术后早期肠内营养在胃癌病人治疗中的临床观察

目的:运用快速康复理论,通过比较早期肠内营养(EEN)和常规肠内营养(EN)组间围手术期病人营养状况、炎症指标、免疫水平及临床指标,观察EEN对胃癌病人术后恢复的影响。方法:前瞻性分析65例胃癌术后病人,按照不同时间EN支持分为EEN组(n=33)和EN组(n=32)。比较两组病人术前1天、术后第3天和术后第7天的血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、白细胞总数、C反应蛋白以及T淋巴细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白(Ig G),同时观察病人早期胃肠道恢复时间、住院天数及平均住院费用等指标。结果:EEN组病人术后第7天营养指标和细胞免疫指标大多高于EN组,EEN组病人术后第3天炎症指标低于EN组,两组间有显著差异(P0.05)。EEN组在术后短期内免疫水平和临床恢复及住院时间方面都优于EN组(P0.05)。结论:胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持,对早期提高术后病人营养状况、免疫功能及减轻炎症反应具有显著作用,促进了胃肠功能的恢复,缩短了住院时间。     

早期肠内营养在食管癌行食管-胃颈部器械吻合术后的应用

目的: 探讨食管癌根治术病人行胃-食管消化道吻合器颈部吻合术后EEN的效果. 方法: 对340例食管癌病人采用食管次全切除,吻合器行胃-食管颈部吻合.将病人分为吻合器吻合 EN组、手工吻合 EN组和手工吻合 PN组.术后第1天开始分别给予营养支持1周,观察病人的肠道恢复时间、术后住院时间;围手术期营养指标、免疫指标、术后并发症. 结果: 两EN组的肠道恢复时间、术后住院时间较PN组明显缩短(P＜0.01);围手术期营养指标和免疫功能指标也明显高于PN组;两EN组术后并发症明显低于PN组.器械吻合 EN组在吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄方面低于手工吻合 EN. 结论: 食管癌根治术病人行胃-食管吻合器颈部吻合术后EEN安全可行,能明显改善病人的营养状况,加速病人的康复,减少手术并发症.     

食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养支持的作用

目的:探讨食管癌病人术后早期应用肠内营养支持的可行性、安全性及其临床效果.方法:将40例食管癌术后病人随机分为全肠外营养(TPN)组和早期肠内营养(EEN)组.所有病人在手术前1天、术后第1天和第8天各测定安全性指标、营养指标、免疫指标和急性炎性指标;观察术后并发症、住院时间等.结果:所有病人在研究期间无死亡,无严重并发症,无明显肝、肾功能改变;研究结束时,EEN组血清前清蛋白、外周血淋巴细胞总数、CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8比值明显高于TPN组;而IL-6明显低于TPN组;EEN组住院时间明显短于TPN组.结论:食管癌病人术后早期应用肠内营养支持,能改善病人的营养状况和免疫功能,减轻炎性反应,缩短住院时间.     

胰十二指肠切除术后早期营养支持治疗方式的比较

目的:研究胰十二指肠切除术后病人应用早期肠内营养(EEN)的可行性和安全性。方法:将43例行胰十二指肠切除术的病人随机分为EEN组(n=23)和全肠外营养(TPN)组(n=20)。观察两组病人的营养状况、术后并发症、住院时间、费用、肠蠕动恢复时间和肠道菌群的变化。结果:EEN组病人术后第7、14天血清清蛋白和转铁蛋白降幅均显著减少(P<0.05),术后第21天体重指数(BMI)基本恢复至术前水平。而TPN组病人恢复BMI时间>21 d,切口感染率、术后出血发生率高于EEN组(P<0.05)。住院时间和费用、肠蠕动恢复时间亦显著增加(P<0.05),与TPN组比,EEN组病人需氧菌数量显著降低,而肠道有益菌群数量显著增加。结论:胰十二指肠切除病人术后早期给予EN,能显著改善病人的营养状况,降低并发症的发生率,缩短住院时间和降低住院费用。     

食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养的疗效观察

目的:探讨食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性和临床疗效.方法:将58例食管癌病人随机分为早期肠内营养(EEN,n=30)组和全肠外营养(TPN,n=28)组,两组均行营养支持8 d.所有病人在手术前1d、术后第9天分别测定营养指标、免疫指标、肝功能、体重等,并观察肠功能恢复情况、术后并发症、住院费用和住院时间等...     

