桡骨远端骨折治疗进展

桡骨远端骨折是临床最常见的骨折[1],其治疗仍存在争议。对这类骨折的处理许多学者强调了解剖复位、稳定的固定及早期关节功能锻炼的重要性[2],如果治疗不当将会产生明显的并发症。以往桡骨远端骨折治疗的主要方     

T型钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折

目的探讨T型钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的疗效。方法对19例桡骨远端不稳定性骨折患者采用T型钢板内固定治疗。结果 18例获得随访（1例失访）,时间6~23个月,骨折均骨性愈合。疗效根据Dienst et al评分系统进行评定：优9例,良7例,一般2例。结论 T型钢板内固定是治疗桡骨远端不稳性骨折较好的方法。     

Intrafocal pin plate fixation of distal ulna fractures associated with distal radius fractures

Subcapital ulnar fractures in association with distal radius fractures in elderly patients increase instability and pose a treatment challenge. Fixation of the ulnar fracture with traditional implants is difficult due to the subcutaneous location, comminution, and osteoporosis. We describe an intrafocal pin plate that provides fixation by a locking plate on the distal ulna and intramedullary fixation within the shaft. The low profile and percutaneous technique make this device a useful alternative for treatment of subcapital ulna fractures in the elderly.     

不同方法治疗桡骨远端C型骨折的疗效比较

目的比较应用外固定支架与锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端C型骨折的疗效。方法 48例桡骨远端C型骨折的患者按手术方式不同分为外固定组(采用闭合复位外固定支架,24例)和内固定组(采用切开复位锁定钢板内固定,24例),比较两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间、骨折愈合时间、术后腕关节功能。结果 48例获得随访,时间6~24(13.19±4.31)个月。术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间、骨折愈合时间外固定组均少(短)于内固定组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后影像学在掌倾角、尺偏角:C1型骨折两种治疗方法比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);C2骨折内固定组优于外固定组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);C3型骨折外固定组优于内固定组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论外固定支架与锁定钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折C型骨折均可获得良好的临床疗效。在术后24周影像学比较中:C2型骨折锁定钢板内固定治疗在影像学上有更好的掌倾角和尺偏角,更有利于关节功能恢复;C3型骨折外固定支架具有更好的牵张力,更能有效避免桡骨远端关节面继发性塌陷。外固定支架治疗创伤较小,有利于术后腕关节功能恢复。     

解剖锁定钢板治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折

<正>2008年8月~2012年8月,我院采用桡骨远端解剖锁定钢板治疗48例桡骨远端粉碎性骨折患者,获得满意疗效,报道如下。1材料与方法 1.1病例资料本组48例,男34例,女14例,年龄36~70岁。按AO分型:B2型6例,B3型10例,C1型15例,C2型13例,C3型4例。均为新鲜骨折。患者术前均行手法复位失败或难以维持复位,受伤至手术时间3~14 d。1.2手术方法臂丛麻醉。取桡骨远     

撬拨复位外固定技术治疗桡骨远端骨折体会

2004年7月～2009年10月,我院采用克氏针撬拨复位技术治疗16例桡骨远端骨折患者,效果满意。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组16例,男6例,女10例,年龄21～77岁。按AO/ASIF分型：A2型3例,B型6例,C1型5例,C2型2例。左侧5例,右侧11例。均为闭合性骨折。     

Ulnar styloid fractures associated with distal radius fractures: incidence and implications for distal radioulnar joint instability

Ulnar-sided injuries of the wrist have received more attention recently for their potential negative impact on the outcome of distal radius fractures. Radiographs and medical records were retrospectively reviewed for 166 distal radius fractures treated during a 1-year interval. Distal radius fractures were classified according to the AO system, and accompanying ulnar styloid fractures were evaluated for both size and displacement. Each distal radius fracture was also evaluated for radiographic and clinical evidence of distal radioulnar joint instability. The distribution of ulnar styloid fractures was not random; greater than one third involved the base. All distal radius fractures complicated by distal radioulnar joint instability were accompanied by an ulnar styloid fracture. A fracture at the ulnar styloid's base and significant displacement of an ulnar styloid fracture were found to increase the risk of distal radioulnar joint instability.     

