胰腺癌累及肠系膜上动脉外科手术切除的应用价值探讨

目的:探讨肠系膜上动脉局部切除在胰腺癌外科治疗中的应用,并评估其可行性.方法:回顾分析2例胰腺癌局部广泛侵润病例,行部分肠系膜上动脉、门静脉和肠系膜上静脉联合切除并重建的手术方法及术后恢复情况,评价其临床效果.结果:2例胰腺癌患者手术过程顺利,病例1SMA部分切除,消化道重建采用child吻合法.病例2行全胰切除,将受侵的SMV、PV、SMA联同胰体癌、全胰、十二指肠、部分空肠及相应区域和腹膜后脂肪组织及淋巴结整块切除,应用脾动脉与肠系膜上动脉端端吻合.肠系膜上动脉分别阻断45min和67min,门静脉阻断31min和55min.术后行B超检查血管通畅,门静脉血流为1550mL/min和1620mL/min,术后6个月随访,显示血管重建(脾动脉和肠系膜上动脉)吻合通畅,l例无瘤生存3年2个月,另1例无瘤生存11月.结论:在胰腺癌肿瘤局部侵润肠系膜上静脉、门静脉和肠系膜上动脉时联合切除并行血管修复或脾动脉和肠系膜上动脉重建是一种有效的手术方法.     

胰腺癌术中门静脉/肠系膜上静脉重建材料的研究进展

随着外科技术的发展和围术期管理水平的提升,以往认为无法手术的侵犯大血管的腹部肿瘤,在血管重建技术的加持下,使得手术切除肿瘤成为可能。联合血管切除手术的应用使肿瘤切除范围扩大,提高了肿瘤的R0切除率,延长了患者生存期。门静脉（portal vein,PV）/肠系膜上静脉（superior mesenteric vein,SMV）系统,对于包括胰腺癌在内的肝胆胰及十二指肠肿瘤的手术至关重要,是上述肿瘤常累及的主要血管结构。联合PV/SMV系统切除重建技术的安全应用,为这类患者带来了新的希望。PV系统两端均为毛细血管网,血流速度慢,血液黏稠易凝,重建失败将严重影响肝脏血供,甚至引起肝功能衰竭。血管重建材料是影响手术效果和预后的重要因素,目前在静脉修复中,自体静脉、自体其他组织、同种异体静脉与人工材料均可作为供选择的修复材料,选择合适的材料对手术至关重要。本综述阐述了PV/SMV修复重建材料的研究进展,并说明了各种材料的特点与临床应用。      

胰十二指肠切除联合血管重建治疗胰头、十二指肠恶性肿瘤

背景与目的：胰头癌、十二指肠癌的治疗，手术切除仍是唯一可能根治的有效方法。但临床确诊时，多数为晚期，常累及门静脉／肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉即属手术禁忌症。本研究旨在探讨累及门静彬肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉的胰头癌、十二指肠癌切除的处理方法，以提高切除率及生存率。方法：总结2002年2月-2005年6月5例联合血管重建胰十二指肠切除术的临床资料及经验，其中胰头癌合并门静脉／肠系膜上静脉切除人工血管重建3例，十二指肠癌合并下腔静脉切除人工血管重建2例。结果：本组病例无围手术期死亡。无人工血管感染、阻塞并发症。随访10个月死亡1例，24个月死亡1例，术后存活超过3年2例，超过4年1例。结论：对累及门静彬肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉的胰头癌、十二指肠癌行胰十二指肠切除联合血管重建手术是安全的，可提高肿瘤切除率，延长患者生存时间。     

Histologic tumor involvement of superior mesenteric vein/portal vein predicts poor prognosis in patients with stage II pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation

BACKGROUND:

Studies have shown that superior mesenteric vein (SMV)/portal vein (PV) resection with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is safe and feasible for patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). However, the prognostic significance of tumor involvement of the resected vein in patients who received neoadjuvant therapy is unclear.

METHODS:

The authors evaluated 225 consecutive patients with stage II PAC who received neoadjuvant therapy and PD with or without SMV/PV resection. The resected SMV/PV was entirely submitted for histologic assessment and reviewed in all cases. Tumor involvement of the SMV/PV was correlated with clinicopathologic features and survival.

RESULTS:

Among the 225 patients, SMV/PV resection was performed in 85 patients. Histologic tumor involvement of the resected SMV/PV was identified in 57 patients. Histologic tumor involvement of the SMV/PV was associated with larger tumor size, higher rates of positive margin, and local/distant recurrence. By multivariate analysis, tumor involvement of the SMV/PV was an independent predictor of both disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). However, addition of venous resection to PD itself had no impact on either DFS or OS compared with those with PD alone.