黄芪联合早期肠内营养对阻塞性黄疸术后营养状况和免疫功能的影响

目的:研究黄芪加强的早期肠内营养(EEN)对阻塞性黄疸病人术后营养、肝功能和免疫功能的改善作用,以及对临床预后的影响. 方法: 将26例阻塞性黄疸术后病人随机分成三组,EN组病人术后肠道通气后给予EN液;EN+黄芪(EN+H)组病人术后给予黄芪,肠道通气后给予EN液; EEN+黄芪(EEN+H)组病人术后6 h即给予黄芪和EN液. 结果:术后第1天三组病人的营养指标和淋巴细胞计数(LYM)较术前明显降低(P<0.05),且谷丙转氨酶显著增高(P<0.05).术后第7天,EEN+H组血浆ALB、PA、IgG水平较EN+H组均有显著升高(P<0.05),肠道通气时间、住院时间、住院总费用、营养治疗费用有显著差异(P<0.05);EEN+H组血浆ALB、PA、肝功能指标、LYM、IgG和IgA水平均较EN组有显著性差异(P<0.05),肠道通气时间、住院时间、住院总费用、营养治疗费用和术后第3天感染评分亦有显著性差异(P<0.05). 结论: 黄芪加强的EEN可有效地改善病人的营养、免疫功能和肝功能,降低术后感染并发症的发生率,促进肠功能恢复,缩短住院时间.     

胰十二指肠切除术后不同营养支持方式的疗效比较

目的:比较胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后病人肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)支持的临床疗效.方法:将71例在我院接受PD的病人随机分为EN组(n=36)和PN组(n=35).比较两组病人手术前后血肝功能相关指标、营养指标以及术后并发症的发生率、肛门排气时间、住院时间和营养支持费用的差异. 结果:两组病人术后血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)等均较术前明显降低(P＜0.05),术后第12天降低更加明显(P＜0.01).而在术后第8和12天,EN组病人ALT、AST、TBil、DBil较PN组明显降低(P＜0.05),总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)均升高(P＜0.05);术后第12天EN组的血淋巴细胞计数(LY)明显高于PN组(P＜0.05).EN组病人较PN组术后平均住院时间缩短、肛门排气时间早、并发症发生率低、营养支持费用少(P＜0.05). 结论:PD术后EN支持能明显改善病人的营养状态,促进术后恢复,降低住院费用.     

食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养的临床有效性研究

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)在食管癌病人术后的实施方法与临床效果。方法:对120例食管癌病人在术中经鼻留置营养管,术后经鼻肠管给予EN治疗。结果:所有食管癌病人术中均顺利留置鼻十二指肠营养管。行EEN的病人吻合口瘘、肺部感染、切口感染、术后胃排空障碍等并发症的发生率较传统常规补液的病人明显减少。术后肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门排气和排便时间明显缩短。结论:食管癌病人术后应用EEN,能促进胃肠功能恢复,改善病人营养状况,减少并发症的发生率,提高手术成功率,是病人术后简便、安全、有效的营养补给方法。     

肠内免疫营养制剂应用于食管癌术后病人的临床观察

目的:通过食管癌术后病人应用肠内免疫营养制剂观察营养状况和免疫功能的影响. 方法:将60例食管癌病人随机分为试验组(n=30)和对照组(n=30).试验组于术后第2天开始给予肠内免疫营养制剂(瑞能)至术后第7天;对照组术后给予全肠外营养.两组病人分别于术前1d、术后第2和第7天分别检测血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA、IgM)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)水平.同时观察两组病人胃肠功能恢复情况、肝功能和术后感染性并发症的差异.结果:试验组病人术后胃肠功能和肝功能恢复得更早,并发症的发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).试验组病人PA、IgG、IgA、CD3+、CD4+等营养和免疫指标明显升高,与对照组比有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:食管癌病人术后应用肠内免疫营养制剂能促进胃肠道功能尽早恢复,改善病人术后的营养状况和免疫功能.     

胃癌合并糖尿病病人术后早期肠内营养的疗效分析

目的:对于胃癌合并糖尿病的病人,探讨术后早期肠内营养(EEN)对病人术后恢复情况的影响.方法:回顾性地比较102例胃癌合并糖尿病的病人接受EN(n =48)或全肠外营养(TPN,n=54)的疗效,了解两组病人术后恢复情况和血糖控制情况的差异. 结果:与TPN组病人比,EN组病人平均肛门排气时间和住院时间较短(P＜0.05),术后第7天空腹血糖较低(P＜0.05),但胃肠道症状发生率较高(P＜0.05). 结论:对胃癌合并糖尿病的病人术后EEN仍然适用,但在营养支持过程中需要更精心地护理,以减少胃肠道并发症.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.