喷他佐辛超前镇痛对患者自控镇痛效应的影响

目的 观察喷他佐辛超前镇痛对经腹全子宫切除术后患者硬膜外自控镇痛(PCA)效应的影响.方法 择期腹式全子宫切除手术患者60例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.随机均分为三组:超前镇痛组(A组),于手术切皮前15 min缓慢静脉推注喷他佐辛30 mg;术后镇痛组(B组),于手术结束关腹时静脉缓慢推注喷他佐辛30 mg;对照组(C组),于手术切皮前15 min缓慢静脉推注生理盐水1 ml.三组患者均行硬膜外自控镇痛(PCA),镇痛液为0.2%左旋布比卡因和0.01%吗啡,PCA采用设置为负荷剂量5 ml、背景剂量1 ml/h、追加剂馈每次1 ml的LCP模式,锁定时间10 min,镇痛24 h.分别记录伤口静息疼痛和动态疼痛的VAS评分、开启PCA泵后各时段PCA泵的按压次数(D1)和实际有效按压次数(D2)、Ramsay镇静评分、改良Bromage分级及不良反应的发生率.结果 三组患者PCA期间24 h左旋布比卡因和吗啡用量A组明显低于B、C组(P＜0.05),A组术后1、2、4、6、8、12及16 h静念和动态疼痛VAS评分明显低于B、C组(P＜0.05).B组术后4 h静态VAS评分明显低于C组(P＜0.05);在2～4 h、4～6 h、6～8 h时段中A组患者D1及D2明显少于B、C组(P＜0.05).结论 在手术切皮前15 min静注喷他佐辛超前镇痛可有效增强经腹全子宫切除术患者硬膜外PCA的术后镇痛效应,减少PCA镇痛药量,镇痛时间延长,不良反应较少,值得在临床中选用.     

硬膜外腔并直肠用药对前列腺切除术后镇痛的疗效

目的 探讨前列腺切除术后简便、安全、有效的镇痛方法。方法 118例BPH术后病人随机分为3组。A组:40例采用硬膜外腔注射吗啡、氟哌啶混合液和直肠消炎痛栓镇痛。B组采用硬膜外注射吗啡/氟哌啶混合液,C组应用肌肉注射止痛药止痛,通过VAS评分,控制膀胱痉挛次数、持续时间、停止冲洗时间等指标进行评估。结果 A组较B、C两组具有镇痛效果平稳、膀胱痉挛次数少、持续时间短、发生率低、不良反应少等特点,差别有显著性意义,P<0.01。结论 BPH术后应用硬膜外腔注射吗啡、氟哌啶混合液和直肠消炎痛栓镇痛防止膀胱痉挛效果确切,有利于术后康复。     

子宫切除术病人术前鞘内注射不同剂量吗啡复合芬太尼术后镇痛效果的比较

目的 比较子宫切除术病人术前鞘内注射不同剂量吗啡复合芬太尼的术后镇痛效果.方法 择期行全子宫切除术病人40例,年龄19 ～ 60岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.采用随机数字表法,将病人随机分为2组(n=20),采用脊椎-硬膜外联合阻滞,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组术前鞘内分别注射吗啡0.5 mg+芬太尼15 μg、吗啡0.2 mg+芬太尼25 μg.术后48 h内VAS评分≥3时静脉注射吗啡0.05 mg/kg进行补救镇痛,记录术后恶心、呕吐和皮肤瘙痒的发生情况.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术后镇痛补救率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后恶心、呕吐和皮肤瘙痒的发生率降低,排气时间缩短(P＜0.05).结论 与术前鞘内注射吗啡0.5 mg+芬太尼15 μg比较,子宫切除术病人术前鞘内注射吗啡0.2 mg+芬太尼25 μg在提供等效术后镇痛效果的前提下,安全性好,且有利于胃肠道功能恢复.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚联合氟哌利多降低吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的不良反应

