褪黑素对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨褪黑素对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 将72只6—7周龄的健康雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为3组,即褪黑素处理组（Mel组）、酒精溶媒对照组（Ale组）、生理盐水对照组（NS组）。建立肝缺血再灌注损伤模型,于不同时点用TBA法和黄嘌呤氧化酶法分别测定肝组织丙二醛（MDA）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量,免疫组织化学方法检测分析核因子-kB（NF-kB）的表达情况,结果MDA含量在再灌注后各时点的Mel组均显著低于Ale及NS对照组（P〈0．05）,SOD含量在再灌注后3h、12h、24h时点的Mel组显著高于Ale及NS对照组（P〈0．05）;Mel组再灌注后各时点的NF-kB蛋白表达阳性率均显著低于Ale组和NS组（P〈0．05）。以上各项指标在各时点Alc组与NS组相比无显著性差异。结论 Mel抗氧化及抑制肝细胞NF—kB的表扶,可能是大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用机制之一。     

大鼠肝缺血/再灌注对Orexin-A表达水平的影响

目的：研究肝缺血/再灌注（H-I/R）对食欲素-A（Orexin-A）表达水平的影响,探讨Orexin-A在创伤应激反应中的作用。方法：建立大鼠70%H-I/R模型,设立假手术和不同再灌注时间的损伤组,每组9只。采用自制Orexin-ARIA检测损伤后血浆、下丘脑Orexin-A的蛋白水平,并采用RT-PCR观察损伤后下丘脑Orexin-AmRNA表达的变化。结果：所用Orexin-ARIA的标准曲线形态和测量结果均良好。与损伤后假手术组血浆、下丘脑Orexin-A的蛋白水平相比,四个再灌注组与之均无显著差异,而缺血60min/再灌注60min（I60’R60’）组血浆Orexin-A水平显著高于I60’R360’组。损伤后I60’R240’、I60’R360’组下丘脑Orexin-AmRNA表达均显著高于假手术组和I60’R60’组。结论：H-I/R引起Orexin-A表达水平一定程度的变化,Orexin-A可能作为一种迟发的应答因子参与创伤应激后代谢紊乱的调控。     

大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤及预处理apelin的表达

目的观察大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤及预处理中apelin表达变化,探讨其可能的作用。方法SD大鼠60只随机分成4组:缺血/再灌注组(IR),预处理组(IP),假手术组(SH)和正常对照组(NC)。放免法测定血浆及心肌apelin-36蛋白含量,免疫组化法观察心肌apelin的表达,RT-PCR方法探讨大鼠心肌apelin mRNA表达。结果(1)血浆、心肌组织apelin-36浓度:IR的含量分别比NC低36.1%、45.6%(P<0.01),IP分别比NC低23.8%、24.7%(P<0.01)。SH与NC、IR与IP比无差异(P>0.05)。(2)apelin免疫组化染色吸光度值:IR与IP比NC分别低65.3%和36.8%(P<0.01,P<0.05),IR比IP低45.1%(P<0.05)。SH与NC无差别(P>0.05)。(3)心肌apelin mRNA的水平:IR是NC的40.2%(P<0.01),IP为NC的65.2%(P<0.05),IR是IP组的38.3%(P<0.05),SH与NC无差别(P>0.05)。结论在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤及预处理过程中,大鼠血浆及心肌组织apelin-36蛋白及基因表达下调,提示apelin在该病理生理过程中可能有重要作用。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对缺血／再灌注大鼠心脏的保护作用

本实验在Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆ灌流装置上观察了碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）对大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注（Ｉ／Ｒ）损伤的保护作用。结果表明：ｂＦＧＦ对心肌损伤有明显的保护作用。表现为：缓解冠脉流量的减少及冠脉流出液中蛋白、肌红蛋白和乳酸脱氢酶以及心肌组织丙二醛和钙含量的升高（Ｐ＜０．０５或（Ｐ＜０．０１），且缺血前给药的保护效果优于缺血后再灌时给药。     

