眼眶减压术治疗甲状腺相关性眼病的研究进展

甲状腺相关性眼病是一种与甲状腺关系密切、以眼球突出等眼部症状为临床表现的自身免疫性疾病.眼眶减压术是其外科治疗的重要方法之一,根据该病的分级及活动程度,可通过外部入路、微创入路、内窥镜入路或联合入路进行眶骨壁减压或眶脂肪减压,随着科学技术的进步及眼科医生不断的经验积累,手术方法不断得到改进,且更科学,疗效更满意.本文对眼眶减压术的各种方法及手术入路的研究进展进行总结,为手术方式的恰当选择提供参考.     

甲状腺相关眼病眼眶减压术的疗效分析

目的：探讨眼眶减压术在甲状腺相关眼病中治疗的价值。方法：回顾性分析中山眼科中心1993－2000年27例（30只眼）经全身和眼部临床检查（视力、视野或视觉诱发电位等）确诊为甲状腺相关眼病患者采用眼眶减压术（一壁、二壁及三壁减压）治疗的临床资料,观察其手术前和手术后患者视力、眼球突出度及眼球运动的变化。术后随访2个月至7年,平均13．7个月。结果：视力：19只眼（63．3％）明显提高;4只眼（13．3％）轻度提高,视力均保持在0．2－0．8;4只眼（13．3％）视力无变化,其中3只眼（10．0％）视力下降。24只眼（80．0％）眼球突出后退≥3．0mm,28只眼（93．3％）眼球突出后退≥2．0mm,平均眼球突出后退3．6mm。结论：眼眶减压术可提高甲状腺相关眼病患者的视力,减轻其眼球突出度。     

眼眶脂肪减压术治疗甲状腺眼病的临床研究

目的 评价眼眶脂肪减压术治疗甲状腺相关眼病的疗效.方法 对10例(12只眼)、经眼睑皮肤和(或)结膜切口入路,切除肌肉圆锥内外的眼眶脂肪,1只眼经下睑睫毛下皮肤切口,在切除肌锥内,外脂肪后用高速磨头磨削眼眶下壁骨壁.结果 切除脂肪量1.9～3 ml,平均2.6ml.术后矫正眼球突出度2～3 mm,平均2.4mm.脂肪减压术联合眼眶骨壁磨削的患者出现了术眼眼球向下移位和向下注视时顽固性复视.其余患者未出现并发症.结论 眼眶脂肪减压术可以减轻眼球突出,是一项安全有效的手术方法,但减压效果有限.     

Graves眼病眼眶减压术术式选择及并发症的研究进展

Graves眼病(GO)是最常见且治疗相对复杂的眼眶疾病,发病率逐年增高,严重者会出现暴露性角膜病变、复视以及压迫性视神经病变,明显影响患者的生存质量。眼眶减压手术目前是治疗中重度GO的有效手段,且随着手术适应证的逐渐拓宽,越来越多的合并有眼球突出的轻中度GO患者要求手术治疗以改善外观。眼眶减压手术的术式种类繁多,究竟选择哪种眶减压术式能使患者获益最大,成为眼科医生最常遇到的问题。随着手术量的逐渐加大,并发症日益凸显,手术并发症的存在影响着患者术后满意度。为加深对并发症的认识,避免或减少并发症发生,优化手术方案,本文回顾了近年来国内外相关文献报道,对GO患者眼眶减压术的术式选择及手术相关并发症作一综述。     

甲状腺相关眼病的眼眶减压术治疗现状

甲状腺相关眼病(thyroid associated ophthalmopathy,TAO)是成人最常见的眼眶病之一.对患者和医生来说,TAO的治疗仍然是个难题.主要的治疗选择有眼眶减压术、全身应用糖皮质激素和放疗.一些TAO患者可能需要手术来缓解眼部症状,近年来眼眶减压术用于越来越多的患者,它可以有效而安全地改善TAO患者的外观,并减轻患者眼的暴露症状和其他不适.     

眼眶平衡减压术治疗甲状腺相关眼病

目的 探讨平衡眼眶减压术治疗甲状腺相关眼病的疗效和手术方法。方法 采用内外壁眼眶减压术治疗20例35眼甲状腺相关眼病患者。术后随访平均14个月。观察术后视力、眼球突出度和眼球运动等情况。结果 20例35眼中除1例行眶外壁减压外，其余均行内外壁平衡眼眶减压术。眼球突出度缓解3～11mm，其中3～4mm者5眼，5～9mm者28眼，10～11mm者2眼，平均6．32mm。视力从术前数指提高至0．1者6眼，提高2行以上者8眼，无变化21眼。术后眼球运动明显好转者9眼，运动障碍加重2眼。无视力丧失及术后感染。结论 平衡眼眶减压术是治疗甲状腺相关眼病的有效方法。     