CONCLUSIONS:

Histologic tumor involvement of the SMV/PV is an independent predictor of both DFS and OS in patients with stage II PAC treated with neoadjuvant therapy and PD. Complete histologic evaluation of the resected SMV/PV is important for the prognosis in patients with PAC who received neoadjuvant therapy and PD. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

胰十二指肠切除联合肠系膜上静脉／门静脉切除治疗胰头癌11例报告

目的 :提高胰头癌侵犯门静脉和 (或 )肠系膜上静脉 (PV/SMV)的根治性切除率。方法 :对包括受侵的 PV/SMV在内的扩大的胰头十二指肠切除术 11例进行回顾分析。结果 :11例中有8例行血管壁部分切除 ,3例行血管节段切除 ,全组患者均未发生血管栓塞、肠坏死、肝衰竭等并发症 ,近期随访无 1例死亡和复发。结论 :对单纯侵犯 PV/SMV的胰头癌施行包括 PV/SMV在内的胰头十二指肠扩大根治术是可行的     

Routine portal vein resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma shows no benefit in overall survival

Background

Extended pancreatic resections including resections of the portal (PV) may nowadays be performed safely. Limitations in distinguishing tumor involvement from inflammatory adhesions however lead to portal vein resections (PVR) without evidence of tumor infiltration in the final histopathological examination. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of these “false negative” resections on operative outcome and long-term survival.

Portal vein resection: a modified technique for reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the only curative treatment for pancreatic head tumors. The possibility to achieve a potentially curative surgical treatment is limited to patients in which a complete tumor resection can be performed with free surgical margins. In a small number of patients with localized pancreatic cancer, negative margins are only accomplished with portal vein resection. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is often avoided in these patients due to the mistaken concept that venous resection may be followed by higher mortality and carries poorer survival. Actually, these patients present the same survival rate as patients similarly staged in whom portal vein resection was not performed. Therefore, venous resection is worthwhile. The authors describe an alternative technique for venous reconstruction after resection of a long segment of portal or superior mesenteric vein. The use of a venous graft as proposed in this study is feasible, easy to perform, and may simplify the venous reconstruction even in extensive mesentericoportal venous resection.     

The infracolic approach to pancreatoduodenectomy for large pancreatic head tumours invading the colon

Background

Tumours arising from the head of the pancreas can invade both the proximal transverse colon and its mesocolon. At laparoscopy, this may be considered a contraindication to proceeding to pancreatoduodenectomy. However, in some patients, pancreatoduodenectomy can still be performed with an R0 resection using an en-bloc resection technique by an infracolic approach.

Methods

This technique relies on the infracolic control of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and is based on the presence of a normal fat cuff around the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) on pre-operative imaging. The dissection is maintained along the adventitial plane of the SMA. Pancreatoduodenectomy is performed in conjunction with en-bloc resection of the transverse colon. In the event of tumour invading the SMV, this is also resected en-bloc with the pancreatic head and transverse colon. We reviewed all such cases performed at our institution between April 2004 and April 2009.

Results

This technique was attempted in eleven patients. In two patients, the procedure had to be abandoned because of unexpected SMA encasement by tumour. In the remaining nine patients this procedure was carried out successfully. In this paper, the infracolic approach to pancreatoduodenectomy, and the associated limitations, are described in detail.

Conclusion

The infracolic technique may be used to deal with large pancreatic head tumours and all pancreatic surgeons should be familiar with this technique. In the absence of metastatic disease, large pancreatic head tumours involving the colon can be resected en-bloc with the pancreatic head, as long as the SMA is not encased by the tumour.     

Factors influencing outcome in patients undergoing portal vein resection for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Background

Survival rates after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remain low. Selected patients with portal/superior mesenteric vein (PV) involvement undergo PV resection at pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). This study analyses outcomes for PD with/without PV resection in patients with PDA.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on patients requiring PD for histologically proven adenocarcinoma between 1/1997 and 9/2009 identified 326 patients with PDA, with 51 requiring PD with PV resection. Patients were analyzed in two groups: PD + PV resection vs. PD alone. Multivariate analysis was used to identify predictive variables influencing survival and the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate patient survival.