目的观察盐酸戊乙奎醚联合氟哌利多对吗啡用于硬膜外术后镇痛不良反应发病率的影响。方法连续硬膜外麻醉行子宫下段剖宫产手术的患者96例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为单纯吗啡组(A组)、吗啡 氟哌利多组(B组)、吗啡 盐酸戊乙奎醚组(C组)及吗啡 盐酸戊乙奎醚 氟哌利多组(D组),每组24例。术毕5min分别将各组吗啡混合液各自注入硬膜外腔后拔出硬膜外导管回病房,记录术后镇痛效果及术后恶心呕吐(PONV)、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、口干等不良反应。结果D组的镇痛效果明显优于A、B、C组(P<0.01),且PONV、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应发病率明显低于A、B、C组(P<0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚联合氟哌利多可明显降低吗啡用于硬膜外术后镇痛不良反应的发病率。     

不同镇痛方法用于妇科手术病人术后镇痛的疗效观察

目的比较硬膜外单次注射吗啡与病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)、自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)在术后镇痛中的临床效果。方法选择美国麻醉医学会(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行妇科手术的病人60例。随机分为吗啡组(A组)、吗啡PCEA组(B组)和吗啡PCIA组(C组)。每组20例。A组在手术结束时硬膜外腔注射吗啡2 mg+盐酸罗哌卡因15 mg,B组在手术结束时硬膜外腔注射吗啡0.5 mg+盐酸罗哌卡因15 mg,并经硬膜外导管接自控止痛泵,C组在手术结束时硬膜外腔注射吗啡0.5 mg+盐酸罗哌卡因15 mg,并经静脉接自控止痛泵。记录A、B、C 3组术后4、8、12、24、48h各时间点VAS评分和恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制、下肢麻木等不良反应的发生情况。结果B、C组8、12、24、48h各时间点VAS评分均低于A组(P0.01)。B组下肢麻木的发生高于A组、C组(P0.05)。结论PCIA泵、PCEA泵均能产生良好的术后镇痛效果。PCIA泵具有避免PCEA泵一些严重并发症的发生。     

硬脂酸纳米吗啡用于硬膜外镇痛的实验研究

目的 观察硬脂酸纳米吗啡(SLN-M)单次注入大鼠硬膜外腔后的镇痛效应.方法 选择硬膜外置管后无神经损伤症状的SD雄性大鼠50只,随机均分为五组.A组(假给药组):经硬膜外腔给予硬脂酸纳米(SLN);B1组与B2组:分别给予0.2及1 mg普通吗啡;C1组与C2组:分别给予含0.2及1 mg吗啡的SLN-M.用药后测定热痛阈值评价镇痛效果,以最大镇痛效应(MPE)表示,以SpO2、角膜反射的变化、僵直症的发生率对药物不良反应进行评估.结果 B1与C1组及B2与C2组的MPE最高值差异无统计学意义.但随时间延长,B1与B2组MPE逐渐下降,12 h后开始显著低于C1与C2组(P＜0.05).B1与B2组达到MPE最高值的时间显著快于C1与C2组(P＜0.05),但持续时间显著缩短(P＜0.05).B1与B2组SpO2显著低于C1与C2组(P＜0.05),角膜反射的变化和僵直症的发生率要高于C1与C2组(P＜0.05),且与吗啡剂量呈正相关.结论 硬膜外腔单次给予SLN-M后可达到与普通吗啡一样的镇痛效果,有效镇痛时间明显延长,不良反应显著降低.     

不同浓度氯普鲁卡因复合吗啡应用于直肠癌术后硬膜外镇痛效果的临床观察

为观察氯普鲁卡因复合吗啡应用于直肠癌术后硬膜外镇痛的临床效果,我们选择120例直肠癌患者,其中行直肠癌根治术（经腹会阴联合直肠癌切除术）52例,直肠癌切除术68例,随机分成A、B、C三组,各40例。A组中,直肠癌根治术16例,直肠癌切除术24例;B组中,直肠癌根治术17例,直肠癌切除术23例;C组中,直肠癌根治术19例,直肠癌切除术21例。术后给予硬膜外持续镇痛。A组用1．0％氯普鲁卡因＋0．1mg／ml吗啡,B组用1．2％氯普鲁卡因＋0．1mg／ml吗啡,C组用1．5％氯普鲁卡因＋0．1mg／ml吗啡。结果显示,A组镇痛效果较差,VAS为28．0±4．7～57．0±6．2,有13例诉求3％氯普鲁卡因5ml或哌替啶100mg肌肉注射;B组镇痛效果较好,VAS为9．5±2．3～13．0±4．4;C组镇痛效果好,VAS为8．7±3．3～11．0±3．5。B,C组均无额外诉求,但B组与C组VAs评分差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05。结果表明,氯普鲁卡因复合吗啡应用于直肠癌术后硬膜外镇痛效果良好,其中以1．2％和1．5％浓度为好。     

