老年患者术后认知功能障碍发病机制的研究进展

术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是与麻醉和手术密切相关的严重并发症之一。随着医疗技术发展和人口老龄化, 接受麻醉和手术的老年患者数量逐步增多。POCD是老年患者术后常见的神经认知并发症, 可通过炎症反应、中枢胆碱能系统、应激反应、自噬功能、微生物-肠-脑轴以及生物节律等途径, 使患者记忆力、理解力、注意力减退, 从而影响老年患者术后快速康复, 延长住院时间, 降低术后生活质量, 甚至增加术后死亡率。阐明老年患者POCD的机制有助于制订有效的防治措施。本研究拟就老年患者POCD发病机制的研究进展进行综述。     

术后认知功能障碍的炎症机制

背景 术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是老年患者手术后常见的中枢神经系统并发症.目前POCD的发病机制尚不清楚.POCD的发生影响了患者术后恢复,延长了住院时间,增加了术后并发症的发生率和死亡率;对家庭及社会造成严重的经济负担,POCD将成为一个严重的...     

银杏叶预先给药对髋关节置换术老年患者术后认知功能的影响

术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是围术期常见的中枢神经系统并发症,易发生于老年人.有研究表明,术后静脉输注银杏叶可降低老年患者POCD的发生率[1];另有研究表明,长期服用银杏叶可提高老年痴呆患者或多发性硬化患者的认知功能[2-3].髋关节置换术是老年患者POCD发生率较高的手术之一[4].本研究拟评价银杏叶预先给药对髋关节置换术老年患者术后认知功能的影响,为临床上预防POCD的发生提供参考.     

老年术后认知功能障碍患者的护理

目的 探讨综合护理干预对老年术后认知功能障碍(POCD)患者认知功能的影响.方法 对42例全麻手术后出现POCD的老年患者进行综合护理干预,包括心理护理和认知功能训练等.结果 所有患者的认知功能均恢复至正常水平,住院18～26 d出院.结论 对POCD的全面认识和积极的护理干预可有效减轻老年POCD患者的认知损害,促进其认知功能的恢复.     

老年术后认知功能障碍患者的护理

目的探讨综合护理干预对老年术后认知功能障碍（POCD）患者认知功能的影响。方法对42例全麻手术后出现POCD的老年患者进行综合护理干预，包括心理护理和认知功能训练等。结果所有患者的认知功能均恢复至正常水平，住院18～26d出院。结论对POCD的全面认识和积极的护理干预可有效减轻老年POCD患者的认知损害，促进其认知功能的恢复。     

术后认知功能障碍研究现状

正术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是手术麻醉后常见的中枢神经系统并发症,其主要临床表现为患者在手术麻醉后出现认知功能(包括学习、记忆、情绪、情感、判断力等)下降,尤多见于脆性大脑~([1-3])。POCD增加患者住院费用,延长患者住院时间,影响患者生活质量,给家庭和社会带来极为沉重的负担。随着老年人口的不断增加,POCD的发病人数将持续增加,已成为围术期医学的     

麻醉方式对老年创伤患者术后早期认知功能的影响

目的研究麻醉方法对老年创伤患者术后早期认知功能的影响。方法50例年龄≥65岁的股骨手术老年患者随机分成全身麻醉组(G组,28例)和单侧腰-硬联合麻醉组(E组,22例)。采用神经心理学测试技术简易智力状态检查(MMSE)术前1d及术后第1天进行评定认知功能。术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的诊断是首先计算所有患者麻醉前MMSE评分,患者以麻醉前测试值为对照,等于或超过1个标准差判断患者出现POCD。结果G组术后早期MMSE值低于E组(P0.05);G组术后早期POCD的发生率为42.9%,明显高于E组的13.6%(P0.05)。结论与腰-硬联合麻醉相比,全身麻醉可增加老年创伤患者术后早期第1天POCD的发生率。     

