齐齐哈尔地区达斡尔族ABO、MN、P、Rh血型分布

达斡尔族是我国55个少数民族之一.达斡尔族是辽国契丹人的后裔,其先民就已定居黑龙江中、上游北岸,现主要居住在内蒙古自治区和黑龙江省,少数居住在新疆.人口12万余.齐齐哈尔地区是达斡尔族的主要聚居地.笔者调查了齐齐哈尔地区达斡尔族ABO、MN、P、Rh血型分布及血型分布的群体遗传特征,现报告如下. 1 材料与方法 1.1 调查对象齐齐哈尔地区达斡尔族人,随机采样,被检3代均系达斡尔族. 1.2 试剂抗-A、-B、-M、-N、-P1、-C、-c-D、-E、-e. 1.3 试验方法按文献[1]进行;计算方法(基因频率,基因组合体频率,吻合度测验)均参照文献[2]进行.     

Meaning, values, needs, and multiculturalism in bereavement

Meaning, Values, Needs, and Multiculturalism in Bereavement A review of Personal Care in an Impersonal World: A Multdimesional Look at Bereavemenl, edited by John D. Morgan. Amityville, NY: Baywood, 1993. 261 pp. ISBN 0-89503-109-4. $31.95. Keviewed by Kevin Ann Oltjenhruns.     

Nutrition, exercise, work, and sex in pregnancy

This article focuses on the effect of daily living on pregnancy outcome. Although most patients can continue their everyday activities without any concern about effect on pregnancy outcome, all pregnant patients want and need their physician's advice about all of these areas.     

Pathophysiology of prenatal drug-exposure: in utero, in the newborn, in childhood, and in agencies

Medical communities are documenting an increase in the numbers of infants being born with prenatal drug exposure. Medical, educational, and social agencies are serving large numbers of these infants, toddlers, and their families. These infants and toddlers constitute a population whose short-term and long-term needs have not been adequately identified or addressed in the health, social, emotional, or developmental domains. This article discusses the pathophysiology in prenatal drug exposure and the role of the nurse when providing services to these infants, toddlers, and their families.     

Association between serum ferritin, hemoglobin, iron intake, and diabetes in adults in Jiangsu, China

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between iron status, iron intake, and diabetes among Chinese adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional household survey was carried out in 2002 in Jiangsu Province, China. The sample contained 2,849 men and women aged > or =20 years with a response rate of 89.0%. Iron intake was assessed by food weighing plus consecutive individual 3-day food records. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum ferritin, and hemoglobin were measured. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 18.3% in men and 31.5% in women. Mean hemoglobin and serum ferritin increased across groups with increasing FPG. The prevalence of anemia among women was 15.0% in individuals with FPG >7.0 mmol/l compared with 32.6% in individuals with FPG <5.6 mmol/l. There was a similar, however not significant, trend among men. In women, after adjusting for known risk factors, the odds ratio (OR) of diabetes was 2.15 (95% CI 1.03-4.51) for subjects in the upper quartile of hemoglobin compared with the rest, and the corresponding OR for the upper quartile of serum ferritin was 3.79 (1.72-8.36). Iron intake was positively associated with diabetes in women; fourth quartile intake of iron yielded an OR of 5.53 (1.47-20.44) compared with the first quartile in the multivariate analyses. In men, similar trends were suggested, although they were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Iron status and iron intake was independently associated with risk of diabetes in Chinese women but not in men.     

Brotizolam, a triazolothienodiazepine, in insomnia

Sixty-three outpatients with chronic insomnia were treated for 3 weeks under double-blind conditions with either brotizolam (n = 29) at a dose of 0.25 mg or 0.5 mg or placebo (n = 34). A 3-day placebo period preceded and followed the double-blind treatment phase. Brotizolam consistently produced significantly more sleep improvement than placebo but also more adverse effects. In those patients switched abruptly from brotizolam to placebo, rebound insomnia was observed, being most marked at the first post-brotizolam placebo night.     

Peak expiratory flow in healthy,young, non-active subjects in seated,supine, and prone postures

Objective: To compare the PEFs in healthy, young, non-active subjects in seated, supine, and prone postures. Methods: A total of 30 healthy volunteers (15 male, mean age 22.7 years, non-smokers, sedentary) underwent a physical examination, spirometry to confirm normal pulmonary function, and PEF using the Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter while wearing a nose clip. PEF measurements were repeated three times in each of three positions (seated, prone, and supine) in random order and differed by less than 20 L/min for a given position. Paired Student’s t-tests were used to analyze the results, and the significance level was set at 5%. Results: The PEF values obtained when the study participants were in a seated position (481.0 ± 115.1 L/min) were higher than those obtained when participants were in prone (453.7 ± 112.1 L/min) or supine (453.2 ± 114.3 L/min) positions (p < 0.05). No significant difference in PEF values was observed between the prone and supine positions. Conclusion: Body posture affects PEF in healthy, young, non-active subjects. PEFs are higher when subjects are in a seated position compared to prone or supine positions, but no difference in PEF is observed between the prone and supine positions.     

炎症、内皮、凝血与脓毒症

脓毒症临床特征主要表现为全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)与多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),其病理过程复杂,涉及大量细胞、炎症介质与凝血系统的激活,其中内皮细胞功能的改变起着至关重要的作用.现就与内皮细胞有关的炎症、凝血在脓毒症中的作用,以及内皮损伤的分子机制和内皮在脓毒症治疗中的潜在价值进行综述.     

Comparative distribution of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and amikacin in interstitial fluid in rabbits.

