胸背动脉肌皮穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究与临床意义

目的探讨背阔肌肌皮穿支皮瓣的解剖学基础及临床应用的可行性。方法①在15具（30侧）防腐成人尸体标本上,对背阔肌及其主要血供进行巨微解剖学观察。②对1具（2侧）防腐成人尸体标本作背阔肌肌皮穿支皮瓣及肌瓣与穿支肌皮瓣分离的共蒂“扇形”瓣模拟手术。结果①在32侧标本中,共发现血管外径大于0．5mm的肌皮穿支102支,其中来自胸背动脉内侧支的穿支数为56支（占55％）,来自胸背动脉外侧支的穿支数为46支（占45％）。每侧标本内侧支平均发出1．9支（在1-3支之间变化）,外侧支平均发出1．8支（在1-3支之间变化）。②胸背动脉内、外侧支的肌皮穿支外径大于0．5mm的穿支血管主要集中在距神经血管窗下约8．5cm（变化在6．4-9．2cm之间）范围内。结论胸背动脉的肌皮穿支血管位置恒定,管径粗,蒂长,适宜制作成肌皮穿支肌皮瓣或“扇形”瓣。     

背阔肌解剖分区及其肌电研究

目的 明确背阔肌的解剖分区及各区在肩关节运动中的肌电表现。方法 对10具成人尸体背岂进行血管、神经解剖并按主要血管、神经的分支、分布将背阔肌分区、。利用体表电极记录13例（25侧）健康成人背阔肌不同区在肩关节运动中的肌电表现，并将记录结果进行统计学处理、分析。结果 背阔肌的主要血管、神经来自胸痛血管、神经及其内、外侧分支，部分来自肋间血管、神经，胸背血管、神经分支及肋间血管、神经分支间有广泛的吻合，胸背血管、神经内、外侧支及其延长线将背阔肌分成三个区域。三区在肩关节6种运动中的肌电表现不同。结论 背阔肌内不同区域肌纤维在肩关节运动中的作用不同。     

胸背神经双分支的解剖研究与临床应用

目的 对胸背神经的外侧束和腋神经穿越四边孔后支配的三角肌肌支进行显微解剖研究,并应用于临床,为臂丛神经损伤后功能重建提供新的方法。方法 取17具成人尸体,在手术显微镜下对31侧胸背神经外侧束和液神经三角肌肌支进行解剖,观察其可应用长度、直径及分支情况,并取神经标本经HE染色、石蜡切片,对有髓神经纤维进行计数。临床上进行3例手术。例1钭胸背神经外侧束与四边孔内切断的腋神经三角肌肌支吻合,例2在例1休式基础上,用胸背神经内侧束支配的部分背阔肌重建屈肘功能,例3将背阔肌按内、外侧束的支配区域,剪切成两部分,移位的同时重建屈肘、屈指功能,结果 胸背神经在人背阔肌处开始分为内、外侧束,外侧束明显较内侧束粗大,外侧束在背阔肌内可利用的长度平均为58.2mm直径平均为1.46mm,有髓纤维数平均为1519根,90.4%的外侧束可再分为2支或3支,腋神经三角肌肌支直径平均为2.31mm,有髓纤维数 平均为2341根,61.3%的三角肌肌支可再分为3支,32.3%的三角肌肌支可再分为2支,3例术后情况：例1三角肌肌力为4级;例2三角肌肌力为4级,屈肘时肌力为4级;例3屈肘、指时肌力均达到4级。结论 应用胸背双分支的解剖基础。将胸背神经外侧束与腋神经三角肌肌支相吻合恢复三角肌的功能,从理论和[实践上是统一的,是行这有效的方法,充分利用胸背神经双分支的原理可以重建两块失神经支配的肌群功能。     

背阔肌分区的基础研究及临床应用的多样性

目的　从解剖和电生理两方面论证背阔肌分区的可行性及实用性 ,以便在临床工作中能更合理地利用背阔肌。方法　 1、对 10具成人尸体进行背阔肌内的血管、神经解剖 ,按主要血管、神经的分支分布 ,将背阔肌分区。 2、利用体表电极记录 13例 (2 5侧 )健康成人背阔肌不同区在肩关节运动中的肌电表现 ,将记录结果进行统计学处理。 3、应用外下区背阔肌岛状肌皮瓣为 10例患者行乳房再造和肘关节及胸壁瘢痕创面的修复。结果　背阔肌内的主要血管神经分内、外侧二支 ,按内、外侧支的分支分布可以将背阔肌分成内上和外下二区。二区在肩关节运动中的肌电表现不同。临床分区应用岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣行乳房再造和肘关节及胸部瘢痕创面修复均取得满意效果。结论　背阔肌可以分为二区并能分开应用。外下区较内上区在肩关节运动中所起的作用大。     

