Anti-inflammatory activity of Justicia prostrata gamble in acute and sub-acute models of inflammation

In this study, the aqueous (AQJP) and alcoholic (ALJP) extracts of the whole plant of Justicia prostrata Gamble (Acanthaceae) were screened for their acute and subacute anti-inflammatory activities using carrageenan-induced acute inflammation and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma (subacute inflammation), respectively, in rats. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model, both extracts were found to exhibit maximum reduction in paw volume at the first hour in a dose-dependent manner. At the dose of 500 mg/kg p.o., both extracts AQJP and ALJP showed maximum inhibition (51.39% and 62.5%, respectively) in rat paw oedema volume at the first hour of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. In the cotton pellet granuloma assay, AQJP and ALJP at the dose of 500 mg/kg p.o. suppressed the transudative, exudative and proliferative phases of chronic inflammation. These extracts were able to (i) reduce the lipid peroxide content of exudates and liver and (ii) normalize the increased activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in serum and liver of cotton pellet granulomatous rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of lignans, triterpenes and phenolic compounds in ALJP, whereas phenolic compounds and glycosides in AQJP. The anti-inflammatory properties of these extracts may possibly be due to the presence of phenolic compounds. The anti-inflammatory effects produced by the extracts at the dose of 500 mg/kg, p.o. was comparable with the reference drug diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg p.o.).     

Anti-inflammatory activity of Madhuca longifolia seed saponin mixture

The ethanol extract and saponin mixture of Madhuca longifolia L. (Sapotaceae) were evaluated for anti- inflammatory activity using acute (carrageenan-induced inflammation), sub-acute (formaldehyde-induced inflammation), and chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) models of inflammation in rats. Saponins alone seem to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity in the studied models. MLEE (Madhuca longifolia ethanol extract) at a dose level of 10 and 15?mg/kg and Madhuca longifolia saponin mixture (MLSM) at a dose level of 1.5 and 3?mg/kg significantly reduced the edema induced by carrageenan in acute model of inflammation, inhibiting both phases of inflammation. Both the extracts had a more effective response than the reference drug diclofenac sodium in the sub-acute inflammation model. Results indicated a significant anti-inflammatory activity by M. longifolia saponins in cotton pellet granuloma.     

Antiinflammatory activity of a polyherbal formulation

The antiinflammatory activity of the polyherbal formulation Entox^® was investigated in rats for acute and sub acute models of inflammation using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma methods respectively at a dose of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg administered orally. The formulation in doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg showed 51.61% and 54.84% inhibition of paw edema, respectively at the end of 3 h. The percent inhibition of granuloma by cotton pellet method was 27.92% and 53.17%, respectively. The formulation showed a significant antiinflammatory activity in both the experimental models and the activity was comparable to that of the standard drug, indomethacin.     

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of dantrolene sodium in rats and mice

Our study aimed at examining the possible anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of dantrolene sodium in rats and mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of dantrolene sodium (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg (-1)) was investigated and compared with diclofenac sodium (5 mg kg (-1)) using the formalin-, histamine-, and carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma tests. Analgesic effects of dantrolene sodium were evaluated and compared with metamizol (200 mg kg (-1)) in acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking tests. It was found that dantrolene sodium significantly diminished the nociceptive response in mice, showing at the same time considerable anti-inflammatory properties in rats.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of petroleum ether extract of Vitex negundo leaves in rat models of acute and subacute inflammation

The anti-inflammatory effect of a petroleum ether extract of Vitex negundo Linn (Verbenaceae) leaves, (PEVNL) (250 and 500?mg/kg, p.o.), was evaluated in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma models. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard drug. The biochemical parameters were estimated in serum. In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model PEVNL exhibited significant (p?<?0.01) inhibition of edema volume at 4?h in a dose-dependent manner. In the cotton pellet granuloma model, dry weight of cotton pellets was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner with maximum effect noticed at 500?mg/kg, p.o. Both doses of PEVNL were found to normalize the increased alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) and reversed the decreased serum albumin. In conclusion, PEVNL exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in acute and subacute models. At a dose of 500?mg/kg, p.o., PEVNL was found to possess maximum activity, and this effect was comparable with reference drug diclofenac sodium (5?mg/kg, p.o.).     

Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata

The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata was investigated in rats using the carrageenan-induced oedema, cotton pellet granuloma and formalin-induced oedema methods. The extract was administered orally at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. In the carrageenan method the paw oedema was significantly reduced by all the doses of the extract administered, with the 200 mg/kg dose producing the highest oedema inhibition (80.5%). In the cotton pellet method, granuloma weight was significantly reduced from 14 ± 0.1 to 9.0 ± 0.1 mg, while in the formaldehyde induced arthritis the extract inhibited the oedema during the 10-day period. In conclusion, this study has established the anti-inflammatory activity of C. odorata and, thus, justifies the traditional uses of the plant in the treatment of wounds and inflammation.     

Evaluation of Caesalpinia bonducella flower extract for anti-inflammatory action in rats and its high performance thin layer chromatography chemical fingerprinting

Objective:

The study is aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae) flower extract (CBFE) and to study its effect on radiographic outcome in adjuvant induced arthritis and authentication by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) chemical fingerprinting.

Materials and Methods:

CBFE was administered orally (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg b.wt.) and tested for its anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced inflammation, cotton pellet induced chronic granulomatous inflammation and autacoids-induced inflammation. Effect on radiographic outcome was tested in adjuvant-induced arthritis. CBFE was HPTLC fingerprinted in suitable solvent system.

Result:

In carrageenan-induced inflammation, CBFE produced significant inhibition in edema volume at all the doses (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg b.wt.) and percentage of inhibition was 28.68, 31.00, and 22.48, respectively as compared to control at 5 h of its administration. In cotton pellet granuloma assay, CBFE significantly decreased the granuloma weight at 300 mg/kg dose level by 22.53%. CBFE (300 mg/kg) caused significant inhibition by 37.5, 44.44, and 35.29% edema volume, at ½, 1 and 3 h after 5-hydroxytryptamine injection, respectively. Radiographic score of animals treated with 300 mg/kg CBFE was significantly decreased when compared to arthritic control animals.

Conclusion:

The extract was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory activity. CBFE treatment improved the bony architecture in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. The developed HPTLC fingerprint would be helpful in the authentication of C. bonducella flower extract.KEY WORDS: 5-hydroxy tryptamine, Caesalpinia bonducella, carrageenan-induced inflammation, cotton pellet granuloma, high performance thin layer chromatography, radiography     

Effects of calcium channel blockers on hyaluronidase-induced capillary vascular permeability

Inflammation and increased capillary permeability is a significant aspect of the pathogenesis of many diseases including atherosclerosis. L-type calcium channel blockers (CCB) are commonly used as cardiovascular drugs. Amlodipine, lacidipine, and nicardipine were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity on the paw oedema produced by carrageenan. The effect of these drugs was compared with the activity of indomethacin. Their effects on vascular permeability were also tested by hyaluronidase-induced capillary permeability. In our animal experiments, amlodipine decreased the carrageenan-induced paw oedema at doses of 1, 3, and 6 mg kg(-1) by 27.3%, 43.7%, and 67.3% four hour after carrageenan administration; the same doses of lacidipine and nicardipine decreased paw oedema by 37.1%, 55.6%, 76.4%, 11.2%, 31.0%, 91%; and indomethacin decreased oedema by 38.2% at a dose of 6 mg kg(-1). Lacidipine significantly inhibited the hyaluronidase-induced increase in capillary permeability at doses of 1, 3, and 6 mg kg(-1) compared with the control group. However, amlodipine and nicardipine significantly inhibited the hyaluronidase-induced increase in capillary permeability at 3 and 6 mg kg(-1) doses. A 6 mg kg(-1) dose of indomethacin significantly decreased the capillary permeability which was increased by hyaluronidase. These results suggest that CCBs can be efficient anti-inflammatories, and can also significantly decrease capillary permeability.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of roots of Achyranthes aspera