髋关节置换术后认知功能障碍与患者围术期血浆皮质醇水平的关系

目的探讨全髋关节置换术患者术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的发生与围术期血浆皮质醇水平的关系。方法选择90例在全麻下接受择期单侧全髋关节置换术的老年患者,年龄65~75岁,应用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)对患者的认知功能进行评定,根据是否发生POCD分为POCD组和非POCD组。检测患者术前2d、术后2、7d血浆皮质醇水平。结果髋关节置换术老年患者术后7dPOCD发生率为37.8%;与术前2d比较,POCD组患者术后2、7d血浆皮质醇水平明显增高(P0.01或P0.05);与非POCD组比较,POCD组患者术后2、7d血浆皮质醇水平明显增高(P0.05)。两组患者术后2、7d血浆皮质醇水平与MMSE评分呈负相关(P0.01)。结论老年患者全髋关节置换术后早期的POCD发生率较高,术后血浆皮质醇水平升高可能与POCD的发生有关。     

血清S100ββ变化与老年患者腹部手术后认知功能障碍的关系

目的观察老年患者腹部手术后S100ββ蛋白的变化以及术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的发生情况,并探讨二者的关系。方法26例65岁以上的老年患者ASAⅡ~Ⅲ级,行腹部手术。监测术前、术毕、术后6、24、48、72h血清S100ββ的变化,并评定术前及术后1周内的认知功能。结果老年患者血清S100ββ蛋白在术毕最高(P<0·01),术后6h和24h逐渐下降,但术后48h再次上升(P<0·01),术后72h回复至术前水平。26例老年患者腹部手术后1周内有7例发生POCD。POCD组与非POCD组相比,术毕及术后6h血清S100ββ蛋白水平明显增高(P<0·05)。结论老年患者腹部手术后POCD的发生与血清S100ββ蛋白的变化有密切关系。血清S100ββ蛋白可作为评估老年患者术后发生POCD的重要指标。     

二次全膝关节置换术对老年患者术后早期认知功能的影响

目的 通过观察首次及二次全膝关节置换术术后早期认知功能及炎性细胞因子的变化,探讨二次全膝关节置换术对老年患者术后早期认知功能的影响. 方法 择期行全膝关节置换术患者96例,年龄≥65岁,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,按手术次数分为一次手术组和二次手术组,每组48例.采用简易精神状态检查(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)量表于术前及术后1、3、5、7d进行认知功能评估.术后MMSE评分较术前降低大于或等于一个标准差为发生术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD).根据是否发生POCD分为POCD组和NPOCD组.于麻醉诱导前、术后24h抽取外周静脉血,应用ELISA测定IL-1、IL-6和IL-10的浓度. 结果 二次手术组患者术后3、5 d POCD的发生率(56.3％、10.4％)显著高于一次手术组(25.0％、2.1％)(P＜0.05).与NPOCD组比较,POCD组术后IL-6的水平较术前明显增加,术后IL-10的水平较术前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与术前比较,一次手术组和二次手术组POCD患者术后24 h IL-6的水平明显增加(P＜0.05)、IL-10的水平明显降低(P＜0.05);与一次手术组POCD患者比较,二次手术组POCD患者术后24 h IL-6的水平明显升高(P＜0.05)、IL-10的水平明显降低(P＜0.05). 结论 二次全膝关节置换术老年患者术后早期POCD发生率增加,可能与血液中IL-6浓度升高及IL-10浓度降低有关.     