眼眶减压术对甲状腺相关眼病患者脉络膜厚度的影响

目的:探究眼眶减压术对甲状腺相关眼病(TAO)患者黄斑区中心凹脉络膜厚度(CMCT)的影响。方法:前瞻性临床研究。分析2021-01/2022-01在我科治疗的TAO患者29例42眼,根据病情严重程度分为中重度组20例30眼和极重度组9例12眼。两组患者均接受眼眶减压术治疗,比较两组患者术前,术后3、6mo CMCT、最佳矫正视力、眼压、眼球突出度、活动度评分(CAS)的变化情况。结果:所有患者均完成随访。术后3、6mo,极重度组CMCT、眼球突出度、眼压、CAS评分为355.13±15.59、339.61±13.17μm, 19.33±2.23、17.83±1.70mm, 18.86±3.05、18.09±1.37mmHg, 3.75±0.87、2.42±1.00分;中重度组为325.00±10.48、321.04±11.34μm, 16.07±1.74、15.6±1.98mm, 16.65±2.04、16.03±2.3mmHg, 1.50±0.51、1.43±0.50分,与术前(极重度组：396.46±17.61μm, 22.00±2.3mm, 21.85±2.82mmHg, 5....     

经鼻内镜下眼眶减压术治疗中重度甲状腺相关眼病疗效观察

目的 探讨经鼻内镜下眼眶减压术治疗中重度甲状腺相关眼病的治疗效果。方法 选取我院在2015年6月至2021年5月期间收治的60例中重度甲状腺相关眼病患者为研究对象,所有患者均行经鼻内镜下眼眶减压术,对比患者治疗前和治疗3个月后的最佳矫正视力、眼内压、睑裂高度和眼球突出度。结果 60例87眼中有50只眼(57.5%)术后最佳矫正视力提高,术前术后对比有显著性差异(U=319.7,P=0.04),其余较为稳定,无术后视力持续下降者,术后3月眼球突出度、眼内压和睑裂高度的改善均有显著性差异(t=16.56,P=0.00;t=38.12,P=0.00;t=12.67,P=0.00)。结论 经鼻内镜下眼眶减压术治疗重度甲状腺相关眼病可有效改善患者视力,降低眼内压,利于眼球回退,改善眼部症状。     

眼眶减压术治疗Graves眼病的临床效果

目的:探讨眼眶减压术治疗Graves眼病的效果及安全性.方法:选取2011-02/2016-02在我院治疗的Graves眼病患者55例77眼,均行眼眶减压术治疗,观察患者术后6 mo视力、眼球突出度及并发症.结果:患者术后6 mo最佳矫正视力(0.23±0.09)明显较术前(0.46±0.07)有所提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);患者术后6 mo眼球突出度(16.20±1.99 mm)明显较术前(20.13±1.87mm)有所减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后CAS评分≤3分眼数为56眼(73%),明显较术前15眼(19%)有所增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术前共有50眼(65%)存在色觉障碍,术后有42眼(55%)视觉障碍明显改善,8眼(10%)无变化;77眼术后6 mo眼球突出度平均下降3.87±1.03 mm;术后出现新复视患者5例8眼,新发复视率10%,随访3 mo后,复视消失.结论:眼眶减压术治疗Graves眼病是一种有效方法,但应注意术后复视等并发症发生.     

眼眶减压术后新发复视的研究进展

甲状腺相关眼病(thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy,TAO),又称Graves眼病,是与甲状腺疾病密切相关的一种器官特异性自身免疫性疾病。眼球突出是TAO的主要临床表现之一,也是临床上多数患者就诊的原因。眼球突出一方面会影响美观,另一方面可因眼睑闭合不全导致暴露性角膜炎或因眼眶压力增大导致压迫性视神经病变。眼眶减压术用于重度TAO已有过百年历史,从最早经外眦皮肤切开的传统外部切口入路进行骨性眼眶减压及脂肪减压到内镜下经鼻入路眼眶减压术,其安全性和有效性均已得到肯定。术后复视是眼眶减压术常见的并发症。近年来,随着眼眶减压术的发展,其越来越多地用于美容目的以矫正眼球突出。然而术后的新发复视仍然是困扰众多相关眼科医疗工作者的难题。近年来,多项研究对术后新发复视的相关因素进行了探讨,并由此对眼眶减压术进行改良,在对术后新发复视的减少方面取得不同程度的进展。该文对眼眶减压术后新发复视的研究进展进行综述,旨在促进专科医生更精准地开展TAO的手术,进而提高手术患者术后的生活质量及手术满意度。     

深外侧壁联合内侧壁眼眶减压术治疗甲状腺相关性眼病

目的：探究深外侧壁联合内侧壁眼眶减压术治疗甲状腺相关性眼病的临床治疗效果及安全性。

方法：分析我科既往住院患者病历,纳入2019-01/2020-05在我科住院的符合纳入标准的甲状腺相关性眼病患者17例。所有患者均在全身麻醉下行深外侧壁联合内侧壁眼眶减压术,比较患者术前术后的视力、暴露性角膜炎恢复情况、突眼度、眼压以及并发症情况。