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of the alcohol extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Amaranthaceae) in Wistar rats after oral administration (50, 100, and 200?mg/kg). This was done using the carrageenan-induced paw edema method (acute inflammatory model) and cotton pellet granuloma test (chronic inflammatory model). The alcohol extract showed significant suppressed granuloma formation. Collectively, these data demonstrate promising anti-inflammatory activity against both acute and chronic inflammation. In addition, inhibition of prostaglandins and bradykinins may play a role. This study revealing the promising anti-inflammatory activity of Achyranthes aspera roots has been carried out scientifically for the first time.     

Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Properties of Chlorophora excelsa. Stem Bark Extract

ABSTRACT

A methanol extract of the stem bark of Chlorophora excelsa. (Welw.) Benth and Hook was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in different models. Acute inflammatory effects were studied in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the effect of the extract in chronic inflammation was evaluated using the cotton pellet granuloma test. The effect of the extract on topical inflammation induced with croton oil was also tested in mice. The extract produced a significant (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent inhibition of the carrageenan-induced pedal edema, as well as granuloma tissue formation in rats. Topical anti-inflammatory effect was only evident with 400 mg/kg of the extract. This study demonstrated acute, chronic, and topical anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of C. excelsa..     

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Salvia officinalis leaf aqueous and butanol extracts

Context: The leaf of sage Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is reputed in the folk medicine of Arabia, and Jordan in particular, to relieve pain associated with gastrointestinal disturbance.

Objectives: Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and butanol extracts of S. officinalis leaf.

Materials and methods: The analgesic effects of the aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000?mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316?mg/kg) were studied using the hot-plate test for mice and the formalin-induced paw licking in rats. The effects were compared to those of morphine and the influence of naloxone on these effects was also evaluated. The same concentrations of both extracts were used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects using the cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats.

Results: The aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000?mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316?mg/kg) caused analgesic effect in the hot-plate latency assay as well as in early and late phases of formalin-induced paw licking in rats. These effects were reduced by the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (5?mg/kg). The same range of doses of both extracts caused dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats as well as inhibition of cotton pellet granuloma.

Discussion and conclusion: These observations suggest that the sage leaf aqueous and butanol extracts have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, confirming the traditional use of this plant for pain alleviation.     

Inhibition by nilvadipine of ischemic and carrageenan paw edema as well as of superoxide radical production from neutrophils and xanthine oxidase.

1. Nilvadipine (FK 235, FR 34235) suppressed ischemia (20 min)-reflow (20 min)-induced paw edema of mice (ED30:0.4 mg/kg i.v. and 2 mg/kg p.o.). Other calcium entry blockers of dihydropyridine-type also suppressed the edema, but 30-fold higher doses were required. 2. Oral dosing of nilvadipine suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema (ED30:15 mg/kg in rats and 20 mg/kg in mice) at a potency corresponding to that of an anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen. Nifedipine, nicardipine and nimodipine resulted in a suppression of 30% only with 100 mg/kg oral dosing in rats. Nitrendipine, diltiazem and verapamil were without effect. 3. Nilvadipine inhibited superoxide radical (O-2production from xanthine oxidase (XOD) both with lactate dehydrogenase + NADH method and cytochrome c method (IC50:90 and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively). Nifedipine and nicardipine showed some inhibition, but the other calcium entry blockers failed to inhibit significantly even at 320 micrograms/ml. As uric acid formation was not reduced by the tested drugs, the inhibitory action might be due to their O-2scavenging effects. 4. Superoxide production of neutrophils from casein-induced peritoneal fluid in rats was most strongly inhibited by nilvadipine when the cells were stimulated by a calcium ionophore, A23187 (IC50:4 micrograms/ml). Inhibition by this drug when stimulated by f-methonyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and phorbol myristate acetate was less effective (IC50:20 and 30 micrograms/ml, respectively). Nifedipine and nicardipine inhibited neutrophil O-2production at higher concentrations (30-200 micrograms/ml) with all stimulants. Inhibitory actions by other drugs were weak. 5. Triggering of atherosclerosis depends largely on the oxidative stress on blood vessels after recently established concept.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Gastroprotection and effect of the simultaneous administration of Cuachalalate (Amphipterygium adstringens) on the pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac in rats