We compared the penetration of five aminoglycosides into interstitial fluid (IF). IF was obtained in rabbits from Silastic tissue cages. Intramuscular injections were made: 1.5 mg/kg per dose for gentamicin (G), tobramycin (T), sisomicin (S), and netilmicin (N) and 7.5 mg/kg per dose for amikacin (A). Serum levels and IF concentrations were studied for 12 h after a single injection. IF levels were also compared in a six-injection study (one injection every 8 h). Peak serum levels were significantly higher with A than with G, T, S, and N, which gave similar concentrations. In IF, G gave the highest levels 1 h after the first injection. At 4 and 8 h, the concentrations achieved with G and A were similar but significantly greater than those achieved with T, S, and N. Twelve hours after a single injection, N gave higher IF levels than the other drugs except A. In the six-injection study, the IF levels of G and A reached 4.6 +/- 1.5 and 5.27 +/- 1.1 microgram/ml, respectively, at 48 h. S and N gave identical concentrations (2.07 +/- 0.25 and 2.42 +/- 0.42 microgram/ml, respectively). T induced the lowest levels (1.17 +/- 0.30 microgram/ml). Thus, in this rabbit model, the IF concentrations achieved with G and A were above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for most susceptible strains. Possible relations between IF aminoglycoside concentrations and therapeutic efficiency or toxicity are pointed out but deserve further studies.     

Cushioning,Weathering, Place,and Community in Rural Grandmother-Mothering

Place influences rural women's health when distance and lack of anonymity contribute to a reluctance to seek care. A qualitative design was used to explore relationships between place and the health of rural grandmothers raising grandchildren. The study generated findings concerning theory related to perceptual experience of rurality, identifying “Cushioning,” as a basic social concept and “Weathering,” “Paradoxical Place,” and “Community Mothering” as subconcepts. Physical and mental wear and tear, distance, isolation and unraveling community mothering undermined “Cushioning” and reflected in self-health neglect narratives. Findings underscore the importance of place to the health of rural women raising grandchildren.     

Comparison of Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Colistin, and Carbenicillin in Pseudomonas Sepsis in Monkeys

Intravenous inoculation of 3.4 x 10(10) to 7.4 x 10(10)Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms into rhesus monkeys 4 days after intravenous or intratracheal inoculation of 2.0 to 2.5 mg of vincristine sulfate resulted in fatal sepsis in eight of nine monkeys. After intramuscular administration, in two equal doses, of 5 mg of tobramycin, gentamicin, and colistin per kg per day beginning 16 hr after challenge, 4 of 11, 4 of 11, and 3 of 10 monkeys died, respectively. Administration of daily doses of 100 to 400 mg of carbenicillin per kg was followed by death in 5 of 12. Duration of illness in the surviving monkeys in each therapy group was similar. Under the conditions of this study, prior administration of vincristine sulfate resulted in a decrease in leukocytes and enhanced susceptibility to Pseudomonas infection. Using this model for studies of comparative efficacy of antibiotics, we observed comparable results after treatment with tobramycin, gentamicin, colistin, and carbenicillin.     

Nanotechnology in Glycomics: Applications in Diagnostics,Therapy, Imaging,and Separation Processes

This review comprehensively covers the most recent achievements (from 2013) in the successful integration of nanomaterials in the field of glycomics. The first part of the paper addresses the beneficial properties of nanomaterials for the construction of biosensors, bioanalytical devices, and protocols for the detection of various analytes, including viruses and whole cells, together with their key characteristics. The second part of the review focuses on the application of nanomaterials integrated with glycans for various biomedical applications, that is, vaccines against viral and bacterial infections and cancer cells, as therapeutic agents, for in vivo imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and for selective drug delivery. The final part of the review describes various ways in which glycan enrichment can be effectively done using nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers with polymer thickness controlled at the nanoscale, with a subsequent analysis of glycans by mass spectrometry. A short section describing an active glycoprofiling by microengines (microrockets) is covered as well.     

Use of Primary Health Care in Spili,Crete, and in Dalby,Sweden

A computerized medical record system was introduced in Greek primary health care (PHC) in the village of Spili in Crete. The present study was carried out to study similarities and differences in the pattern of PHC use in Dalby Health Centre, Sweden (DHC), and Spili Health Centre, Greece (SHC).

In both Dalby and Spili more than half the population contacted their respective health centre during 1989. Patients contacted DHC more often than SHC, 3.33 vs 2.30 times. Relatively more females than males used the health services in Dalby (64% vs 50%), but not in Spili (57% vs 55%). More visits were made by appointment at DHC than SHC (36.0% vs 12.6%).

There were great similarities in the two areas in the ten most common diagnoses, analysed in four age-groups. In both areas, acute upper respiratory infections dominated in the youngest age-groups, and hypertension and diabetes in those aged 45 years and above.     

Postnatally Induced Inactivation of gp130 in Mice Results in Neurological,Cardiac, Hematopoietic,Immunological, Hepatic,and Pulmonary Defects

The pleiotrophic but overlapping functions of the cytokine family that includes interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin 1 are mediated by the cytokine receptor subunit gp130 as the common signal transducer. Although mice lacking individual members of this family display only mild phenotypes, animals lacking gp130 are not viable. To assess the collective role of this cytokine family, we inducibly inactivated gp130 via Cre-loxP–mediated recombination in vivo. Such conditional mutant mice exhibited neurological, cardiac, hematopoietic, immunological, hepatic, and pulmonary defects, demonstrating the widespread importance of gp130-dependent cytokines.