改良背阔肌肌皮瓣游离修复软组织缺损的临床应用

目的：探讨应用胸背动脉外侧支供血的改良背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复软组织缺损创面的临床效果。方法对7例软组织缺损的患者采用胸背动脉外侧支供血改良背阔肌肌皮瓣进行移植修复。利用胸背血管的外侧支供血带少许肌袖,皮瓣解剖时保留胸背神经的主干及内侧支,皮瓣面积15.0 cm×8.0 cm~22.0 cm×12.0 cm。结果7例皮瓣完全成活,1例胫前软组织缺损的患者术后2 h 出现血管危象,经探查重新吻合静脉,创口Ⅰ期愈合。背部供区植皮创面4例Ⅰ期愈合,3例边缘部分皮片坏死,经换药治愈。对所有患者随访3~12个月,皮瓣外形与功能均较满意。结论利用胸背动脉外侧支供血改良背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复软组织缺损是较为理想的方法,临床上值得推广应用。     

肩胛骨肋骨及背阔肌肌皮瓣复合组织移植修复胫骨长段缺损一例

目的设计以肩胛下血管为蒂的游离肩胛骨外侧缘、肋骨及背阔肌肌皮瓣复合组织移植修复胫骨长段缺损1例,评价其疗效。方法患者,男,39岁。因外伤致胫骨开放性骨折,在外院行清创植皮和外固定支架固定术后5个月,左胫骨中段骨缺损长达12cm,伴胫骨中上段内侧贴骨瘢痕12cm×6cm。设计并切取肩胛下动脉-胸背动脉为蒂的背阔肌肌皮瓣14cm×5cm、胸背动脉肩胛骨支为蒂的肩胛骨外侧缘骨瓣12.5cm、胸背动脉前锯肌支为蒂的前锯肌-第6肋肋骨瓣13cm。将肩胛下动脉和胫后动脉近端吻合,旋肩胛动脉和胫后动脉远端吻合,肩胛下静脉和小隐静脉吻合;肩胛骨外侧缘骨瓣和肋骨瓣修复胫骨缺损,钢板内固定,背阔肌肌皮瓣覆盖原瘢痕创面。结果复合瓣成活,切口期愈合。术后6个月胫骨植骨上下端骨愈合,经2年随访,患肢已部分负重,术后供区肩关节功能无影响。结论肩胛骨肋骨及背阔肌肌皮瓣复合组织移植是修复胫骨长段骨缺损的一种可选择的有效方法。     

带肋间神经外侧后支背阔肌感觉皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为形成带感觉神经的背阔肌游离皮瓣提供解剖学基础,方法：在20具40侧成人躯干标本上,采用大体解剖方法结合4倍显微镜,解剖后背区及侧胸区层次结构,观测分布于背阔肌区域的间神经的来源,走行及分布规律。结果 T5－10神经外侧支的后支在腋前线1－2cm相应间穿出,水平向后背走行较长距离,在肩胛下角线附近浅出皮下,呈节段性,重叠性分布肩胛线以外的背阔肌区皮肤,并与下位胸脊神经后支在肩 胛下 线相吻合,其中T6－8外侧支的后支分支分布于皮瓣范围较大,神经蒂较长并与血管蒂较近,结论：可设计以第6－8肋间神经外侧后支为神经[蒂的背阔肌感觉皮瓣。     

胸背动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复不同部位皮肤软组织缺损16例

目的 探讨胸背动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植和带蒂转移修复四肢及颈部、腋窝、肩背部皮肤软组织缺损的可行性和临床效果.方法 选用同侧带血管蒂胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复5例颈部、腋窝、肩背部创面;选用胸背动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复11例四肢骨外露或肌腱外露创面.其中12例以胸背动静脉-外侧支-穿支为血管蒂,4例以胸背动静脉-前锯肌支-穿支为血管蒂,皮瓣不携带深筋膜、背阔肌和胸背神经.皮瓣面积最小10 cm×5 cm,最大26 cm×10 cm.结果 术后16例皮瓣全部成活,供区与受区创面一期愈合.术后随访3～ 24个月,皮瓣质地良好、外形不臃肿,皮瓣供区瘢痕不明显,肩关节功能无影响.结论 胸背动脉穿支皮瓣质地良好、供区隐蔽、血管蒂长、血供可靠,且不牺牲背阔肌和胸背神经.带蒂转移是修复同侧颈、肩、腋窝皮肤软组织缺损的理想方法,游离移植适合修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损.     

背阔肌复合组织瓣带蒂转移重建上肢肌功能

背阔肌复合组织瓣带蒂转移重建上肢肌功能文益民，刘兴炎，葛宝丰，刘占宏，甄平，石骥背阔肌是一块可形成多种用途的组织瓣。血管蒂解剖恒定，口径粗大可作为游离移植￣［１－３］；当以带血管神经蒂转移时可修复胸背部、头颈部、上肢、下腹部、髂和骶尾部，也可用于重建...     