Pathophysiology of post-operative cognitive dysfunction: current hypotheses

Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been reported after a variety of surgical procedures. POCD is associated with a decline in performance of activities of daily living of elderly patients and can cause substantial damage to family and/or to social support systems. The incidence of POCD in the first week after surgery is 23% in patients between 60 and 69 years of age and 29% in patients older than 70. Cognitive dysfunction was still present in 14% of patients over 70 at three month after surgery. The risk of POCD increases with age, and the type of surgery is also important since there is very low incidence of POCD after minor surgery. For many years, it has been known that general anaesthesia is associated with persistent changes in gene expression in the brain for at least 72 hours. These observed modifications suggest an interesting hypothesis to explain the side effects of anaesthetic agents on cognitive dysfunction, particularly in the elderly. The inflammatory response to surgery is consistent with the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to cognitive decline in the elderly. Most of the drugs administered during anaesthesia interact with the cerebral cholinergic system, which seems to be impaired with ageing. One can hypothesize that this cholinergic dysfunction is a potent factor in the pathogenesis of POCD. These findings have implications for the information provided before obtaining consent from elderly patients prior to surgery; a careful evaluation of mental status is mandatory for all elderly patients undergoing general anaesthesia. Perioperative physicians should be familiar with the prevention, diagnosis, and management of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.     

Cognitive dysfunction after minor surgery in the elderly

BACKGROUND: Major surgery is frequently associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients. Type of surgery and hospitalization may be important prognostic factors. The aims of the study were to find the incidence and risk factors for POCD in elderly patients undergoing minor surgery. METHODS: We enrolled 372 patients aged greater than 60 years scheduled for minor surgery under general anesthesia. According to local practice, patients were allocated to either in- (199) or out-patient (173) care. Cognitive function was assessed using neuropsychological testing preoperatively and 7 days and 3 months postoperatively. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was defined using Z-score analysis. RESULTS: At 7 days, the incidence (confidence interval) of POCD in patients undergoing minor surgery was 6.8% (4.3-10.1). At 3 months the incidence of POCD was 6.6% (4.1-10.0). Logistic regression analysis identified the following significant risk factors: age greater than 70 years (odds ratio [OR]: 3.8 [1.7-8.7], P = 0.01) and in- vs. out-patient surgery (OR: 2.8 [1.2-6.3], P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our finding of less cognitive dysfunction in the first postoperative week in elderly patients undergoing minor surgery on an out-patient basis supports a strategy of avoiding hospitalization of older patients when possible.     

Cognitive dysfunction 1-2 years after non-cardiac surgery in the elderly. ISPOCD group. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a well-recognised complication of cardiac surgery, but evidence of POCD after general surgery has been lacking. We recently showed that POCD was present in 9.9% of elderly patients 3 months after major non-cardiac surgery. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether POCD persists for 1-2 years after operation. METHODS: A total of 336 elderly patients (median age 69 years, range 60-86) was studied after major surgery under general anesthesia. Psychometric testing was performed before surgery and at a median of 7, 98 and 532 days postoperatively using a neuropsychological test battery with 7 subtests. A control group of 47 non-hospitalised volunteers of similar age were tested with the test battery at the same intervals. RESULTS: 1-2 years after surgery, 35 out of 336 patients (10.4%, CI: 7.2-13.7%) had cognitive dysfunction. Three patients had POCD at all three postoperative test sessions (0.9%). From our definition of POCD, there is only a 1:64000 likelihood that a single subject would have POCD at all three test points by chance. Logistic regression analysis identified age, early POCD, and infection within the first three postoperative months as significant risk factors for long-term cognitive dysfunction. Five of 47 normal controls fulfilled the criteria for cognitive dysfunction 1-2 years after initial testing (10.6%, CI: 1.8-19.4%), i.e. a similar incidence of age-related cognitive impairment as among patients. CONCLUSION: POCD is a reversible condition in the majority of cases but may persist in approximately 1% of patients.     

老年患者术后认知功能障碍的危险因素

目的 筛选老年患者发生术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素.方法 择期手术患者240例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄65～86岁,根据麻醉方法不同分为3组(n=80):全身麻醉组(G组)、硬膜外阻滞组(E组)和局部麻醉组(L组).分别于术前1 d、术后1、3、5 d记录MMSE评分,计算术前MMSE评分的标准差,每例患者术后MMSE评分与术前MMSE评分比较≥1个标准差时即发生POCD.将不同年龄、性别、文化程度、麻醉方法、手术时间和术前MMSE评分的老年患者POCD发生率进行比较,若差异有统计学意义,该因素进入非条件logistic回归模型,筛选老年患者发生POCD的危险因素.结果 性别、文化程度、麻醉类型、手术时间≥90 min及术前MMSE评分＜23分不是老年患者POCD发生的危险因素;年龄≥75岁与老年患者POCD的发生有关(P＜0.05).结论 年龄≥75岁是老年患者发生POCD的危险因素.     

