肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药情况及耐药基因研究

目的调查上海地区肺炎链球菌对红霉素的敏感度，研究肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药机制。方法对中山医院57株临床分离肺炎链球菌进行红霉素药敏试验；应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术对上海4所医院中分离的53株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌检测耐药基因（ermB，mefA，merE）。结果57株肺炎链球菌中12株（21．0％）敏感，3株（5．3％）中介，42株（73．7％）耐药。53株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌中，ermB基因、mere基因、mefA基因分别在51株（96．2％）、22株（41．5％）和1株（1．9％）中检测到。其中21株（39．6％）同时检测到ermB基因和mefE基因，1株（1．9％）同时检测到ermB基因和mefA基因，1株（1．9％）未检测到ermB基因、mefE基因或mefA基因。结论上海地区肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药率较高。ErmB介导的靶位改变是最常见的耐药机制，mef（特别是mefE）介导外排机制引起者也较常见。     

肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药机制研究

目的了解肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药机制和转座子整合酶的流行情况。方法188株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌，用E试验和K—B纸片扩散法检测其对11种抗菌药物的敏感性；用双纸片法（红霉素和克林霉素）确定其耐药表型；用PCR扩增这些菌株的耐药基因ermB、mefa、mefE、tetM及转座子整合酶基因intTn。结果188株红霉素耐药株中耐药基因ermB总检出率为91．5％（172／188），mefE总检出率为38．3％，未检出mefA基因。97．9Yoo的红霉素耐药株中存在转座子整合酶intTn。耐药基因组合ermB（＋）mefE（-）和ermB（＋）mef（＋），占91．5％，两者均呈cMLSB耐药表型。ermB（-）mefE（＋）占8．5％，耐药表型为M型。结论我院分离的肺炎链球菌大环内酯耐药以errnB介导的cMLS。耐药表型为主。转座子可能在本地区肺炎链球菌耐药基因的水平转移和克隆播散中起重要作用。     

肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药及传播机制研究

目的 研究上海3所医院临床分离肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药机制及传播方式。方法收集上海市3所医院临床分离的红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌共118株，用E试验和K-B纸片扩散法检测对12种抗菌药的敏感度；用双纸片法（D试验）确定大环内酯类耐药表型；用PCR扩增检测耐药基因ermB、mefA、mefE、msrD及Tn1545-Tn916家族转座子整合酶基因intTn；用转化试验证实耐药传播方式。结果①118株肺炎链球菌对红霉素的MIC范围为4-256mg／L，其中5．9％对克林霉素敏感，对青霉素不敏感率达72．7％。左氧氟沙星、阿莫西林-克拉维酸对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌仍有较好的体外活性；②该组细菌耐药基因ermB检出率为88．1％，mefE、msrD检出率各为50％，未检出，mefA基因，转座子整合酶基因intTn检出率达97．5％。耐药基因组合模式以ermB（＋）reefE（＋）msrD（＋）intTn（＋）和ermB（＋）mefE（-）msrD（-）intTn（＋）为主，两者均为cMLSB型耐药。ermB（-）mefE（＋）msrD（＋）intTn（＋）模式占5．9％，耐药表型为M型。③cMLSB型耐药代表菌株ET37和M型耐药代表菌株RJ324基因组DNA均成功转化敏感株，使之表现红霉素耐药性并可传代。结论上海地区肺炎链球菌对大环内酯抗生素耐药以ermB介导的cMLSB耐药表型为主；大环内酯外排基因有流行趋势，但仅限于起源于肺炎链球菌的，mefE。耐药基因可以转化方式进行传播，转座子可能在本地区肺炎链球菌耐药基因的传播中起重要作用。     