This work aimed to study the effect of Cuachalalate methanol extract (CME) on the anti-inflammatory activity and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium, a frequently prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The gastroprotective effect of CME on the gastric injury induced by diclofenac was studied in rats. CME showed a gastroprotective effect of 15.7% at 1 mg kg(-1) and 72.5% at dose of 300 mg kg(-1). Omeprazole, used as anti-ulcer reference drug, showed gastroprotective effects of 50-89.7% at doses tested (1-30 mg kg(-1)). The value of the 50% effective dose for the anti-inflammatory effect of diclofenac sodium (ED50 = 1.14 +/- 0.23 mg kg(-1)) using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model, was not modified by the concomitant administration of 30 or 100 mg kg(-1) of CME. The effect of CME (30, 100 and 300 mg kg(-1), p.o.) on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium was studied. It was observed that the simultaneous administration of diclofenac sodium and 300 mg kg(-1) of CME decreased significantly the values of Cmax (7.08 +/- 1.42 microg mL(-1)) and AUC (12.67 +/- 2.97 microg h mL(-1)), but not the value of tmax (0.13 (0.1-0.25)h) obtained with the administration of diclofenac alone. The simultaneous administration of 30 or 100 mg kg(-1) of CME did not modify the pharmacokinetic parameters of diclofenac. The experimental findings in rats suggest that CME at doses lower than 100 mg kg(-1) protects the gastric mucosa from the damage induced by diclofenac sodium without altering either the anti-inflammatory activity or the pharmacokinetics of this NSAID.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of bis(3-aryl-3-oxo-propyl)methylamine hydrochloride in rat

In this study the effects of compound B1, bis(3-aryl-3-oxo-propyl)methylamine hydrochloride, and an anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin, were tested by carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma tests, for effects on acute and chronic phases of inflammation, respectively. Their effects on vascular permeability were also determined by hyaluronidase-induced capillary permeability test. Anti-inflammatory activity of B1 was compared with indomethacin. B1 decreased the carrageenan-induced paw edema by 49%, 35%, and 47% at 50, 100, and 200 mg kg(-1) doses, respectively, while this decrease was 82% by indomethacin at 20 mg kg(-1) dose. Antiproliferative effects in cotton pellet test of B1 at 50 mg kg(-1) and indomethacin at 20 mg kg(-1) doses were 44% and 43%, respectively. Indomethacin but not B1 inhibited the hyaluronidase-induced increase in capillary permeability. Our results suggest that B1 inhibits both acute and chronic phases of inflammation probably by an effect not mediated by prevention of increased capillary permeability. Especially, its anti-inflammatory activity against chronic phase of inflammation was comparable with that of indomethacin. Further detailed studies are needed to clarify the mechanism(s) of action responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of B1.     

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment reduces carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats.

The present study was designed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of hyperbaric oxygen treatment by comparing it with that of diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and also to investigate whether hyperbaric oxygen treatment enhances the anti-inflammatory effect of diclofenac in carrageenan-induced paw edema which is commonly employed as an acute inflammation model in rats. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment and diclofenac (20 mg/kg) markedly reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. In other words, they displayed anti-inflammatory activity. On the other hand, hyperbaric oxygen treatment did not consistently modify the anti-inflammatory effect of diclofenac in this model.     