Results

Mean age for patients with PV resection was 66.4 (range 46-80) years, 47% were male. Both groups had similar patient demographics, perioperative and tumor characteristics. Postoperative morbidity was similar for patients with and without PV resection (27.5 vs. 28.4%). 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with PV resection (13.7%) vs. PD alone (5.1%). Overall survival however was similar in both groups (median PD alone 14.8 months vs. 14.5 months PD + PV). Multivariate analysis identified age, tumor grading, stay on the ICU and lack of chemotherapy as independent risk factors for reduced long-term survival.

Conclusion

In carefully selected patients, PV resection results in similar long-term survival compared to PD alone. In selected patients, PV infiltration may be considered a sign of anatomical proximity of the tumor, rather than only a sign of increased tumor aggressiveness.     

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas: an updated experience

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to report an update of the surgical experience at a single institution with these unusual tumors. METHODS: Sixteen consecutive patients who underwent surgery for a pathologically confirmed solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPPN) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Fifteen of the patients were female and the median age at diagnosis was 30 years (range, 14-53 years). Abdominal and back pain were the most common presenting symptoms. The tumors appeared on cross-sectional imaging as solid and cystic (n = 14) or cystic (n = 2) masses. The median tumor size was 9.5 cm (range, 5.0-24.0 cm). All 16 patients had curative resections including 3 pancreaticoduodenectomies and 13 distal pancreatectomies. Three patients required extended resections including pancreaticoduodenectomy with portal vein resection, distal pancreatectomy with tranverse colectomy, and distal pancreactomy with omentectomy. Two of the resections were R1 whereas 14 were R0. All patients were alive and disease-free at a median follow-up of 43 months (range, 3-186 months). CONCLUSION: SPPNs should be considered in young women presenting with a large solid-cystic pancreatic mass. Aggressive en bloc resection should always be attempted including resection of concomitant metastases as patients demonstrate excellent long-term survival even in the presence of distant spread.     

Pancreatic resections: 30 and 90-day outcomes in octogenarians

BackgroundPancreatic tumors are frequently found in a geriatric population. Given that the median age of patients with pancreatic cancer is 70 years at diagnosis and the ubiquity of CT and MRI imaging has increased the detection of pancreas masses, pancreatic surgeons often find themselves operating on patients of advanced age. This study sought to evaluate the outcomes of pancreatic resection in an octogenarian population at a single institution with a dedicated surgical oncology team.Study designA retrospective chart review was performed for all patients undergoing pancreatic resection over a 13-year period at an academic community cancer center. Patient characteristics and operative outcomes were compared between patients aged 80 and older, and those younger than 80. Student t-tests, Fisher's exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for univariate analyses.ResultsOver the 13-year period, a total of 48 patients of 403 undergoing pancreatic resections were aged 80 or older. Of these 48 patients, 35 underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple) and 13 underwent distal pancreatectomy. Patient characteristics including ASA classification were similar among the two age groups. The procedures themselves were equally complicated with similar operative times, transfusion requirements, estimated blood losses, and portal vein resections. The number and severity of complications such as delayed gastric emptying and pancreatic leak were not statistically different between the two groups. Additionally, the 30-day reoperation, readmission, and mortality rates were not statistically different. Outcomes at 90-days revealed an increased rate of readmission amongst octogenarians who underwent Whipple without an increase in rates of major complications. The total number of deaths in the octogenarian group was 3 (6.2%) vs. 6 (1.7%) in the non-octogenarian group (p = 0.080). The median length of stay was similar amongst the two age groups.ConclusionsAt a large-volume academic community cancer center with a dedicated surgical oncology team, highly selected octogenarians can undergo pancreatic resection safely with outcomes that do not differ significantly from their younger counterparts.     

Surgery for advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer--current state and trends

Due to the late onset of symptoms in pancreatic cancer, patients are often presented with an already advanced or metastatic state of disease. Only in a minority of patients is a tumor resection indicated, e.g. in general tumor encasement of major vessels, while the presence of metastatic disease excludes patients from curative-intended surgery. Limitations for pancreatic resections have been debated and re-thought after more experience has gained over time. This holds true for en-bloc vascular resections, total pancreatectomies, intentional R2 pancreatic resections and synchronous resection of liver metastases. These issues are addressed in this review.     