Low-profile dorsal plating for dorsally angulated distal radius fractures: an outcomes study

PURPOSE: Controversy exists surrounding the effectiveness and complications associated with dorsal plating for distal radius fractures. This study evaluated the functional outcome of dorsal plating for dorsally angulated distal radius fractures at a single institution. METHODS: Thirty patients formed the study cohort. All plates were low profile and stainless steel. Radiographic parameters, range of motion, and strength compared with the uninjured side were recorded. The functional outcome was evaluated by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire and the Gartland and Werley scoring system. RESULTS: The median patient age at surgery was 59 years. The median follow-up period was 18 months. According to the AO classification system, there were 4 type A fractures, 5 type B fractures, and 21 type C fractures. The median preoperative dorsal angulation was 30 degrees, and the median postoperative angulation was -4 degrees volar. Sixteen patients with fractures had an intra-articular step-off or gap, which were all corrected to neutral by the procedure. Seven patients with the fractures showed positive ulnar variance, all corrected to neutral at time of follow-up evaluation. Compared with the contralateral side, the mean extension and flexion were 88% and 81%, respectively; pronation and supination were 89% and 87%, respectively; and grip strength and thumb pinch were 78% and 94%, respectively. The mean postoperative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire score was 15 points, and 28 patients had Gartland and Werley scores of good or excellent. No patients needed to have their plates removed, and no extensor tendon rupture was reported. One patient lost reduction, 1 patient needed a tenolysis of the extensor pollicis longus tendon, and 2 patients required the removal of a single metaphyseal screw. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study show that patients can expect to have 80% of their range of motion and strength after dorsal plating for distal radius fractures. Moreover, 93% of the patients will have good to excellent functional outcomes. Complications from dorsal plating may be caused by the specific plate used, rather than by the technique itself, supporting a dorsal approach for dorsally angulated distal radius fractures.     

掌侧入路斜T形钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折

目的探讨掌侧入路斜T形钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法对25例桡骨远端不稳定骨折采用掌侧入路斜T形钢板内固定并植骨治疗。结果 25例均获得随访,时间6～18个月。X线片显示骨折全部愈合。根据Gartland-Wefley腕关节评分标准进行评估:优18例,良5例,可2例。结论对于桡骨远端不稳定骨折,采用掌侧入路斜T形钢板内固定辅以植骨,既能使骨折复位、固定满意,又有利于术后早期手和腕部的功能康复锻炼,是治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的有效方法。     

Dorsal (AO/ASIF) pi-plate osteosynthesis in the treatment of distal intraarticular radius fractures

The results and complications using the dorsal 2.4 mm 2.7 mm (AO/ASIF) pi-plate for the treatment of distal radius fractures were evaluated in a prospective study of 42 patients followed up clinically and radiologically and seven patients followed up with telephone call and radiological follow-up for an average time of 12.1 (range 4-32) months in a group of 50 patients with intraarticular distal radial fractures treated consecutively using this method. Twelve complications occurred in 10 patients including two extensor tendon ruptures, two transient cases of CRPS Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, Algodystrophy), two instances of screw loosening, three cases of posttraumatic carpal tunnel syndrome and three permanent sensory irritations on the dorsum of the hands. Using the AO score, there were 37 successful and 12 tolerable results, with no unsatisfactory outcomes. Using the NYOWR scale, there were 17 very good and 25 good results, with no satisfactory or poor outcomes. These results suggest that this osteosynthesis provides adequate fixation of comminuted distal intraarticular radius fractures with a reasonable incidence of complications.     

Predictors of functional outcomes after surgical treatment of distal radius fractures

PURPOSE: Identifying predictors of outcomes is important in anticipating and treating patients with underlying factors that may affect recovery. The predictors of functional outcomes after distal radius fracture (DRF) treatment have not been well defined in the past. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study designed to identify predictors of hand outcomes after DRF treatment. The study included consecutive patients with inadequately reduced DRFs who had open reduction and internal fixation with volar plating. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected at the time of the initial treatment. Outcome data were collected 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Outcome evaluation consisted of radiographic measurements and the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ). We hypothesized that the following factors are important predictors of functional outcomes: (1) age, (2) socioeconomic status, (3) severity of fracture pattern, and (4) postsurgical radiographic measurements. Regression models were developed using the overall MHQ score as the outcome variable at 3 months and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients had data available at 3 months and 49 patients had data available at 1 year. At 3 months after surgery, radiographic incongruity (step + gap) was a significant predictor after controlling for age, fracture type, dorsal-volar tilt angulation, and income. Patients with increased incongruity reported lower MHQ scores (worse functional outcomes). At 1 year after surgery, however, only age and income were significant predictors after controlling for fracture type. Increased age and decreased income were associated with lower MHQ scores. CONCLUSIONS: After successful surgery and hand therapy, only age and income were significantly associated with long-term outcomes 1 year after surgery. Precise anatomic reduction enhances short-term functional outcomes in DRF treatment. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic, Level I.     