背阔肌分区的解剖及临床应用

目的：从解剖和电生理探讨背阔肌分区的可行性及实用性,以便指导临床应用。方法（1）对10具成人尸体进行背阔肌内的血管和神经解剖,按主要血管,神经的分支分布,将背阔肌分区。（2）利用体表电极记录13例（25侧）健康成人背阔肌不同分区在肩关节运动中的肌电表现,将记录结果进行统计学处理。（3）应用外下区背阔肌岛状肌皮瓣支配范围,为10例行乳房再造,肘关节及胸壁瘢痕创面的修复。结果：（1）背阔肌内的主要血管神经分内,外侧两支,按内,外侧将背阔肌分成内上和外下二区。（2）二区在肩关节运动中的肌电表现不同。（3）分区应用背阔肌肌皮瓣行乳房再造,肘关节及胸部瘢痕创面修复均得满意效果。结论：背阔肌可以分为二区并可分开应用,外下区较内上区有肩关节运动中起的作用大。     

Pre-expanded Muscle-sparing Latissimus Dorsi Flaps for Reconstruction of Severe Scar Contractures on the Anterior Chest

ObjectiveTo investigate the utility of pre-expanded muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi flaps in the reconstruction of deformities secondary to severe scar contractures on the anterior chest.MethodsThe function of the latissimus dorsi was preserved with blood supply from the main or lateral branch of the thoracodorsal artery. The entire treatment period was divided into two stages, during which segmental latissimus dorsi flaps were pre-expanded in stage I and anterior chest scar deformities were reconstructed in stage II.During stage I, the musculocutaneous perforators arising from the lateral branch of the thoracodorsal artery were determined by ultrasound preoperatively; the flap design included the anterior segment of the latissimus dorsi supplied by the musculocutaneous perforators from the lateral branch; and a tissue expander was placed following flap dissection and then infused with saline intermittently for 4–6 months.In stage II, the chest scars were excised, and breast tissues were repositioned; the continuity of the medial branch of the thoracodorsal nerve to the muscle was preserved when reconstruction was performed using the segmental latissimus dorsi flaps supplied by the main or lateral branch of the thoracodorsal artery.ResultsFrom October 2010 to October 2019, 21 patients (on 24 sides) underwent reconstructive procedures for extensive scar contractures on the anterior chest. All flaps survived, and their donor sites were sutured directly. During a follow-up of 3 months to 8 years, the flaps became soft and exhibited color similar to that of the adjacent tissues. The limited neck and shoulder movements improved, and postoperatively, all female patients were satisfied with the shape of their breasts. Additionally, neither apparent weakening on the adduction, internal rotation, or extension strength of the shoulder joint on the affected side nor marked depression deformity in the back was observed.ConclusionPre-expanded muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi flaps with blood supply from the main or lateral branch of the thoracodorsal artery proved to be a desirable option for the reconstruction of extensive scar contractures on the anterior chest.     

Split thoracodorsal nerve funicular graft combined with functional latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap transfer for immediate facial reanimation after tumor ablation

The authors report a case of immediate facial reanimation resulting from functional latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap transfer and funicular grafting of the thoracodorsal nerve after cheek tumor ablation. After wide excision of the tumor, including the facial nerve except the temporal branch and part of the zygomatic major muscle and masseter muscle, the authors reconstructed the cheek skin and provided movement by performing a small-segment latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap transfer using Harii's method and the defect of the buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve by funicular grafting from one of the two funicles of the thoracodorsal nerve. After 6 months, the transplanted, small-segment latissimus dorsi muscle showed good voluntary movement, and the lower orbiculus oris and depressor oris presented good functional recovery. The authors believe the two funicles of the thoracodorsal nerve can be used independently for two purposes: one for functional segmental muscle transfer and the other for nerve grafting to defects of branches of the facial nerve. This concept makes it possible to reconstruct multiple facial movements while minimizing donor site morbidity by means of immediate facial reanimation.     

Segmental latissimus dorsi free flap: clinical applications

For 15 years, the latissimus dorsi muscle has enjoyed a consistent reputation with reconstructive surgeons as a reliable pedicle or free flap transferred with or without a skin island. Previous laboratory investigation has delineated the neurovascular intramuscular anatomy. The segmental latissimus transfer makes use of the intramuscular anatomy such that a lateral segment of the muscle is denervated and transferred with the thoracodorsal vascular pedicle while the medial segment of the muscle remains in situ innervated normally and perfused by the dorsal perforating branches of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh intercostal vessels. In this article we report our results using segmental free flap transfer of the latissimus dorsi muscle in 11 patients. Electromyographic studies have been performed more than a year postoperatively to document the function of the residual latissimus left in situ. Our clinical observations show that the segmental free transfer of the latissimus dorsi muscle can be accomplished with little risk in those situations not requiring the entire muscle, and that the portion of the muscle not transferred continues to function well and improves the contour of the back.     