Cognitive function after anaesthesia in the elderly

Despite advances in peri operative care, a significant percentage of elderly patients experience transient post operative delirium and/or long-term post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). This chapter reviews the aetiology, clinical features, preventive strategies and treatment of these syndromes. Pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative risk factors for delirium and POCD following cardiac and non-cardiac surgery are discussed. It is most likely that the aetiology of delirium and POCD is multifactorial and may include factors such as age, decreased pre-operative cognitive function, general health status and, possibly, intra-operative events. Currently there is no single therapy that can be recommended for treating post-operative cognitive deterioration. Primary prevention of delirium and POCD is probably the most effective treatment strategy. Several large clinical trials show the effectiveness of multicomponent intervention protocols that are designed to target well-documented risk factors in order to reduce the incidence of post-operative delirium and, possibly, POCD in the elderly.     

术后认知功能障碍的炎症机制

背景 术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是老年患者手术后常见的中枢神经系统并发症.目前POCD的发病机制尚不清楚.POCD的发生影响了患者术后恢复,延长了住院时间,增加了术后并发症的发生率和死亡率;对家庭及社会造成严重的经济负担,POCD将成为一个严重的社会问题.目的 旨在推进POCD的研究,使得这一严重问题得到解决.内容 以往的研究表明,麻醉、手术可能是的POCD主要原因,而老龄则是惟一明确的危险应素,提示中枢神经系统退行性改变与POCD的发生可能有着重要联系,而麻醉和手术加重了这种退行性改变所致的认知功能衰退.趋向 较多研究表明炎症反应在与衰老有关的认知功能减退中起着重要作用,而手术创伤和应激引起的炎症反应是围术期发生的重要病理生理学改变.近年来炎症反应在POCD发生中的作用备受关注,现对POCD发生中炎症反应方面的研究进展进行综述.     

神经营养因子对老年人术后认知功能障碍的影响研究

本文综述了术后认知功能障碍（POCD）的定义．发病状况．诊断方法、病因及机制．认为POCD是中枢神经系统衰老的基础上由麻醉和手术诱发的神经功能减退．皮质酮、神经营养因子和神经生长因子都可以引起中枢神经系统的改变,从而导致POCD的发生。研究POCD具有重要的医学、社会和经济意义。     

术后认知功能障碍发病机制研究进展

背景术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是麻醉和术后出现的一种中枢神经系统并发症,其临床表现为认知能力减退、焦虑、记忆受损、语言理解能力和社会融合能力减退等。在老年手术患者中十分常见,可持续数月或数年,甚至发生永久性认知功能障碍,严重影响患者的生活质量,常...     

右美托咪定对老年患者术后认知功能的影响的系统评价

目的 系统评价右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,DEX）对老年患者术后认知功能的影响,为老年患者术后认知功能障碍的防治提供依据。方法 计算机检索Pubmed、Cochrane Library、CNKI和万方等数据库,手工检索图书馆馆藏期刊,检索时限截至2014年4月。按照纳入和排除标标准收集DEX对老年患者术后认知功能的影响的随机对照试验（RCT）,按照改良Jadad 质量评估量表评价纳入研究的方法学质量,采用STATE 12.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入19个RCT,1202例患者。与对照组相比,DEX组术后第1天及第7天的简易精神状态检查量表评分较高,且术后第1天及第7天认知功能障碍发生率也明显减少。结论 DEX可改善老年患者术后认知功能,对减轻老年患者术后认知功能障碍有一定的防治疗效。