椎管内不同给药途径对肛周手术后镇痛效果的临床观察

为探讨蛛网膜下腔与硬膜外腔应用吗啡在肛周手术后镇痛中的效果,将300例肛周手术患者随机分为A、B、C3组各100例,均采用腰麻与硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉,在正常麻醉的基础上,A组在硬膜外腔和蛛网膜腔均不给予吗啡,B组在硬膜外腔加入吗啡lmg,C组在蛛网膜下腔加入吗啡0．1mg。结果显示,B、C组术后镇痛效果均优于A组,并发症C组高于A、B两组。结果表明,硬膜外给予1mg吗啡用于肛周手术,术后镇痛效果确切,并发症少。     

氯胺酮与吗啡超前镇痛对内脏牵拉痛及术后镇痛的影响

目的探讨氯胺酮与吗啡复合液硬膜外超前镇痛对抑制手术内脏牵拉痛的影响及术后镇痛情况的影响。方法60例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期全子宫切除术患者,均于硬膜外麻醉下行全子宫切除术。随机分为两组,每组30例,即Ⅰ组(对照组):术前不施行超前镇痛;Ⅱ组(实验组):切皮前10 min将氯胺酮30 mg与吗啡2 mg用生理盐水稀释成5 ml注入硬膜外腔。所有患者术后均行自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)。镇痛药物为0.15%罗哌卡因+5 mg吗啡,共100 ml。观察两组患者术中牵拉反应、术后镇痛情况及并发症。结果Ⅱ组用药对抑制术中牵拉痛的效果明显优于Ⅰ组(P<0.01);Ⅱ组PCEA泵首次触发时间较Ⅰ组显著延长(P<0.01),48 h内有效触发次数显著减少(P<0.01),24 h PCEA泵总用量明显减少(P<0.05),术后并发症无明显差异。结论氯胺酮与吗啡硬膜外超前镇痛能明显抑制术中牵拉痛,提供良好的术后镇痛效果,减少阿片类药物的用量。     

腹式子宫切除术后甲磺酸罗哌卡因与盐酸罗哌卡因硬膜外病人自控镇痛的比较

目的比较腹式子宫切除术后甲磺酸罗哌卡因与盐酸罗哌卡因硬膜外病人自控镇痛(PCEA)的效果。方法44例腹式子宫切除术病人随机分为两组(n=22):对照组应用0.75%盐酸罗哌卡因连续硬膜外麻醉,术后应用0.2%盐酸罗哌卡因作PCEA;试验组应用0.894%甲磺酸罗哌卡因连续硬膜外麻醉,术后应用0.237%甲磺酸罗哌卡因作PCEA。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价病人静卧时与咳嗽时的疼痛程度,以修正的Bromage评分法评价病人运动阻滞程度,记录镇痛质量、PCEA 情况和不良反应发生情况。结果两组病人术后VAS评分、镇痛质量、运动阻滞程度及不良反应的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),试验组镇痛泵有效按压次数少于对照组(P<0.05),除PCEA开始-4 h外,试验组病人其余时间段用药量均少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论0.237%甲磺酸罗哌卡因可用于腹式子宫切除术后PCEA,其镇痛效果和安全性与0.2%盐酸罗哌卡因相似。     

