非囊性纤维化支气管扩张症的最新进展

支气管扩张症是气道多种病原菌清除不良与反复感染引起的慢性炎症与支气管壁破坏,导致气道永久性扩张.非囊性纤维化支气管扩张症(non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis,NCFB)是一种临床低估的疾病,诊断时要注意其基础病因,但大多数病因不清楚.治疗要强调个体化并注意随访,临床评价常用的工具是莱斯特咳嗽问卷与痰液颜色.要对细菌定植进行定期评价.NCFB的治疗研究很少,长期应用抗生素可改善临床症状,但不降低急性加重发生率,也不改善肺功能.有严重感染或出血危险性的1或2叶严重损害的患者可考虑手术治疗.本文重点为NCFB,指出了其处理及肺移植治疗,进一步研究其病理生理学机制与探索新的治疗方法是非常必要的.     

非囊性纤维化性支气管扩张症的免疫调节机制

支气管扩张症是慢性炎症性支气管疾病的一种,病理上表现为一个或多个支气管的永久性扩张。非囊性纤维化性支气管扩张症的发病往往与反复感染、免疫缺陷或自身免疫性疾病相关,也有相当一部分呈特发性。细菌定植、气道炎症和气道结构损伤这样一个恶性循环导致了支气管扩张症的发生,其中气道炎症承前启后,是整个恶性循环的关键,因此研究气道炎症的免疫调节机制对理解其发病机理具有重要意义,并可指导支气管扩张症的药物研发。本文着重讨论了与支气管扩张症的发病密切相关的细胞与分子免疫调节机理,并阐述了细菌慢性定植的机理,还结合免疫调节讨论了支气管扩张症的新药研发。     

成人非囊性纤维化性支气管扩张的诊治进展

支气管扩张是慢性气道损伤引起支气管管壁肌肉和弹力支撑组织破坏所导致的一组支气管不可逆性扩张.其发病率在3.9/10万到52/10万左右,不发达国家发病率相对较高.在我国,支气管扩张被当做气道的一般化脓性炎症来治疗,但其病因、发病机制、针对性的治疗手段均研究甚少.文中结合目前的文献及2010年英国胸科学会的支气管扩张诊治指南,对非囊性纤维化性支气管扩张的诊治最新进展作简要述评。     

胸腔镜手术治疗支气管扩张症

目的探讨胸腔镜手术在支气管扩张症中的应用价值。方法2002年7月～2010年3月,对20例支气管扩张症行胸腔镜手术治疗。12例施行胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶切除术,8例施行胸腔镜肺楔形切除术。结果1例因出血中转开胸。全组无围手术期死亡,围手术期并发症3例：术后肺持续漏气2例,肺部感染1例。平均胸管置管时间3．6d（2～7d）,术后住院平均9d（7～14d）。20例随访3～36个月,均恢复良好。结论胸腔镜手术治疗支气管扩张症在技术上是安全可行的,对于具有手术指征需行肺楔形切除或肺叶切除的支气管扩张症患者,胸腔镜手术是一种值得推荐的手术方式。     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery resection and reconstruction of thoracic trachea in the management of a tracheal neoplasm

Intratracheal tumor is a rare tumor, accounting for only 2% of upper respiratory tract neoplasms. Its symptoms are similar to those of head and neck cancers, including coughing up blood, sore throat, and airway obstruction. The diagnosis of this disease is often based on the findings of fibrobronchoscopy or computed tomography (CT). Surgery remains the treatment of choice for tracheal tumor. In patients with benign neoplasms or if the tumors have limited involvement, fibrobronchoscopic resection of the tumor can be performed. For malignant tumors, however, radical resection is required. In the past, open incision is used during the surgery for tumors located in thoracic trachea. Along with advances in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) minimally invasive techniques and devices, VATS resection and reconstruction of the trachea can achieve the radical resection of the tumor and meanwhile dramatically reduce the injury to the patients. In this article we describe the application of VATS resection and reconstruction of trachea in the management of a tracheal neoplasm.     