结果：所纳入研究的对象中,有甲状腺相关眼病视神经病变(DON)8例9眼,术前的最佳矫正视力0.78±0.15,术后1mo 0.36±0.12,与术前视力相比有差异(P<0.01),术后6mo 0.38±0.12,与术后1mo无差异(P=0.594)。术前眼球突出度23.75±2.55mm,术后1mo为14.85±1.53mm,与术前突眼度相比有差异(P<0.01),术后6mo为14.60±1.64mm,与术后1mo基本保持稳定(P=0.658)。术前眼压25.56±3.23mmHg,术后1mo为18.42±2.35mmHg,与术前相比有差异(P<0.01),术后6mo眼压降至15.82±2.57mmHg,与术后1mo眼压相比有差异(P<0.01)。术前有暴露性角膜炎6例6眼,术后1mo有4眼好转,2眼治愈,术后6mo 6眼全部治愈。术后患者复视情况均有不同程度减轻,并有部分患者复视症状在此后6mo持续好转,未出现其他严重并发症。

结论：深外侧壁联合内侧壁眼眶减压术可以有效地改善眼突,对DON及暴露性角膜炎等严重并发症也有良好的疗效,并发症少,是治疗严重甲状腺相关性眼病的有效手术方案。     

眼眶成纤维细胞与甲状腺相关眼病研究进展

甲状腺相关眼病的发病机制尚不完全清楚,临床缺乏确实有效的治疗方法.眼眶成纤维细胞作为靶细胞和效应细胞参与了自身免疫、炎症反应和组织重塑等多个病理过程.我们就眼眶成纤维细胞在甲状腺相关眼病发病机制中的作用的研究进展做一综述,并讨论该领域治疗研究方向.     

Results of a neurosurgical two-wall orbital decompression in the treatment of severe thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

PURPOSE: Follow-up of patients with severe thyroid associated ophthalmopathy treated with a transcranial two-wall orbital decompression and reconstruction. METHODS: A two-wall transcranial orbital decompression was performed in 30 such patients (50 eyes). The patients were evaluated one month postoperatively, and long-term evaluation (median 14 months, range 2-54 months) was carried out. The main outcome measures were visual acuity, proptosis measured by Hertel ophthalmometry, soft tissue involvement, and restriction of eye motility. RESULT: Visual acuity improved rapidly in 28 of 32 affected eyes with normalization in 19 eyes (p<0.001). Worsening was not seen. Median proptosis was reduced by 4.0 mm, range 0-10.0 (p<0.001). Double vision was present in 24 patients before operation 14 of whom achieved binocular vision (p<0.001). Three patients had unchanged complaints and the double vision worsened in one patient. Seventeen of 20 patients on preoperative corticosteroid treatment discontinued this medication in relation to surgery. Complications included one case of perioperative minor stroke and two cases of facial nerve frontal branch palsy. CONCLUSION: The transcranial two-wall decompression is a simple, an efficient and a low-risk procedure for treatment of patients with severe thyroid associated ophthalmopathy.     

Hypoglobus following orbital decompression for dysthyroid ophthalmopathy

Hypoglobus following orbital decompression is not a rare complication. Hypoglobus requiring surgery to elevate the globe following orbital decompression is considered clinically significant hypoglobus. A retrospective analysis of 157 consecutive patients who had their orbits expanded by removing the medial wall and floor of the orbit found seven patients (4.5%) who required further surgery to elevate the globe. The seven patients who developed clinically significant hypoglobus following orbital decompression all developed a set of distinct clinical signs. These included a "setting sun" appearance of the globe, eyelid malposition, orbital volume loss, and strabismus. These clinical signs can be explained by the inferior movement of the globe and the orbital contents following the loss of support structures on the orbital floor. A two-wall orbital decompression performed on a cadaver reproduced the physical signs of hypoglobus. The dissection suggested that the periorbita is the most important structure supporting the globe in the orbit.     

Medial entropion following orbital decompression for dysthyroid ophthalmopathy

We found medial entropion of the lower eyelid to be common following orbital decompression for dysthyroid opthalmopathy. In our series significant postoperative medial entropion was noted in 14 of 69 patients, an incidence of 20%. Only four of these patients had entropion severe enough to require surgery (6%). Before orbital decompression, only one patient was found to have significant medial entropion (1.4%). Analysis of associated factors disclosed a positive relation between the amount of operative proptosis reduction and the degree of postoperative medial entropion. A strong correlation was also observed with the type of approach; transantral surgery was much more likely to be associated with significant postoperative medial entropion than was transconjunctival surgery. We suggest that the inferomedial displacement of the muscle cone that follows orbital decompression results in a force vector, transmitted through the lower eyelid retractors and capsulopalpebral ligament, that intorts the medial lower eyelid. Medial entropion in this setting often coexists with lower eyelid retraction, and if a "spacer" of sclera or ear cartilage is to be inserted into the lower eyelid, it should be carried into the medialmost portion of the eyelid to recess the posterior lamellae, including the medial retractors, and allow the eyelid margin to return to its normal anatomic position.