肺炎链球菌大环内酯类耐药表型与相关基因的关系

目的了解肺炎链球菌临床分离株红霉素耐药基因的流行情况和耐药表型的关系。方法对42株肺炎链球菌用E-试验和K-B纸片扩散法检测其对10种抗生素的敏感性;用红霉素和克林霉素双纸片协同试验确定其耐药表型;用PCR扩增这些菌株的耐药基因ermB、mefA和mefE。结果 42株肺炎链球菌中耐药基因ermB总检出率为95.2%(40/42),mefE总检出率为26.1%(11/42),未检出mefA基因。耐药基因组合ermB(+)mefE(-)和ermB(+)mefE(+)占95.2%,两者均呈cMLSB耐药表型。ermB(-)mefE(+)占4.8%(2/42),耐药表型为M型。结论耐药基因ermB导致的cMLSB耐药是大环内酯类耐药的主要原因。大环内酯类抗生素已不是治疗肺炎链球菌的有效药物。     

乐清地区儿童肺炎链球菌耐药性及大环内酯类耐药表型和耐药基因型

目的：了解乐清地区儿童患者分离的肺炎链球菌耐药性及大环内酯类耐药表型和耐药基因型分布情况。方法对2014年乐清地区儿童患者分离的124株肺炎链球菌采用细菌鉴定分析仪进行9种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）检测,同时对大环内酯类耐药肺炎链球菌用红霉素和克林霉素双纸片协同试验确定其耐药表型,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增这些菌株的耐药基因ermB和mefE。结果124株肺炎链球菌中,红霉素、克林霉素、四环素和复方新诺明的耐药率依次为96.77％、93.55％、84.68％和81.45％;青霉素、氯霉素和左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率较低,分别为20.16％、5.65％和0.81％,未发现对阿莫西林/克拉维酸和万古霉素耐药的菌株。120株大环内酯类耐药肺炎链球菌中,大环内酯类耐药表型cMLS占96.67％、iMLS占0.83％、M型占2.50％;耐药基因ermB检出率为97.50％,mefE的检出率为6.67％。结论乐清地区儿童肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药性严重,ermB基因介导的cMLS型耐药是大环内酯类耐药的主要原因,大环内酯类抗生素已不是治疗乐清地区儿童肺炎链球菌感染的有效药物。     

肺炎链球菌耐药性及分子流行病学调查

目的研究临沂地区肺炎链球菌呼吸道感染分离株的耐药性及其传播情况.方法 对肺炎链球菌分离株进行药物敏感试验和血清学分型,并结合BOX-PCR、青霉素结合蛋白基因指纹等分子生物学方法分析菌株间亲缘关系.结果 124株肺炎链球菌中红霉素不敏感菌株33株,占26.6%,其中ermB基因介导的红霉素耐药菌株21株,占63.6%,mefE基因介导的红霉素耐药菌株12株,占36.4%.青霉素敏感株(PSSP)111株,敏感率89.5%,青霉素低度耐药株(PISP)10株,发现青霉素耐药株(PRSP)3株,PSSP组中除对红霉素、克林霉素、复方磺胺甲噁唑敏感度较低外,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸,第二、三代头孢菌素,氧氟沙星,万古霉素亦敏感;而PISP组出现了对第二代头孢菌素耐药菌株,3株PRSP除对万古霉素敏感外,对其他抗菌药物均耐药.124株肺炎链球菌血清型主要为23F、3、19F、14、9V、6A、6B等;BOX-PCR谱型共35种,其中青霉素不敏感株(PNSP)有6种谱型.结论 上述肺炎链球菌呼吸道感染分离株对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌,其耐药机制以ermB基因介导为主,ermB基因介导的耐药水平高于mefE基因介导的耐药水平;对青霉素耐药率较低,耐二代头孢菌素肺炎链球菌对万古霉素敏感.存在青霉素耐药菌株克隆传播和耐药基因水平传播.     

肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性调查及对大环内酯类抗生素耐药机制研究

目的：调查成都地区肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的敏感性，研究成都地区肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药机制。方法：收集2001年9月-2002年9月成都地区临床分离的肺炎链球菌，测定其对13种抗菌药物的耐药性及对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药表型；用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增耐药基因ermB和mefA，并对ermB和mefA进行基因序列分析。结果：82株肺炎链球菌中13株对青霉素低度耐药(占15．9％),肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素和克林霉素表现出较高的耐药率，对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率分别为80．5％(66／82)和68．3％(56／82)。耐大环内酯类肺炎链球菌中,96．4％菌株表现为内在型耐药。标准菌株ATCC49619及16株红霉素敏感菌株均未检测到ermB基因及mefA基因；ermB基因和；mefA基因分别在62和11株耐红霉素肺炎链球菌中检测到，其中7株菌同时检测到ermB基因和mefA基因。所测ermB和mefA基因序列与基因库收录序列高度一致。结论：成都地区临床分离的肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率较低，但对大环内酯类抗生素和克林霉素耐药却非常普遍。ermB基因介导的靶位改变是成都地区肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素的主要耐药机制。     

肺炎链球菌对大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素的耐药监测及耐药机制研究

目的研究肺炎链球菌对大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素类抗菌素的耐药机制。方法K-B纸片法测定肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、泰利霉素和喹奴普汀/达福普汀的耐药性。对全部红霉素耐药菌株和部分红霉素敏感菌株用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测ermB和mefA基因。结果97株肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、泰利霉素和喹奴普汀/达福普汀的耐药率分别为60.8%、58.8%、0和0。59株红霉素耐药菌株均检出ermB和/或mefA基因,其中34株(57.6%)ermB阳性,18株(30.5%)ermB和mefA同时阳性,7株(11.8%)mefA阳性。5株敏感菌株ermB和mefA基因均为阴性。结论本研究显示肺炎链球菌对泰利霉素和喹奴普汀/达福普汀高度敏感,而对红霉素和林可霉素则表现出较高的耐药性。肺炎链球菌对大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素的耐药机制以ermB基因介导的靶位改变为主。     

肺炎链球菌红霉素相关耐药基因与耐药表型的关系

目的:了解肺炎链球菌(Streptococcuspneum oniae,SP)临床分离株红霉素耐药基因的流行状况及和耐药表型的关系。方法:对住院儿童分离到的43株肺炎链球菌进行红霉素药敏试验,并用PCR法检测与红霉素耐药相关的红霉素核糖体甲基化酶基因(ermB)、主动外排转运基因(mefA)。结果:43株肺炎链球菌红霉素药敏试验40株耐药(占93%),3株敏感。红霉素ermB基因总检出率为76.7%(33/43),mefA基因总检出率为23.3%(10/43)。3株红霉素敏感的肺炎链球菌均未检出ermB基因和mefA基因;40株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌ermB基因和mefA基因的PCR检出率分别为82.5%(33/40)和25%(10/40)。共有35株肺炎链球菌检出ermB基因或/和mefA基因,其中单独携带ermB基因的耐药表型为25株(占71.4%);单独携带mefA基因的耐药表型2株(占5.7%);同时携带ermB基因和mefA基因的耐药表型8株(占22.9)%。结论:ermB基因和mefA基因同时表达或单独表达均可导致红霉素耐药,ermB基因表达是儿童肺炎链球菌对红霉素耐药的主要原因,mefA基因表达是造成对红霉素耐药的次要原因。红霉素已不是治疗肺炎链球菌的有效药物。     

中药莪术油对肺炎支原体地方株的体外抑制实验研究

目的 测定中药莪术油、红霉素对肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumonia，MP)地方株的体外抑制情况。方法 采用肉汤倍比稀释方法，在微生物敏感性体外实验中分别测定莪术油对肺炎支原体地方株的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration，MIC)、红霉素的MIC和莪术油联用红霉素时其各自的MIC。结果 体外实验中莪术油对肺炎支原体地方株的为MIC2．5μg／ml，红霉素的MIC0．025μg／ml。莪术油联用红霉素时其各自的MIC分别为1．25μg／ml和0．00625μg／ml。结论 莪术油对肺炎支原体地方株有抑制作用，莪术油与红霉素联用可增加抑菌效果。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.