单操作孔VATS治疗自发性气胸与传统三孔的比较研究

目的比较单操作孔胸腔镜(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)与传统三孔胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的临床效果。方法选取2011年5月至2014年5月于我院肺大疱自发性气胸手术病人,分为单孔VATS组30例和传统三孔VATS组31例,观察病人手术时间、术中出血量、术后胸腔闭式引流管放置时间、住院时间、术后对切口的满意度、并发症的发生情况,记录术后6 h和24 h的疼痛评分。结果单孔VATS组的手术时间(131.37±14.15 min)长于传统三孔胸腔镜组(114.21±11.11 min)(P=0.03),术后6 h疼痛评分(3.31±1.47)低于传统VATS组(4.69±1.38)(P=0.01),术后病人对切口的满意度评分(4.76±2.13)高于传统VATS组(2.60±1.76)(P=0.02),术中出血量、胸腔闭式引流管引流量及放置时间、术后24h疼痛评分、住院时间,以及并发症的发生率等比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单操作孔胸腔镜手术治疗肺大疱自发性气胸可减轻术后疼痛,美容效果好,且并不增加手术风险。可以作为肺大疱自发性气胸病人首选术式。     

Surgical techniques and outcome analysis of uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery complex sleeve lung resection: a 20 case-series study

BackgroundOur study aims to explore the feasibility of uniportal video-assisted complex sleeve lung resection and summarize the surgical techniques and clinical outcomes.MethodsFrom June 2016 to April 2020, a total of 20 complex sleeve pulmonary and distal tracheal resections were performed by the single surgical team at the Thoracic Surgery Department of the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital. We defined cases as complex sleeve pulmonary resections if they required pulmonary segment sleeve resection, extended sleeve resection (lobectomy plus segmentectomy of the remaining lobe), sleeve pneumonectomy, lobectomy plus carinoplasty or neo-carina construction, pulmonary-sparing main bronchus resection plus carina reconstruction, and distal trachea resection with end to end anastomosis.ResultsThe 20 cases comprised lung squamous cell carcinoma (n=11), lung adenocarcinoma (n=2), hamartoma (n=3), adenoid cystic carcinoma (n=2), carcinoid tumor (n=1), and pleomorphic carcinoma (n=1). The average blood loss during the operation was 250±126.17 mL (50–800 mL). The average operation time was 192.0±61.1 minutes. The average number of lymph node stations removed was 5.82±1.33, including station seven in all cases, and the median number of lymph nodes removed was 4.18±5.89. On the day of surgery, the drainage volume was 266±192.01 mL. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.37±1.86 days. Twelve of the 16 patients diagnosed with malignancy received postoperative chemotherapy. Granuloma formation at the anastomosis level led to stenosis in one case, and tumor recurrence occurred in one case. Broncho-esophageal fistula occurred in one patient after radiochemotherapy. The postoperative follow-up time was 15.6±10.7 months. The 30-day mortality was zero, and at one-year follow-up, only one patient had died of metastatic disease after the operation.ConclusionsUniportal video-assisted complex sleeve pulmonary resections are feasible when conducted by experienced teams.     

Bilateral pulmonary metastectomy through a unilateral single-port thoracoscopic approach

A 58-year-old woman underwent radical proctectomy 19 months prior to admission. The initial diagnosis was rectal adenocarcinoma of pathological stage T2N0M0. She was discharged five days after the operation. She was followed by abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scan at 3, 9 and 18 months after the operation. Eighteen months after the operation, follow-up abdominal CT scan revealed tiny nodules in the bilateral lower lobes. Subsequent CT scan of the chest showed two tiny nodules in the right lower lobe and a single tiny nodule in left lower lobe. She then underwent single port thoracoscopic surgery through the right side for resection of the nodules. Using a single port wound, we excised the two tiny nodules on the right side and the one tiny nodule in the left lower lobe across the mediastinum. She was discharged four days later. The final pathology report showed those three nodules were metastases from an adenocarcinoma in the colon.     

Video-assisted mediastinoscopic resection compared with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in patients with esophageal cancer

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the indications of radical vedio-assisted mediastinoscopic resection for esophageal cancer.

Methods

The data of 109 patients with T1 esophageal cancer who underwent video-assisted mediastinoscopic resection (VAMS group) in Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Hospital from December 2005 to December 2011 were collected in the study for comparison with the 58 patients with T1 esophageal cancer who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS group) in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. The perioperative safety and survival were compared between the two groups.

Results

All operations were successful in both groups. One perioperative death was noted in the VATS group. The incidences of post-operative complications were not significantly different between these two groups, whereas the VAMS group was favorable in terms of operative time (P<0.001) and blood loss (P<0.001), and a significantly larger number of chest lymph nodes were dissected in the VATS group compared with the VAMS group (P<0.001). Long-term follow-up showed that the overall survival was not significantly different between these two groups (P=0.876).

Conclusions

T1N0M0 esophageal cancer can be as the indication of VAMS radical resection. VAMS radical resection can be considered as the preferred option for patients with poor pulmonary and cardiac function or a history of pleural disease.     