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory property of the extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Combretum micranthum</Emphasis> G. Don (Combretaceae)

A methanol extract of Combretum micranthum leaves was studied for anti-inflammatory activity in rats and mice using the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema and the acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in mice. The effect of the extract on cellular-type inflammation was also investigated in the cotton pellet granuloma in rats. The extract (50, 100 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited oedema production induced by carrageenan in rats. Increased vascular permeability caused by acetic acid injection was also inhibited by the extract, within the same dose range. C. micranthum extract (100 mg/kg) inhibited granuloma formation in rats to a similar degree as indomethacin (5 mg/kg). These results provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory property of C. micranthum leaves.     

Effects of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine, lacidipine, on gastrointestinal motility and other gastrointestinal functions

Lacidipine is a new 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium entry blocker endowed with slow onset of action and potent and long-lasting antihypertensive activity. This study investigated the effect of lacidipine on some gastrointestinal functions, mainly gastrointestinal motility, in rats and dogs. In fasting conscious dogs chronically fitted with electrodes and strain gauges along the small bowel, lacidipine (12 micrograms/kg i.v. bolus or 10 micrograms/kg/h for 3 h) did not modify the migrating motor complex pattern or intestinal spike activity. In the rat, lacidipine proved less active (ED 50 greater than 100 mg/kg p.o.) than nitrendipine (ED 50 = 31 mg/kg p.o.) in inhibiting gastric emptying of a liquid meal, whereas the opposite was true after a solid meal (ED 50 = 10.9 and 35.0 mg/kg p.o., respectively). Lacidipine inhibited fecal pellet output at lower doses (ED 50 = 14.8 mg/kg p.o.) than nitrendipine (ED 50 = 40.1 mg/kg p.o.). On histamine-induced gastric acid secretion, the effect of 100 micrograms/kg i.v. lacidipine was moderate (maximum inhibition 45%). The gastrointestinal effects displayed by lacidipine appear at doses at least 5 and 50 times as high as those affecting blood pressure after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Thus, lacidipine is unlikely to cause noteworthy unwanted effects on the gastrointestinal tract.     

人胎盘提取液的抗炎和抗血小板聚集作用

AIM: To find the anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregatory activity of human placental extract (HPE, Placentrex). METHODS: The HPE was studied for anti-inflammatory effect in Wistar rats on carrageenin, serotonin (5-HT), and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) induced edema in acute model and cotton pellet induced granuloma on sub-acute model. Anti-platelet aggregation was studied against protection of adinosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregation of human platelet through in vitro study. RESULTS: HPE showed positive results both in acute and sub-acute models of inflammation. Highly significant (P<0.01) results were obtained against 5-HT induced acute inflammation and cotton pellet induced sub-acute inflammation in comparison with standard (diclofenac sodium) and control (normal saline) drugs. The anti-inflammatory property of HPE in animal model was well supported with clinical study of platelet aggregation. There was highly significant (P<0.01) inhibition of platelet aggregation with HPE at different doses against ADP. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that human placental extract may be useful in suppressing inflammation and platelet aggregation.     

非甾体抗炎新药舒林酸的抗炎、镇痛和解热作用

舒林酸有明显的抗炎、镇痛、解热作用。灌胃给药使巴豆油致小鼠耳廓肿胀、角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀抑制２５％的半数有效量（ＥＤ５０）分别为３６±５６和１４±５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，２０和４０ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）或连续５ｄ对棉球肉芽肿和佐剂性关节炎也有显著抑制作用。镇痛试验：小鼠热板法和醋酸扭体法测得ＥＤ５０分别为４６±１９和５２±１１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；使酵母致热大鼠降低１℃的ＥＤ５０为６．２±２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ；使大鼠试验群５０％致胃出血的半数致溃疡量（ＵＤ５０）为５６±１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。