Free thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in extremity reconstruction: 12 cases.

The need for thin flap coverage has increased, especially for contouring or covering shallow defects of extremities. The free thoracodorsal artery perforator flap harvested from the upper lateral back can be useful for this purpose. The thoracodorsal artery supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle and supplies perforating branches to the overlying skin. The flap is based upon the proximal perforator of the thoracodorsal artery, which usually emerges in an area approximately 8-10 cm below the posterior axillary fold and 2-3 cm posterior to the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Between February of 2001 and April of 2003, we used the free thoracodorsal artery perforator flap for distal limbs reconstruction in 12 clinical cases, including three hands, two forearms and seven feet. The soft tissue defects resulted from trauma, scar release, chronic ulcer, or tumour ablation. The main advantages of the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap are that it contains no muscle, allowing more reconstructive precision, and morbidity is minimised by preserving the function of the latissimus dorsi muscle and hiding the donor scar. However, meticulous intra-muscular retrograde dissection of the perforator, to the thoracodorsal artery, is necessary in order to obtain suitable pedicle length and vessel diameter. The authors conclude that the free thoracodorsal artery perforator flap has greater potential for resurfacing large defects of distal limbs, because of its suitable thickness and hidden donor site.     

The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap: anatomic basis and clinical application

Based on the dissection of 20 fresh cadavers, the authors have detailed further the vascular anatomy of the thoracodorsal artery and its cutaneous perforator vessels. The thoracodorsal artery showed a constant bifurcation into a horizontal branch and a lateral branch, located on the deep surface of the latissimus dorsi muscle 4 cm (range, 3-6 cm) distal to the inferior scapular border and 2.5 cm (range, 1-4 cm) medial to the lateral free margin of the muscle. In 20 specimens there was a total of 64 musculocutaneous perforators larger than 0.5 mm. Thirty-six perforators (56%) originated from the lateral branch and 28 perforators (44%) originated from the horizontal branch. All perforators originated within a distance of 8 cm from the neurovascular hilus and ran in proximity with the horizontal or lateral branches. In 11 dissections (55%) there was also a direct cutaneous branch originating from the extramuscular course of the thoracodorsal artery before the neurovascular hilus. This cutaneous branch did not pierce the latissimus muscle but rounded the lateral muscle edge and supplied the overlying subcutaneous tissue and skin. It is hoped that the constant anatomy will encourage surgeons in the future to use the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap more often.     

Using the costal muscle flap with latissimus dorsi muscle to repair full-thickness anterior chest wall defects

Musculoosseous flaps with latissimus dorsi muscle are used for reconstruction of full-thickness anterior chest wall defects. The 11th and 12th ribs and the posterior parietal pleura are elevated with the latissimus dorsi muscle. The blood supply of the compound flap comes from the thoracodorsal pedicle and from perforating segmental vessels. The posterior thoracic wall island is transferred to the anterior chest wall defect to restore a skeletal plane and the transposed latissimus dorsi obliterates all the dead spaces that cannot be collapsed. The latissimus dorsi compound flap with the 11th and 12th ribs appears to be a "safe" procedure to reconstruct full-thickness anterior chest wall defects.     

One‐stage reconstruction by dual‐innervated double muscle flap transplantation with the neural interconnection between the ipsilateral masseter and contralateral facial nerve for reanimating established facial paralysis: A report of 2 cases

The authors developed a one‐stage double‐muscle reconstruction technique for facial paralysis using a latissimus dorsi (LD) flap and a serratus anterior (SA) flap, which were dually reinnervated by the contralateral facial nerve (FN) and ipsilateral masseter nerve (MN). The procedure was performed for 61‐year‐old man 3‐years after resection of a malignant tumor and a 24‐year‐old woman 10‐years after temporal fracture with facial paralysis. A double‐muscle flap comprising left LD and SA flaps was harvested, a 15‐cm thoracodorsal nerve (TN) section was attached to the LD flap, and 5‐cm and 1‐cm sections of the long thoracic nerve (LTN) were attached to the proximal and distal sides of SA flap. The LD flap and SA flap were sutured along the direction of motion of the zygomaticus major and risorius muscles, respectively. The contralateral FN and ipsilateral MN were interconnected by nerve suturing: the medial branch of TN to the distal end of LTN, the proximal end of LTN to the ipsilateral MN, and the buccal branch of contralateral FN to the main trunk of TN. After surgery, good contraction of the transferred flaps resulted in reanimation of a natural symmetrical smile; no complications were observed during the 12‐month follow‐up period.