Polymyxin B Protects Against Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model of Obstructive Jaundice

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of polymyxin B (PMB) against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats with obstructive jaundice. Thirty-six Wistar rats (eighteen each) with induced hepatic I/R injury by biliary tract ligation and recanalization were assigned to a control group (reperfused with normal saline) and a PMB group (reperfused with PMB). Indicators involving liver function, oxidation resistance, pro-inflammatory state, and anti-apoptosis effect were determined following the instructions. Compared with normal saline, PMB reperfusion resulted in a significant improvement of liver function (increase of glutathione and reduction of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase), oxidation resistance (decreased malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase activity), alleviation of pro-inflammatory state (less tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) mRNA, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1), and anti-apoptosis effect (more Bcl-2 and less Bax). PMB protects the liver from I/R injury mainly through reducing cellular oncosis and apoptosis and regulating the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and ICAM-1.     

WDR5在大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及机制研究

目的:探讨WDR5基因在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及机制.方法:成年雄性SD大鼠48只,按照随机数表法分为对照组、缺血再灌注损伤组(IR组)、药物溶剂组(DMSO组)、WDR5-0103低剂量组(1mg/kg)、WDR5-0103中剂量组(5mg/kg)、WDR5-0103高剂量组(25mg/kg).对照组:仅切除大鼠...     

罗布麻叶提取物预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌损伤的作用

目的:观察罗布麻叶提取物(AVLE)预处理对心肌缺血再灌注(MI/R)大鼠心肌细胞凋亡和细胞信号转导系统中丝(苏)氨酸激酶(Akt)和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)的影响。方法:采用SD大鼠MI/R模型(结扎冠脉左前降支起始部30min后再灌注4h),随机分为Sham组(假手术)、MI/R组、AVLE预处理组[AVLE(500mg/kg)灌胃,每日一次,连续灌胃7天后再行MI/R]。用TUNEL法检测各组心肌细胞凋亡,计算凋亡指数(AI);荧光免疫分析法检测各组心肌组织凋亡蛋白Caspase-3活性;Western Blotting测定心肌组织Akt和ERK1/2的表达水平和磷酸化水平。结果:与Sham组比较,MI/R组心肌细胞AI显著升高(P0.05),心肌组织Caspase-3活性明显升高(P0.05),心肌Akt和ERK1/2的磷酸化水平显著降低(P0.05);与MI/R组比较,AVLE预处理组AI明显下降(P0.05),心肌组织Caspase-3活性显著降低(P0.05),Akt和ERK1/2磷酸化水平显著升高(P0.05)。结论:AVLE能够抑制缺血再灌注所致心肌细胞损伤,其作用与生存信号通路蛋白PI3K/Akt和ERK1/2的活化水平有关。     

缺血预处理对大鼠肥大心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

本实验用一氧化氮合成抑制剂－左旋硝基精氨酸复制大鼠高血压心脏肥大模型并作缺血再灌注处理，以观察缺血预处理对高血压肥大心脏Ｉ／Ｒ损伤的影响及ＮＯ在其中的作用。结果显示：ＩＰＣ能减轻大鼠高血压有肥大心脏Ｉ／Ｒ损伤，其程度与ＩＰＣ对正常心脏Ｉ／Ｒ损伤的保护相近，表明高血压肥大心脏同样具有ＩＰＣ保护现象，但ＮＯ在本模型中未起作用。     

Troxerutin Preconditioning and Ischemic Postconditioning Modulate Inflammatory Response after Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Model