单孔胸腔镜手术治疗肺结核合并气胸的临床应用

目的探讨单孔电视胸腔镜下治疗肺结核合并气胸的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析我院2013年6月至2014年12月完成的单孔电视胸腔镜手术治疗肺结核合并气胸患者46例的临床资料,记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流液总量、带管时间和术后住院天数等。结果全组手术顺利,无中转传统VATS或开胸手术。平均手术时间54(35~126)min;术中平均出血21(10~200)ml;术后平均引流时间2.6(1~6)d;术后平均住院4.3(3~10)d。术后随访4~12个月,无复发及其他并发症发生。结论单孔电视胸腔镜手术治疗肺结核合并气胸近期疗效满意,技术可行,手术安全。     

Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic left upper lobectomy under spontaneous ventilation

Intubated general anesthesia with one-lung ventilation was traditionally considered necessary for thoracoscopic major pulmonary resections. However, non-intubated thoracoscopic lobectomy can be performed by using conventional and uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). These non-intubated procedures try to minimize the adverse effects of tracheal intubation and general anesthesia but these procedures must only be performed by experienced anesthesiologists and skilled thoracoscopic surgeons. Here we present a video of a uniportal VATS left upper lobectomy in a non-intubated patient, maintaining the spontaneous ventilation.     

Clinical feasibility and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) anatomical resection in patients with central lung cancer: a comparison with thoracotomy

Background

The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical feasibility and efficacy of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) anatomical pulmonary resection in patients with central lung cancer.

Methods

Between July 2004 and December 2011, 465 patients underwent anatomical pulmonary resection and systematic mediastinal lymph node sampling or dissection for central lung cancer. Because patients were not randomized to receive VATS, clinical outcomes were compared using a propensity score matching design, giving 88 patients in each group.

Results

A lobectomy was attempted in 69 patients of the thoracotomy group and 64 of the VATS group, bilobectomy in 19 patients of the thoracotomy group and 21 of the VATS group, and segmentectomy in 3 patients of the VATS group. There were no differences in the anatomical distribution of pulmonary resections between the two groups. There was no operation related in-hospital mortality. There were 34 postoperative complications in 30 patients, without significant differences between the two groups. The median hospital stay and chest tube indwelling period of the VATS group were shorter than those of the thoracotomy group by 2 days and 1 day, respectively (P<0.05). During a median follow-up of 32.5 months (range, 0.5-95.8 months), there was no difference between the two groups in 3-year recurrence-free or overall survivals (OS).

Conclusions

VATS anatomical pulmonary resection is safe and feasible for central lung cancer, providing a low operative mortality and favorable outcomes in selected patients. Further case studies with long-term outcome data are necessary to verify our conclusions.     

垂体后叶素与氯丙嗪联合治疗支气管扩张咯血73例分析

目的探讨垂体后叶素(PTT)加氯丙嗪联合治疗支气管扩张(支扩)中量咯血的疗效。方法73例支扩中量咯血患者随机分为两组,分别用PTT治疗(对照组)及PTT加氯丙嗪治疗(治疗组)。结果治疗组35例中显效13例,有效19例,总有效率91.4%;对照组38例中显效7例,有效21例,总有效73.7%,两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论PTT氯丙嗪联合比PTT单药治疗支扩中量咯血能明显提高疗效,且减少PTT用量及不良反应。     

Outcomes of Pseudomonas eradication therapy in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is associated with poorer outcomes in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. It is unknown whether early eradication improves outcomes. This retrospective study assessed clinical and microbiological outcomes of eradication therapy following initial Pseudomonas infection. All patients undergoing Pseudomonas eradication therapy from 2004 to 2010 were identified retrospectively and assessed for microbiological eradication, exacerbation frequency, hospital admissions, clinical symptoms and lung function. 30 patients were identified with median follow-up time 26.4 months. Eradication therapy involved intravenous antibiotics (n?=?12), intravenous antibiotics followed by oral ciprofloxacin (n?=?13) or ciprofloxacin alone (n?=?5), combined with 3 months of nebulised colistin. Pseudomonas was initially eradicated from sputum in 24 patients (80.0%). 13/24 patients remained Pseudomonas-free and 11/24 were subsequently reinfected (median time 6.2 months). Exacerbation frequency was significantly reduced from 3.93 per year pre-eradication and 2.09 post-eradication (p?=?0.002). Admission rates were similar, at 0.39 per year pre-eradication and 0.29 post-eradication (p?=?NS). 20/30 patients reported initial clinical improvement, whilst at one-year follow up, 19/21 had further improved or remained stable. Lung function was unchanged. This study demonstrates that Pseudomonas can be eradicated from a high proportion of patients, which may lead to prolonged clearance and reduced exacerbation rates. This important outcome requires confirmation in a prospective study.     

