差,1例moyamoya病,33例血管狭窄和(或)闭塞.15～45岁组患者危险因素中高血压占28.6%(12/42),糖尿病4.8%(2/42),脂代谢异常16.7%(7/42).而在46～64岁组患者中高血压占58.3%(35/60),糖尿病28.3%(17/60),脂代谢异常 30.0%(18/60).46～64岁组患者中合并高血压和(或)糖尿病较15～45岁组患者更常见,两组差别有统计学意义(P<0.01),脂代谢异常均为两组患者的危险因素,差别无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 高血压、糖尿病在46～64岁组患者中更常见,脂代谢异常均为两组患者的危险因素.15～45岁组患者和46～64岁组脑梗死发病率、DSA异常发生率、血管狭窄和(或)闭塞发生率、mRS评分均无显著差异(P>0.05),行血管造影检查能有效发现青年人缺血性卒中的病因.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the cerebrovascular features in young adults with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Methods 102 cases (aged from 15 to 64) with ischemic stroke,admitted by head CT/MRI and DSA,were divided into two groups:aged from 15 to 45 group and aged from 46 to 64 group. These data were reviewed retrospectively to determine the classified type and distribution of the cerebrovascular lesions. Results 27 cases in aged from 15 to 45 group (64.3 % ) were found cerebrovascular lesions. Among them, vertebral artery of 2 cases developed poorly,4 cases had moyamoy disease ,3 cases had arteritis, 18 cases had vascular stenosis and/or occlusion. 36 cases in aged from 46 to 64 group (60.0%) were found cerebrovascular lesions, vertebral artery of 2 cases developed poorly, 1 cases was moyamoy disease ,33 cases had vascular stenosis and/or occlusion. Risk factors of cerebral infarction in aged from 15 to 45 group were hypertension ( 28.6%, 12/42), diabetes (4.8% ,2/42), and abnormal lipid metabolism (16.7% ,7/42). Hypertension and diabetes were more frequently in 46 to 64 group(P < 0.01 ), and there was no defference in the abnormal lipid metabolsm between the 2 groups(P > 0.05 ). Conclusion Hypertension and diabetes were more frequently in 46 to 64 group. There was no defference in the incidence of cerebral infarction and cerebrovascular lesions between the 2 groups(P > 0.05 ). DSA can provide the diagnosis and aid in treatment.     

急性缺血性脑血管病患者周围血白细胞表面ICAM-1表达变化

目的　探讨血白细胞表面细胞间粘附分子 (ICAM - 1)表达与急性缺血性脑血管病关系。方法　应用流式细胞术测定 139例脑缺血急性期患者和 5 2例健康人周围血白细胞上ICAM - 1。结果　急性脑缺血患者发病 48小时内中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞上ICAM - 1明显增高 ,病后 2周中性粒细胞上ICAM - 1下降 ,而淋巴细胞和单核细胞上ICAM - 1表达仍高。结论　ICAM - 1通过中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞在脑缺血发病初不同阶段发挥作用     

血管生成素与缺血性脑血管病

血管生成素（ANG）具有促血管生成作用,本文着重阐述ANG的生理作用及其促血管生成的机制,重点介绍缺血性脑血管病（ICVD）时ANG的表达及其对ICVD的保护及治疗作用。     

缺血性脑卒中患者的数字减影脑血管造影的研究

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中患者全脑血管造影的特点。方法对243例缺血性脑卒中患者进行全脑血管造影检查,回顾性分析脑动脉颅内动脉狭窄、颅外动脉狭窄的发生率及其分布情况。结果在243例缺血性脑卒中180例（74.07%）存在脑动脉狭窄或闭塞,前循环动脉狭窄或闭塞82例（45.46%）,后循环52例（28.89%）,前后循环均有46例（25.56%）。颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞48例（26.67%）,颅外动脉86例（47.78%）,颅内、外动脉均有46例（25.56%）。180例中共发现狭窄血管356支,单支血管病变82例,多支血管病变98例。颅外血管狭窄以颈内动脉颅外段最多,颅内血管狭窄以椎动脉颅内段和大脑中动脉为多。结论脑血管造影可以准确地评价缺血性脑卒中患者脑动脉狭窄的分布情况及其程度,为临床提供了诊治依据。     

A561C polymorphism of E-selectin is associated with ischemic cerebrovascular disease in the Japanese population without diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia

E-selectin, which is a member of the selectin superfamily of adhesion molecules, contributes to the leukocyte-endothelial cell attachments and is involved in the pathogenesis of thrombovascular diseases as a consequence. We investigated the A561C mutation in the E-selectin gene in 235 Japanese patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and 301 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Excluding the subjects with diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, the AC genotype frequencies of patients with ischemic CVD were higher than those of controls: 12.7% vs. 5.8% (P=0.04). Our results show that E-selectin gene polymorphisms represent an increased risk for ischemic CVD in the Japanese population without diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia.     