布托啡诺复合罗哌卡因用于术后硬膜外病人自控镇痛

罗哌卡因属含单一异构体S罗-哌卡因的长效酰胺类局麻药,中枢神经系统及心血管系统毒性小[1~3],小剂量应用具有感觉-运动神经阻滞分离[4]以及高清除率[5]等特点。近年来已被推荐作为硬膜外连续输注术后镇痛的局麻药[6]。阿片类受体激动剂与局部麻醉药联合应用于术后病人自控硬膜     

硬膜外泵入布托啡诺复合小剂量氯胺酮用于妇科患者术后镇痛

目的 观察术后硬膜外持续泵人布托啡诺复合小剂量氯胺酮用于妇科患者术后的镇痛效果.方法 60例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级在腰-硬联合麻醉下行腹式子宫切除的妇科患者术后随机均分为两组,A组为观察组,用布托啡诺0.1 mg/kg 氯胺酮1 mg/kg 生理盐水至100 ml持续泵人;B组为对照组,用布托啡诺0.1 mg/kg 生理盐水至100 ml持续泵入.观察患者术后各时间段的视觉模拟镇痛评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分及对术后镇痛的满意度进行评估,并观察不良反应情况.结果 A组在给药后4 h的VAS低于B组(P<0.05);B组在给药后4、8和12 h的Ramsay镇静评分高于A组(P<0.05),但是两组的评分均在镇静满意的范围.结论 硬膜外持续泵入布托啡诺0.1mg/kg对于妇科术后患者能提供安全有效的镇痛,同时复合小剂量的氯胺酮能增强其镇痛效果,不增加其不良反应的发生.     

布托啡诺与吗啡用于腹部手术后硬膜外镇痛效果的比较

目的 研究不同剂量布托啡诺用于腹部手术患者术后硬膜外镇痛的效果及副作用,并与吗啡硬膜外镇痛进行比较. 方法 择期腹部手术ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患者75例,按术后镇痛用药不同随机分为3组(n=25):M组(吗啡12 mg+0.1%罗哌卡因共150ml),B1组(布托啡诺9mg+0.1%罗哌卡因共150 ml),B2组(布托啡诺12mg+0-1%罗哌卡因共150ml).负荷量为0.25%罗哌卡因5 ml加吗啡2 mg或布托啡诺2 mg,持续背景输注剂量均为1-5 ml/h,按压追加药量均为2 ml/次,按压锁定时间20 min.观察记录3组患者术中芬太尼的总药量;术后1、4、8、12、18、24、36、48 h各时间点的疼痛视觉模拟评分(pain visual analogue scores,VAS);术后1、4、8、12 h的警觉镇静评分(observer's assessment ofalertness/sedation scores,OAA/S);术后48 h内按压总次数及总药量;肛门排气时间;术后镇痛副作用(头痛头晕、嗜睡、呼吸抑制、搔痒、恶心、呕吐、腹胀)的发生情况.结果 术后4 h时间点B1组VAS评分为2.8±1.0,高于M组的2.0±0.7及B2组的2.0±0.9(P<0-05),其余时间点3组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).M组的头痛头晕、恶心、呕吐,腹胀,搔痒发生例数分别为3、11、7、4、5例,而B1组仅有1例头痛头晕,B2组有2例头痛头晕,1例恶心,发生率均低于M组(P<0.05).3组患者术中芬太尼的总药量、48 h内按压总次数及总药量、术后不同时间点OAA/S评分及肛门排气时间的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 每天3 mg～4 mg布托啡诺应用于腹部手术后硬膜外镇痛,镇痛效果确切,且其副作用发生率较吗啡明显降低.     

预注不同剂量布托啡诺对妇科腹腔镜患者术后镇痛效果的比较

目的 比较不同剂量布托啡诺静脉预注用于腹腔镜子宫切除术( laparoscopically hysterectom,LH)对患者术后镇痛作用的影响.方法 48例行全麻下择期LH患者,年龄35岁～60岁,ASA Ⅰ ～Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法随机分为4组(每组12例),B1组、B2组、B3组分别于切皮前10 min缓注布托...     