Liver metastases from colorectal cancer: Technique of liver resection

Liver resection has become standard for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC): anterior approach, hanging manoeuvre, or total vascular exclusion techniques as well as 3‐dimensional imaging enable safe resections even in difficult cases. Furthermore, modern chemotherapy, portal vein embolization/ligation, and two‐stage procedures increase the resectability of metastasis, and repeat resections are feasible for recurrence. In addition to characteristics of the primary, CEA, extent of metastasis, resection margins, and extrahepatic disease, hilar lymph node metastases appear prognostic. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:579–584. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Cystic pancreatic tumors (CPT): predictors of malignant behavior

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Due to widespread use of imaging studies, increasing cystic pancreatic tumor (CPT) cases are being detected. The diagnosis of malignancy in CPT cases requires pancreatectomy. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of CPT may predict underlying malignancy. METHODS: CPT cases treated between 1994 and 2004 at our institution were included. Pseudocysts were excluded. Serous cystadenoma (SCA), mucinous cystadenoma (MCA), intrapapillary mucinous tumor, cystic endocrine tumor, and lymphoepithelial cysts were classified as benign or pre-malignant. Serous cystadenocarcinoma (SCACA), mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (MCACA), and adenocarcinoma (ACA) were classified as malignant. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients had histological confirmation. Median age was 65 years. Male/female ratio was higher in malignant group (P = 0.0284). Weight loss and abdominal mass were more prevalent in malignant group (P = 0.042 and 0.028, respectively). Malignant lesions were larger, associated with local invasion (superior mesenteric artery (SMA), superior mesenteric vein (SMV), portal vein (PV) complex or celiac encasement) and CA 19-9 elevation. On univariate analyses, local invasion (P = 0.0029), negative surgical intervention (P = 0.0010), presence of ACA (P = 0.0044), or malignant CPT (P = 0.0018) were associated with shorter survival. On a multivariate analysis, local invasion was associated with shorter survival [Hazard ratio (HR) = 4.322, P = 0.0218], while surgical intervention was associated with improved survival (HR = 0.179, P = 0.0124). CONCLUSION: Male sex, abdominal mass, weight loss, larger tumor size, local invasion, and elevated CA 19-9 were associated with malignant CPT.     

Pancreatoduodenectomy with portal vein resection for pancreatic body cancer in a patient with situs inversus totalis

BackgroundSitus inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare congenital condition characterized by complete transposition (right-to-left reversal) of the thoracic and abdominal organs. The estimated prevalence of SIT is 1 per 8000–25,000 live births [1]. Surgery for abdominal diseases in patients with SIT is technically demanding because of anatomical variations [[2], [3], [4]]; the importance of preoperative radiological assessment has been reported [4]. We report a case of SIT with complex vascular anomalies and pancreatic body cancer who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy with combined resection of the portal vein.MethodsA 79-year-old man with asymptomatic SIT was referred to our hospital for the treatment of pancreatic cancer that was incidentally found during a medical check-up. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a hypovascular tumor in the pancreatic body with a diameter of 32 mm involving the portal vein. He did not have SIT-associated diseases such as Kartagener syndrome or other malformations but had complex anomalies of vascular anatomy, especially in the hepatic arterial system, in addition to mirror-image transposition.ResultsThe operation was performed successfully with a full understanding of the vascular anatomy based on precise preoperative evaluation of CT images, including three-dimensional reconstruction images. The operative time was 710 min, and blood loss was 1237 mL. The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) pathological stage was Stage III (T2, N2, M0).ConclusionPancreatoduodenectomy with portal vein resection for pancreatic cancer in patients with SIT is a complex procedure. Precise preoperative assessment of CT images with three-dimensional reconstruction is crucial to understanding vascular anatomy and safely performing surgery.     

Extended resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas presents a number of therapeutic challenges. Given the poor long-term outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), many surgeons have sought to improve survival via a radical or "extended" pancreatectomy which may include (a) total pancreatectomy (TP), (b) extended lymph node dissection (ELND), and (c) portal/mesenteric vascular resections. These themes of "extended" resection are addressed in this review. TP should not be performed for most cases of adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head because of the nominal incidence of lymph node involvement along the body and tail of the pancreas, the scarcity of multicentric disease, and the better management of pancreatic leaks after PD. Most studies show no difference in long-term survival and demonstrate greater postoperative morbidity after TP than after PD. Performing ELND in addition to PD is not worthwhile because most studies do not demonstrate any long-term benefits from ELND and the circumferential dissection around the mesenteric vessels required to harvest distant lymph nodes increases postoperative morbidity. Major arterial resection increases postoperative morbidity after PD and worsens long-term survival as the need for arterial resection to achieve negative resection margins indicates more aggressive disease. In contrast, portal and/or mesenteric venous resection does not increase the morbidity after PD or impact long-term survival as venous resection is often performed because of tumor location and not extent of disease. The disappointing experience with extended resections underscores the need for better adjuvant systemic strategies and the interdisciplinary care of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.     