脉络宁治疗缺血性脑血管病的临床疗效的Meta分析

目的评价重要中文文献数据库的资料中脉络宁治疗缺血性脑血管病的临床疗效。方法计算机检索中国学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国医用信息资源系统(维普)(截止至2009年6月)及其参考文献,筛选所有使用脉络宁治疗缺血性脑血管病的随机对照试验(RCT)。采用Jadad7分评分法评价纳入文献质量。采用RevMan4.2软件进行Meta分析。结果共检出符合标准的RCT文献共63篇,筛选出32项研究(治疗组1704例,对照组1655例)进行Meta分析。8篇为阴性对照,其中7篇符合急性期诊断标准(治疗组262例,对照组266例),合并效应值:OR=3.42,95%CI(1.97,5.93),P<0.00001;15篇为维脑路通(曲克芦丁)阳性对照(治疗组858例,对照组906例),效应值合并:OR=4.18,95%CI(2.89,6.05),P<0.00001;另有9篇丹参+低分子右旋糖酐阳性对照(治疗组522例,对照组447例)效应值合并:OR=4.85,95%CI(3.16,67.44),P<0.00001。脉络宁组与各对照组比较,两组之间差异有统计学意义。结论现有的临床资料显示,脉络宁可改善...     

Cocaine use and cerebrovascular disease: two cases of ischemic stroke in young adults

We report two cases of ischemic stroke in young adult cocaine abusers occurring shortly after drug use. We review the literature and discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanisms.

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Sommario Gli Autori riferiscono di due casi di ictus cerebrale ischemico in soggetti dediti alla cocaina, nei quali l'evento cerebrovascolare è seguito poco tempo dopo l'assunzione della droga. è rivista la letteratura e sono discussi i possibili meccanismi patogenetici.

     

缺血性脑卒中OCSP分型与神经影像学及脑血管改变之间的关系

目的以OCSP分型为基础,结合影像学和DSA表现探讨缺血性卒中OCSP分型、神经影像学改变、血管改变之间的关系。方法回顾性分析227例经DSA证实存在血管狭窄患者的临床资料,据患者主要症状和体征、MRI、CT、DSA的结果进行OCSP分型、影像学分型、及血管病变部位分型。分析OCSP分型与神经影像学及脑血管改变之间的关系。结果 OCSP各型所占的比例依次为:(1)部分前循环梗死型(PACI)占47%;后循环梗死型(POCI)占31%;完全前循环梗死型(TACI)占13%;腔隙性梗死型LACI占9%。(2)OCSP分型中前循环梗死型(TACI+PACI)、腔隙性梗死型(LACI)、后循环梗死型(PCI)与影像学分型中皮质梗死和低灌流区梗死(CO+LFI)、皮质下小梗死(SSI)、后循环病变部位梗死(PCI)的一致率分别为77.97%、79.30%、79.30%。(3)OCSP分型中前循环型(TACI+PACI)和后循环型(POCI)与前循环血管狭窄(ICA+MCA)和后循环血管狭窄(VA+BA)一致率分别为78.41%、71.84%。结论 OCSP分型与神经影像学改变分型和血管改变分型的一致性较好。     

Microbleeds and clinical outcome in acute mild stroke patients treated with antiplatelet therapy: ADS post-hoc analysis

Background and purposeIn this post-hoc analysis using acute dual study dataset, the impacts of cerebral microbleeds (MBs) after mild stroke on clinical outcome were investigated.MethodsThe number of MBs on admission was categorized as 1) no MBs, 2) MBs 1–4, 3) MBs 5–9, and 4) MBs ≥ 10. The efficacy outcome was defined as neurological deterioration and stroke recurrence within 14 days. Safety outcomes included ICH and/or SAH as well as extracranial hemorrhages.ResultsOf the 1102 patients, 780 (71%) had no MBs on admission, while 230 (21%) had MBs 1–4, 48 (4%) had MBs 5–9, and 44 (4%) had MBs ≥ 10. The number of MBs was not associated with the neurological deterioration and/or stroke recurrence (p = 0.934), ICH and/or SAH (p = 0.743), and extracranial hemorrhage (p = 0.205). Favorable outcome was seem in 84% in the No MBs group, 83% in the MBs 1–4, 94% in the MBs 5–9, and 85% in the MBs ≥ 10 (p = 0.304). Combined cilostazol and aspirin therapy did not alter any rates of efficacy and safety outcomes among the no MBs, MBs 1–4, MBs 5–9, and MBs ≥ 10 groups compared to aspirin alone (all p > 0.05). By multivariate regression analysis, a history of ICH and diastolic blood pressure were the independent parameters to all of the MBs criteria (presence, MBs ≥ 5, and MBs ≥ 10).ConclusionsMBs did not alter the clinical outcome at 3 months of onset. Elevated diastolic blood pressure and a history of ICH were the essential parameters related to the MBs.