Fifteen-year outcome of displaced intra-articular fractures of the distal radius

PURPOSE: We previously reported the functional and radiographic outcomes of 21 young adults at an average of 7 years after open reduction and internal fixation of an intra-articular distal radius fracture (original study). The purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate the same cohort at an average of 15 years after surgery to evaluate the effect of additional time on both function and radiographic appearance. METHODS: We re-evaluated 16 of the original patients at an average of 15 years after surgery. Subjective assessment was performed with the Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment and the Hand Function Sort questionnaires. Objective assessment included a detailed physical examination and strength measurement. Standardized radiographs and computed tomography were used to assess wrist morphology, residual articular step and gap displacement, and the presence and degree of arthrosis. RESULTS: Subjectively patients continued to function at a high level at the last follow-up evaluation: the average Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment score was 10 and 14 of the 16 patients functioned at a high level according to the Hand Function Sort. Strength and range of motion remained essentially unchanged from the original report. Radiocarpal arthrosis was noted in 13 of the 16 wrists and joint space was reduced an additional 67% compared with the 7-year follow-up evaluation. Nonetheless there continued to be no correlation between the presence or degree of arthrosis and upper-extremity function. CONCLUSIONS: Radiocarpal arthrosis after intra-articular distal radius fractures can be expected to worsen over time. Despite joint space narrowing and evidence of advanced arthrosis, however, patients maintained a high level of function at the long-term follow-up evaluation. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic, Level II.     

A meta-analysis of outcomes of external fixation versus plate osteosynthesis for unstable distal radius fractures

PURPOSE: External fixation and open reduction and internal fixation have been the traditional techniques for surgical fixation of unstable distal radius fractures. The existing literature has not identified which is superior, primarily because of the lack of comparative trials. We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature on external fixation and internal fixation of distal radius fractures to determine the dominant strategy based on available scientific evidence. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for English-language articles published between 1980 and 2004 that satisfied predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The outcomes of internal and external fixation were compared using continuous measures of grip strength, wrist range of motion, and radiographic alignment and categoric measures of pain, physician-rated outcome scales, and complication rates. Outcomes were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis was used to control for patient age, presence of intra-articular fracture, duration of follow-up period, and date of publication. Sensitivity analyses were used to test the stability of the meta-analysis results under different assumptions. RESULTS: Forty-six articles were included in the review with 28 (917 patients) external fixation studies and 18 (603 patients) internal fixation studies. Meta-analysis did not detect clinically or statistically significant differences in pooled grip strength, wrist range of motion, radiographic alignment, pain, and physician-rated outcomes between the 2 treatment arms. There were higher rates of infection, hardware failure, and neuritis with external fixation and higher rates of tendon complications and early hardware removal with internal fixation. Considerable heterogeneity was present in all studies and adversely affected the precision of the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The current literature offers no evidence to support the use of internal fixation over external fixation for unstable distal radius fractures. Comparative trials using appropriately sensitive and validated outcome measurements are needed to guide treatment decisions.     

A cohort study of one-year functional and radiographic outcomes following intra-articular distal radius fractures

Background

The purpose of this study was to describe the outcomes of a series of patients followed prospectively after intra-articular distal radius fractures.

Methods

One hundred forty-eight patients with intra-articular fractures (mean age, 47 years; age range, 44–54 years; gender distribution, 60 males and 88 females) were treated with cast only, arthroscopy/closed reduction plus pins, arthroscopy/closed reduction with external fixation, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) alone, and ORIF with external fixation according to surgeon preference and fracture characteristics. The 1-year outcomes across the groups were measured radiographically (n = 148) and functionally (n = 113; 1-year Wrist Outcome Measure score, Grip Strength, SF-36, and PRWE scores).

Results

Radiographically, the groups had statistically significant differences in radial inclination, volar tilt, intra-articular step-off, and radial shortening in the pre-treatment X-rays. However, following treatment, treatment groups demonstrated no difference statistically in their follow-up radiographic measures. One-year PRWE scores were found to be statistically different across groups. Across groups, the ORIF-alone treatment group had the highest PRWE score reflecting greatest amount of pain and disability. One-year wrist outcome measure scores and grip strength scores were also found to be significantly different across treatment groups. The general health status as measured by the SF-36 was not found to be different across treatment groups.

Conclusions

These findings are consistent with treatment by indication; suboptimal ORIF outcomes may reflect older practice patterns with dorsal plating. A randomized control trial that compares treatments controlling for fracture severity and studies that develop formal clinical prediction rules for treatment assignment are needed.