Outcome of surgical resection in Klatskin tumors

Cholangiocarcinomas are the second most frequent primary hepatic malignancy,and make up from 5% to 30% of malignant hepatic tumours.Hilar cholangiocarcinoma(HCC) is the most common type,and accounts for approximately 60% to 67% of all cholangiocarcinoma cases.There is not a staging system that permits us to compare all series and extract some conclusions to increase the long-survival rate in this dismal disease.Neither the extension of resection,according to the sort of HCC,is a closed topic.Some authors defend limited resection(mesohepatectomy with S1,S1 plus S4b-S5,local excision for papillary tumours,etc.) while others insist in the compulsoriness of an extended hepatic resection with portal vein bifurcation removed to reach cure.As there is not an ideal adjuvant therapy,R1 resection can be justified to prolong the survival rate.Morbidity and mortality rates changed along the last decade,but variability is the rule,with morbidity and mortality rates ranging from 14% to 76% and from 0% to 19%,respectively.Conclusion:Surgical resection continues to be the main treatment of HCC.Negative resection margins achieved with major hepatic resections are associated with improved outcome.Preresectional management with biliary drainage,portal vein embolization and staging laparoscopy should be considered in selected patients.Additional evidence is needed to fully define the role of orthotopic liver transplant.Portal and lymph node involvement worsen the prognosis and long-term survival,and surgery is the only option that can lengthen it.Improvements in adjuvant therapy are essential for improving long-term outcome.Furthermore,the lack of effective chemotherapy drugs and radiotherapy approaches leads us to can consider R1 resection as an option,because operated patients have a longer survival rate than those who not undergo surgery.     

A case of curative resected hilar bile duct cancer with hepatic artery and portal vein reconstructions

The indication for surgical resection due to hilar bile duct cancer (BDC) with vessel reconstructions is still controversial. We report herein a successfully resected case due to hilar BDC with hepatic artery (HA) and portal vein (PV) reconstructions using autograft from a resected liver. A 57-year-old woman was diagnosed as hilar BDC, and computed tomography showed a tumor invaded left and common hepatic duct, right and left HA, and left main branch of PV. Because the extrahepatic area of right HA was free from the tumor, we performed left hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy with HA and PV reconstructions. We used auto left hepatic vein graft from the resected liver for PV reconstruction, because there was no appropriate size vein graft, e.g. inferior mesenteric vein. The patient is alive without any evidence of recurrence for 8 months after the surgery.     

Principles of surgical resection in hilar cholangiocarcinoma

The aim of this article is to describe the surgical techniques for the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma(HC).Resection with microscopically negative margin(R0) is the only way to cure patients with HC.Today,resection of the caudate lobe and part of segment Ⅳ,combined with a right or left hepatectomy,bile duct resection,lymphadenectomy of the hepatic hilum and sometimes vascular resection,is the standard surgical procedure for HC.Intraoperative frozen-section examination of proximal and distal biliary margins is necessary to confirm the suitability of resection.Although lymphadenectomy probably has little direct effect on survival,inaccurate staging information may influence post resection treatment recommendations.Aggressive venous and arterial resections should be undertaken in selected cases to achieve a R0 resection.The concept of "no-touch proposed" in 1999 by Neuhaus et al combine an extended right hepatectomy with systematic portal vein resection and caudate lobectomy avoiding hilar dissection and possible intraoperative microscopic dissemination of cancer cells.More recently minor liver resections have been proposed for treatment of HC.As the hilar bifurcation of the bile ducts is near to liver segments Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅰ,adequate liver resection of these segments together with the bile ducts can result in cure.     

Synchronous arterial resections in pancreatic cancer – still a matter of debate?

Surgery remains the cornerstone of a multimodality approach aimed at cure in pancreatic cancer (PC). To improve outcomes in PC and widen the indications for surgical resection, surgeons have targeted borderline-resectable (BR) and locally advanced (LA) tumours having demonstrated the feasibility of synchronous arterial (SAR) and venous resections (SVR). However, the true benefit of SARs in PC in terms of improving overall survival has not been fully realised. One of the reasons for this lies in the fact that once the tumour involves the artery, it has already spread along the perineural autonomic plexus that surround it, resulting in early extended local and distant cancer dissemination. Thus, before advocating for the performance of routine SARs in PC, it is important to critically analyse the evidence and develop a structured framework to test if these operations truly hold a beacon of hope for patients with LAPC.