Pregabalin and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol for postoperative pain control after abdominal hysterectomy. A randomized clinical trial

Background: Multimodal analgesia may be important for optimal postoperative pain treatment and facilitation of early mobilization and recovery. We investigated the analgesic effect of pregabalin and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol after abdominal hysterectomy.
Methods: One hundred and sixteen patients were randomly assigned to either group A (paracetamol+placebo × 2), group B (paracetamol+pregabalin+placebo) or group C (paracetamol+pregabalin+dexamethasone). According to randomization and preoperatively, patients received paracetamol 1000 mg, pregabalin 300 mg, dexamethasone 8 mg or placebo. General anaesthesia was performed. Postoperative pain treatment was paracetamol 1000 mg × 4 and patient-controlled intravenous morphine, 2.5 mg bolus. Nausea was treated with ondansetron. Morphine consumption, pain score (visual analogue scale) at rest and during mobilization, nausea, sedation, dizziness, number of vomits and consumption of ondansetron were recorded 2, 4 and 24 h after the operation. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The 24-h morphine consumption and pain score, both at rest and during mobilization, were not significantly different between treatment groups. The mean nausea score ( P =0.002) was reduced in group C vs. A. The number of vomits was significantly reduced in both group B ( P =0.041) and C ( P =0.001) vs. A. Consumption of ondansetron was reduced in group C vs. A and B ( P <0.001). Other side effects were not different between groups.
Conclusion: Combinations of paracetamol and pregabalin, or paracetamol, pregabalin and dexamethasone did not reduce morphine consumption and pain score compared with paracetamol alone for patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Dexamethasone reduced nausea, vomiting and use of ondansetron.     

比较布托啡诺、芬太尼及芬太尼联合曲马多用于老年患者术后镇痛的临床效果

目的研究布托啡诺用于老年患者术后静脉镇痛的疗效及不良反应。方法60例择期行上腹部手术的老年患者,随机均分为布托啡诺组(B组)、芬太尼组(F组)及芬太尼联合曲马多组(FT组),分别接受持续静脉镇痛。记录并比较术后48h内疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分及不良反应。结果三组术后镇痛效果VAS组内比较差异无统计学意义。但术后6hF组和B组的VAS明显低于FT组(P<0.05);术后12h,B组的VAS仍低于FT组(P<0.05)。B组术后0.5、6、12h Ramsay镇静评分明显高于F组(P<0.05)。B组恶心呕吐发生率明显低于FT组(P<0.05)。结论布托啡诺可用于老年患者术后静脉镇痛。     

Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine or morphine plus ketamine for post-operative pain relief

Sixty patients were randomly assigned to two equal groups. Group I received epidural morphine 1 mg after surgery and used a patient-controlled analgesia device programmed to deliver morphine 0. 2 mg h-1, 0.2 mg per bolus. Group II received an epidural loading dose of morphine 1 mg plus ketamine 5 mg and used a patient-controlled analgesia device programmed to deliver morphine 0. 2 mg+ketamine 0.5 mg h-1, morphine 0.2 mg+ketamine 0.5 mg per bolus with a lockout time of 10 min. The mean morphine consumption was 8. 6+/-0.7 mg for group I and 6.2+/-0.2 mg for group II. Although group II utilized significantly less morphine (P < 0.05), pain relief was significantly better in group II than in group I (P < 0.05) in the first 3 h. Vomiting occurred more frequently in group I (26%) than in group II (13%). The frequency and severity of pruritus and level of sedation were similar in the two groups. These findings suggest that patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine plus ketamine may provide effective analgesia with a lesser dose of morphine and fewer subsequent side effects, compared with patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine alone after lower abdominal surgery.     