Protective effects of ischemic postconditioning in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have been ever demonstrated, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Because of their multiplex activities, using natural pharmaceuticals seems to be clinically interesting. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of troxerutin preconditioning and ischemic postconditioning on inflammatory responses after myocardial I/R injury in a rat model. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups as the control, troxerutin receiving (TXR), postconditioning receiving (PostC), and combined therapy (TXR + PostC). Rats’ isolated hearts underwent 30-min LAD regional ischemia followed by 45-min reperfusion. Troxerutin was orally administered for a month before I/R. Ischemic PostC was applied by alternative three cycles of 30-s R/I at the onset of reperfusion. The coronary effluent and ischemic left ventricular samples were used to determine the activities of creatine kinase (CK), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interlukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor-necrosis factor (TNF-α), and also histopathological studies. Pretreatment of rats with troxerutin significantly reduced myocardial inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β levels and ICAM-1 activity after I/R insult compared to those of control I/R hearts (P?<?0.05). Application of PostC showed similar impacts on those parameters. In fact, anti-inflammatory mechanisms of both treatments were associated with their protective effects against myocardial damages causing from I/R injury. Pretreatment with troxerutin as well as postconditioning can induce cardioprotection through prevention of the cell-cell interaction and release of inflammatory mediators, minimizing I/R pathological changes in myocardial cells. These two treatments may share same mechanisms in their actions since they showed no significant additive effects.     

Biologics in the Treatment of Transplant Rejection and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors have proven efficacy in various autoimmune diseases such as Crohn disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Indeed, some TNFalpha inhibitors have already been approved for the management of the inflammatory manifestations associated with Crohn disease and rheumatoid arthritis. These agents are increasingly used for treatment of corticosteroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation, and case reports have documented their efficacy in treating corticosteroid- and muromonab-resistant rejection after intestinal transplantation. Thus, the potential role of TNFalpha inhibitors in transplantation of other vascularized solid organs is worthy of investigation. Experimental evidence indicates that TNFalpha plays a key role in mediating ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury after liver, kidney, intestine, heart, lung, and pancreas transplantation. TNFalpha was also identified as a marker cytokine during organ rejection. Single-center studies evaluating the role of TNFalpha inhibitors in kidney transplantation have been initiated but the results are not yet available. TNFalpha is known to be a contributing factor in kidney allograft rejection, and may have value in predicting the onset of steroid-resistant acute rejection after liver transplantation. Experimental and preliminary clinical data have shown that circulating levels of TNFalpha are increased during cardiac graft rejection, and indicate that TNFalpha plays a role in the pathogenesis of acute cardiac allograft rejection. Anti-TNFalpha therapy was shown to prolong cardiac allograft survival when used alone or in combination with other drugs. TNFalpha genotype has been strongly associated with mortality in humans due to acute cell-mediated heart transplant rejection. In addition, there is evidence for a genetic predisposition toward acute rejection after kidney and simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation. TNFalpha inhibition has been used successfully as part of an induction therapy for pancreatic islet cell transplantation. Apart from IR injury and acute rejection after lung transplantation, TNFalpha was also found to be involved in the pathoimmunology of obliterative bronchiolitis. In conclusion, a substantial body of experimental evidence and preliminary clinical data suggest that TNFalpha inhibitors may play an important role in solid-organ transplantation, both in the amelioration of IR injury and in the treatment and prevention of acute rejection. Pharmacodynamic monitoring and pharmacogenetic screening may help to identify patients most likely to benefit from TNFalpha blockade. Randomized controlled trials in patients undergoing solid-organ transplantation are needed to further elucidate the clinical value of TNFalpha inhibition.     

缺血预处理诱导脑缺血再灌注损伤后Bcl-2及Bcl-xl表达

目的 探讨调亡抑制基因Bcl-2及Bcl-xl在缺血预处理（IPC）对海马CA1区神经元细胞保护中的作用。方法 利用大鼠四血管阻断及再通建立前脑缺再缺血灌注损伤模型,采用尼氏染色光镜观察、流式细胞术、免疫组织化学等技术,观察缺血预处理海马CA1区神经元病理组织学改变、细胞凋亡面分率有Bcl-2及Bcl-xl蛋白表达的情况。结果 1、大鼠前脑缺血再灌注引起海马CA1区部分神经元发生调亡。2、IPC可明显地减少缺血再灌注损伤后调亡的神经元数目,产生细胞保护作用。3、IPC可诱导缺血再灌注损伤早期缺血敏感神经元中Bcl-2和Bcl-xl蛋白表达。结论 抑制神经元调亡发生可能IPC对缺血再灌注损伤起保护作用的机制之一。     