Recent evidence,advances, and current practices in surgical treatment of lung cancer

In the last 10−15 years, strategies and modalities of lung cancer treatment have changed dramatically. Meanwhile, the treatment objectives, the lung cancers themselves, have also changed, probably owing to early detection by computed tomography and aging of the population. In particular, the proportions of smaller lung cancers, lung adenocarcinomas with ground-glass opacity, and lung cancers in older patients are increasing. Along with these changes, surgeons have innovated and evaluated novel procedures for pulmonary resection. These include the application of minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and robotic surgery, and sub-lobar resection, such as wedge resection and segmentectomy, for small peripheral lung cancers. Currently, VATS has gained wide acceptance and several institutions in Japan have started using robotic surgery for lung cancers. Two important clinical trials of sub-lobar resection for small peripheral lung cancers are now underway in Japan. In addition, surgery itself is of growing importance in lung cancer treatment. In particular, recent evidence supports the use of surgery in strictly selected patients with locally advanced disease, lung cancers with N2 lymph node metastases, small cell lung cancers, recurrent oligo-metastasis after pulmonary resection, or relapsed tumors after drug treatment. Surgical treatment also provides abundant tumor samples for molecular analysis, which can be used for drug selection in the adjuvant setting or after disease relapse. In the era of personalized treatment, surgery is still one of the most important treatment modalities to combat lung cancer.     

全胸腔镜下肺叶切除的临床应用

目的 探讨全胸腔镜肺叶切除术的临床价值.方法 全胸腔镜下行肺叶切除127例.其中右肺上叶19例,右肺中叶12例,右肺下叶17例,右肺中下叶7例,左肺上叶44例,左肺下叶28例;对94例原发性肺癌患者并同期施行纵隔淋巴结清扫.结果 全组手术均顺利完成.结论 全胸腔镜肺叶切除术疗效可靠、技术可行,安全、微创、恢复迅速,适用于早期周围型肺癌和需要施行肺叶切除的良性肺部疾病,但需要娴熟的内镜下处理血管和清扫淋巴结等关键技术.     

Surgical lung biopsy for interstitial lung diseases—a single center study of 129 patients

BackgroundAccording to guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), a diagnostic surgical lung biopsy should be used to obtain the differential diagnosis of an ILD in patients with ILDs, which are difficult to distinguish clinically. However, the risk of developing postoperative complications such as postoperative pulmonary fistula or acute exacerbation is a concern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of surgical lung biopsy for the differential diagnosis of ILDs.MethodsFrom October 2007 to July 2019, 129 patients thought to have ILD underwent a surgical lung biopsy at Toho University Omori Medical Center. We conducted a retrospective study on the diagnosis and safety of surgical lung biopsy for patients with ILD.ResultsThe 30- and 60-day mortality was 0%. Postoperative complications occurred in 13 of 129 (10.1%) patients. The complications included pneumothorax in 8 (6.2%) patients after removal of the chest tube, postoperative pneumonia in 2 (1.0%), and acute exacerbation in 1 (0.8%). Postoperative pneumothorax was observed in 4 of 13 patients (30.7%) who underwent a biopsy of the apex of the lung (right S1, left S1+2), which was a significantly higher rate of postoperative pneumothorax than seen for patients undergoing biopsy at other sites (P=0.0086).ConclusionsSurgical lung biopsy for the differential diagnosis of an ILD was performed safely. However, biopsy sites for ILDs need to be carefully selected to avoid postoperative complications.     

A risk score for predicting postoperative complications in non-intubated thoracic surgery

BackgroundThe risk factors for postoperative complications in non-intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) have not been observed before. Here to develop a simple risk score to predict the risk of postoperative complications for patients who scheduling non-intubated VATS, which is beneficial to guide the clinical interventions.MethodsA total of 1,837 patients who underwent non-intubated VATS were included from January 2011 to December 2018. A development data set and a validation data set were allocated according to an approximate 3:2 ratio of total cases. The stepwise logistic regression was used to establish a risk score model, and the methods of bootstrap and split-sample were used for validation.ResultsMultivariable analysis revealed that the forced expiratory volume in the first second in percent of predicted, the anesthesia method, blood loss, surgical time, and preoperative neutrophil ratio were risk factors for postoperative complications. The risk score was established with these 5 factors, varied from 0 to 53, with the corresponding predicted probability of postoperative complications occurrence ranged from 1% to 92% and was calibrated (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ² =6.261; P=0.618). Good discrimination was acquired in the development and validation data sets (C-statistic 0.705 and 0.700). A positive correlation was between the risk score and postoperative complications (P for trend <0.01). Three levels of low-risk (0–15 points], moderate-risk (15–30 points], and high-risk (>30 points] were established based on the score distribution of postoperative complications.ConclusionsThis simple risk score model based on risk factors of postoperative complications can validly identify the high-risk patients with postoperative complications in the non-intubated VATS, and allow for early interventions.