罗哌卡因硬膜外持续输注下氯诺昔康PCIA的临床效应

目的 研究硬膜外持续输注罗哌卡因期间氯诺昔康静脉PCA的临床效应和不良反应,并以吗啡对照比较。方法 选择60例(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ)妇科经腹子宫全切手术病人,随机分为L组与M组,双盲观察,均采用双泵行PCA治疗。其PCA设置为Bolus 1ml/次,锁定时间为5min,1h限量12ml。镇痛效果和副作用评定:(1)采用视觉模拟评分(VAS),0为无痛、10为剧痛。(2)BCS舒适评分。(3)病人对PCA总体印象评分。(4)记录可能出现的并发症和不良反应。结果 两组病人的一般情况相似,24h硬膜外罗哌卡因使用剂量均为192mg,L组与M组未按压PCA泵的病人各为5例(21.7％),静脉PCA用药剂量分别为(3.4±2.8)mg(L组)和(4.7±3.5)mg(M组),两药用量比值为1:1.4(P>0.05);相同时间段内两组间VAS、BCS、Bromage评分及D1/D2比值均无统计学差异。结论0.2％罗哌卡因硬膜外持续输注(4ml/h)能明显减少静脉PCA用量,新型非甾体类抗炎药氯诺昔康与吗啡静脉用药效价相似,但氯诺昔康对病人恶心呕吐的不良反应具有明显减少的优点。     

硬膜外甲磺酸罗比卡因复合吗啡应用于妇科术后镇痛的观察

目的比较硬膜外甲磺酸罗比卡因与盐酸罗比卡因复合吗啡用于妇科术后镇痛的临床效果和安全性。方法40例择期在硬膜外麻醉下行经腹子宫全切或子宫肌瘤摘除手术患者,随机分为两组,观察组(n=40)采用0·238%甲磺酸罗比卡因(含0·002mg/ml吗啡);对照组(n=40)采用0·2%盐酸罗比卡因(含0·002mg/ml吗啡)。观察术后15min、2、4、8、24、48h两组患者的视觉模拟评分(VAS)、镇静评分、下肢运动神经阻滞情况及副作用的发生率。结果在各时点两组患者的VAS、镇静评分、下肢运动神经阻滞情况及副作用的发生率差异均无显著意义。结论硬膜外甲磺酸罗比卡因与盐酸罗比卡因复合吗啡术后镇痛具有相似的临床效果和安全性。     

Pre-incisional epidural ketamine, morphine and bupivacaine combined with epidural and general anaesthesia provides pre-emptive analgesia for upper abdominal surgery

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor antagonists provide a pre-emptive analgesic effect in humans. This study investigated the benefits of pre-emptive analgesia for upper abdominal surgery, using pre-incisional epidural ketamine + morphine + bupivacaine (K+M+B) treatment for achieving postoperative pain relief. METHODS: Sixty ASA 1-2 patients scheduled for upper abdominal surgery were allocated to three groups in a randomized, single-blinded study. Patients in the control group (I) received general anaesthesia followed by an infusion of normal saline. Group II and III patients received general anaesthesia with a continuous epidural infusion of 2% lidocaine. Thirty minutes after the incision in groups I and II, an epidural pain control regimen was administered using ketamine (10 mg) and morphine (1 mg) in 10 ml of 0.085% bupivacaine (K+M+B). Group III patients also received K+M+B, but it was administered 10 min after the 2% lidocaine injection and 30 min before skin incision. All patients received an epidural pain control regimen (q12 h) for 3 days after their first injection. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine was used to control subsequent postoperative pain. During the 3-day period following surgery, duration to PCA trigger (h), morphine consumption (mg), pain intensity at rest and when coughing/moving, and analgesic-related adverse effects were recorded. The VAS scale (0-10) was used to assess pain intensity. RESULTS: Median times to first PCA trigger were 1.2 (0.5-2.0) h, 3.0 (0.7-4.2) h, and 4.0 (2.5-7.5) h for groups I, II, and III, respectively. Both the incident and resting pain scores were consistently lower for group III patients than groups I and II. The number of PCA triggers (all attempts/successful triggers) during the day following surgery were 14.0 (3-30)/8.0 (3-24) times, 10.0 (3-23)/6.0 (2-20) times, and 7.0 (3-12)/4.5 (1-10) times for groups I, II, and III. Total morphine consumption for the 3-day observation period was 12.5 (3-42) mg, 10.5 (2-29) mg, and 6.0 (1-20) for groups I, II, and III, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pre-incisional epidural K+M+B treatment combined with continuous epidural anaesthesia and general anaesthesia provides an ideal pre-emptive analgesic therapy, exhibiting better postoperative pain relief than general anaesthesia and post-incisional K+M+B treatment.