绞股蓝总皂甙对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

结扎大鼠冠状动脉40分钟,解除结扎恢复血流再灌注20分钟,复制大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,观察绞股蓝总皂甙(GP)对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响。结果,GP明显提高心肌组织GSH-Px活性,降低心肌MDA含量,使降低的线粒体膜流动性恢复,减轻再灌注导致心肌超微结构损伤。提示,GP对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用,作用机理与抗氧化作用有关。     

香茶菜甲素乙酰化物对缺血再灌注损伤的作用

实验观察离体大鼠工作心脏停灌注４０ｍｉｎ再灌注２５ｍｉｎ后，发现其心肌超微结构严重损伤，乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）及丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）生成量明显增加。同时发现香茶菜甲素乙酰化物可降低心肌超微结构的损伤程度，减少ＬＤＨ及ＭＤＡ的生成量。提示香茶菜甲素乙酰化物对再灌注心肌有保护作用     

眼缺血再灌注损伤大鼠葡萄膜组织COX-2的表达及意义

目的:探讨实验大鼠眼缺血再灌注后葡萄膜组织中环氧合酶-2(COX-2)的表达及意义。方法:通过血管结扎法建立大鼠一侧眼缺血再灌注损伤模型,并以对侧眼作为假手术对照,检测实验眼分别缺血1h、2h、3h、4h、5h、6h情况下,脉络膜和虹膜组织中COX-2和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达。结果:在各组实验眼脉络膜和虹膜各层组织中都有不同程度COX-2和VEGF阳性表达,与假手术对照眼比较有显著性差异,P<0.01;且脉络膜或虹膜中COX-2和VEGF表达具有良好相关性,分别为r=0.943,r=0.886。结论:与炎症密切相关的COX-2可能作为潜在的血管增生刺激因子,在葡萄膜新生血管形成中起着重要作用。     

降纤酶对离体大鼠工作心脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的 :探讨降纤酶 ( Df)对心脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用。方法 :采用离体大鼠工作心脏缺血再灌注损伤模型 ,通过检测缺血再灌注损伤前后对照组、Df低剂量组及 Df高剂量组的心功能参数 ,观察Df的作用。结果 :Df可降低实验动物的室颤发生率 ,增强心肌收缩力 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,防止冠脉流量下降 ( P<0 .0 5 )及左室内压下降 ( P<0 .0 1) ,促进压力最大上升速度的恢复 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :Df对心脏缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护作用。     

肝缺血／再灌注损伤对大鼠肺组织结构及leptin蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究肝缺血／再灌注损伤（I／R）对肺组织结构和leptin蛋白表达的影响，探讨leptln与肝I／R后肺损伤的联系。方法：建立大鼠70％肝I／R模型，设立假手术、缺血60min／再灌注60min（I60’R60’）、I60’R150’、I60’R240’、I60’R360’等实验组，每组9只大鼠。于相应时间点采集肺组织，分别用石蜡切片H．E．染色和免疫组化法观察肺组织结构和leptin蛋白表达的变化。结果：肝I／R对肺组织造成损害，随着再灌注时间的延长发生不同程度的改变。与假手术组肺leptin蛋白表达水平相比，四个损伤组均显著降低。四个损伤组之间leptin蛋白表达两两相比均有显著差异，以I60’R150’组最高，I60’R60’、I60’R360’、I60’R240’组依次递减。结论：肝I／R造成肺组织结构不同程度的损害，并直接抑制了肺leptin蛋白的表达，提示leptin与肝I／R后的肺损伤存在密切的联系。     

卡立泊来德预处理减轻离体大鼠肺热缺血再灌注损伤机理的研究

探讨选择性Na+/H+交换抑制剂卡立泊来德预处理对离体大鼠肺热缺血/再灌注损伤(WI/RI)的保护机理。建立离体大鼠肺灌流模型,30只大鼠随机分为正常对照组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)和卡立泊来德组(CP组),连续监测平均肺动脉压(mean pulmonary artery pressure,MPAP)和气道峰值(peak airway pressure,pAwP);再灌注结束进行右支气管肺泡灌洗,记录支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoaveolar lavage fluid,BALF)回收率(BALF re-covery rate,BALFRR),测定其总蛋白和白蛋白含量;取左肺组织测定肺组织含水量(lung water content,LWC)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,并进行肺组织病理学观察。与IR组比较,CP组的BALF总蛋白、肺组织MDA含量、LWC以及再灌注后MPAP明显降低,肺组织SOD活性明显增高,组织病理形态学变化明显减轻。缺血前经离体肺动脉灌注卡立泊来德,可能通过抑制离子耦联机制降低再灌注过程细胞内钙超载,减轻钙依赖的黄嘌呤氧化酶途径的氧自由基释放,同时促进内源性抗氧化途径,增强组织抗氧化能力,从而有效减轻肺热缺血再灌注损伤。     

Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Human Kidney Transplantation : An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Changes after Reperfusion

Organs used for transplantation undergo varying degrees of cold ischemia and reperfusion injury after transplantation. In renal transplantation, prolonged cold ischemia is strongly associated with delayed graft function, an event that contributes to inferior graft survival. At present, the pathophysiological changes associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury in clinical renal transplantation are poorly understood. We have performed an immunohistochemical analysis of pre- and postreperfusion biopsies obtained from cadaver (n = 55) and living/related donor (LRD) (n = 11) renal allografts using antibodies to adhesion molecules and leukocyte markers to investigate the intragraft changes after cold preservation and reperfusion. Neutrophil infiltration and P-selectin expression were detected after reperfusion in 29 of 55 (53%) and 24 of 55 (44%) cadaver renal allografts, respectively. In marked contrast, neutrophil infiltration was not observed in LRD allografts, and only 1 of 11 (9%) had an increased level of P-selectin after reperfusion. Immunofluorescent double-staining demonstrated that P-selectin expression resulted from platelet deposition and not from endothelial activation. No statistically significant association was observed between neutrophil infiltration and P-selectin expression in the glomeruli or intertubular capillaries despite the large number of cadaver renal allografts with postreperfusion changes. Neutrophil infiltration into the glomeruli was significantly associated with long cold ischemia times and delayed graft function. Elevated serum creatinine levels at 3 and 6 months after transplantation were also associated with the presence of neutrophils and platelets after reperfusion. Our results suggest that graft function may be influenced by early inflammatory events after reperfusion, which can be targeted for future therapeutic intervention.     

肝细胞生长因子对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究肝细胞生长因子(HGF)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响。方法:Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为3组,即假手术组(Sham组),脑缺血/再灌注组(I/R组),HGF处理组(HGF +I/R组)。采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型。再灌注24h后,进行神经功能评分,测定脑梗死灶体积,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:I/R组大鼠出现不同程度的神经功能障碍,缺血侧脑组织见较大的梗死灶(231.15±22.79 mm3),脑组织SOD活性(83.10±17.16 U/mgPro)明显降低、MDA含量(11.86±2.91μmol/gPro)显著增高(与Sham组比较,P0.01)。与I/R组比较,HGF+I/R组神经功能障碍明显改善、梗死灶体积(196.64±25.28 mm3)明显减小(P0.05),SOD活性(109.91±23.93U/mgPro)显著升高(P0.05)、MDA含量(7.49±2.27μmol/gPro)明显降低(P0.01)。结论:HGF对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与增强自由基清除能力,抑制脂质过氧化反应有关。     

体积调节氯通道与心肌缺血/再灌注损伤

人类的多种疾病与Cl-通道的功能改变或缺失有关,其中体积调节氯通道(VRAC)在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤、心律失常及细胞凋亡等方面发挥着重要作用,可能成为临床治疗心脏疾病的新靶点.本文对VRAC的生理特性及其与心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的关系进行综述.