5168例门诊儿童血铅水平调查

目的:调查2006年门诊儿童血铅水平和铅中毒状况。方法:采用钨舟原子吸收光谱法测定5168例0~18岁儿童血铅水平,对各年龄段儿童血铅水平应用SPSS12.0软件进行分析。结果:不同年龄、不同性别儿童血铅水平存在显著差异,门诊儿童血铅水平为(55.78±1.65)μg/L,男、女童血铅水平分别为(58.88±1.62)μg/L、(52.48±1.66)μg/L。血铅水平≥100μg/L者483例,占9.35%,其中男童350例,检出率10.98%,女童133例,检出率6.72%,两者比较P≤0.05。结论:儿童血铅水平随年龄的增长而增加,男童铅中毒检出率高于女童。     

重庆市6255例儿童血铅水平调查

目的:了解重庆市儿童血铅水平及铅中毒流行状况。方法:在严格质量控制下用原子吸收光谱分析法对儿童末梢血进行血铅浓度测定。结果:6255例儿童血铅值范围是2～428μg/L,均值为50.63μg/L。其中男童血铅水平为52.69μg/L,女童血铅水平为48.14μg/L;血铅水平≥100μg/L者共有393例,占调查人数6.28%,其中男童231例,超标率6.75%,女童162例,超标率5.71%。血铅≥200μg/L的儿童共32例,比例为0.51%。所有不同性别儿童铅中毒检出率的比较无显著差异。不同年龄组儿童血铅水平均值及铅中毒检出率的比较差异显著,铅中毒检出率有随年龄增加而升高的趋势。结论:目前重庆市儿童铅中毒率与其他城市比稍低,但大年龄组儿童血铅水平仍高,应引起全社会及相关行政部门的重视。     

三门峡市儿童血铅水平调查

2005年8月份,在对某铅冶炼企业铅污染对周围社会人群造成危害水平调查时发现,儿童血铅水平显著高于成人,于2005年10月份对三门峡市儿童血铅水平进行了抽样调查.……     

天津市18869例儿童血铅水平调查

目的:分析2008～2010年天津市儿童的血铅水平和铅中毒状况。方法:用氢化物发生原子荧光法检测18 869例儿童血铅水平,并对各年龄段、不同性别儿童的血铅水平进行统计学分析。结果:18 869例儿童血铅均值为(63.82±25.52)μg/L,血铅中毒比例为8.0%(1 511例),其中男、女童铅中毒比例分别为8.9%和6.8%,男童铅中毒比例与女童比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=28.678,P<0.001)。无论男童还是女童,随着年龄的增加,铅中毒的流行率均有增加的趋势(男童:χ2=156.131,P<0.001;女童:χ2=50.775,P<0.001)。结论:儿童铅中毒率随年龄的增长而增加,男童铅中毒检出率较女童高,应开展环境干预和健康教育防治儿童铅中毒。     

1128例儿童血铅水平调查分析

目的了解我市儿童血铅水平及影响因素。方法用玻碳电极法检测1128例儿童血铅含量。结果1128例儿童中，血铅浓度≥100ug／L有167例，占总人数的14．81％；血铅浓度≥200ug／L的有22例，占总人数的1．95％；血铅浓度〈100ug／L有961例，占总人数85．19％；高年龄段儿童血铅水平高于低年龄段儿童，差异显著（P〈0．01）。结论通过对我市儿童血铅水平的调查我们了解到，随着工业化的进程，对环境的影响是日趋严重的，轻度铅中毒是影响我国儿童健康的一个因素。     

丹阳市幼儿园儿童血铅水平调查

目的 了解丹阳市儿童血铅水平.方法 随机抽取5所幼儿园儿童末梢血40μL,采用BH2100型原子吸收光谱仪进行检测.结果 共检测1968人,血铅平均值为(33.91±1.98)μg/L;血铅≥100μg/L 25人,超标率为1.27％;不同幼儿园间超标率差异有统计学意义;不同年级、性别间超标率差异无统计学意义.结论 丹阳市儿童血铅超标率较低,儿童铅中毒的防治工作卓有成效.     

杭州市学龄前儿童血铅水平调查

已有研究证实金属铅对儿童身心发育危害极大,尤其是对中枢神经系统有不可逆性的毒性作用。我们于1996年9月对杭州市入幼儿园(托儿所)的550名健康儿童,在进行体检的同时给予血铅浓度测定,旨在了解杭州市学龄前儿童的血铅水平。现将结果报告如下。资料与方法1．对象:全部儿童均来自杭州市入幼儿园(托儿所)的健康儿童共550名,其中男291人,女259人。年龄为17月~74月。     

郑州市2 553例儿童血铅水平分析

随着现代工业及交通业的迅猛发展，铅对环境的污染日趋严重。铅对人体有诸多负面影响，低水平铅暴露也可影响儿童的生长发育、心理行为发育、智力发育和潜能发育。前瞻性研究表明，生命早期对低水平铅暴露特别敏感和脆弱，而同样的铅暴露水平对年长儿则无明显影响。郑州市幼小儿童大样本血铅水平现状资料尚缺乏。为此对2003年7月～2004年7月检测的2553例0～14岁儿童血铅水平进行分析，现将结果报告如下。     

中国城市儿童血铅水平调查

目的：调查中国城市3－5岁幼儿血铅水平，为制定防止环境铅污染，保护儿童健康政策提供科学依据。方法：在9省19个城市中双阶整群随机抽样采集3－5岁细儿静脉血6502份，微波消解电感耦合等离子体抽谱法测定血铅。同时进行问卷调查。采用逐步回归分析法进行分析。结果。中国城市儿童血铅总体均值为88．3μg/L，男童血铅均值（91．1μg/L），略高于女童（87．3μg/L）。29．91％的儿童血铅水平＞100μg/L。相关分析表明：（1）血铅增高对儿童体格发育其动作行为，语言能力的发展等29个方面存在负面影响。（2）父母的行为对儿童血铅的影响。（3）不良生活习惯使儿童血铅升高。结论：中国儿童血铅较发达国家儿童血铅高，铅污染日益严重，儿童血铅呈上升趋势，政府和全社会应给予关注。     

7832例1～6岁儿童血铅水平调查

目的:了解衢州市1～6岁儿童的血铅水平。方法:采用电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法,于2007年4月对在衢州市柯城区城镇63所托幼机构中就学的7 832名1～6岁儿童进行血铅水平测定。结果:7 832名儿童血铅均值为10.405μg/dl,其中儿童铅中毒有4 167名,占被检测人数53.20%,男孩高于女孩,差异有统计学意义(P<0.005)。结论:铅中毒已经对儿童健康造成了潜在的危害,建议将铅筛查列入0～6岁儿童保健常规内容,并且每年进行1次铅筛查,将儿童铅中毒患者初步筛查出来,及时给以治疗。     

0~15岁儿童血铅水平调查

目的:了解天津市0~15岁儿童血铅水平。方法:采用严格质量控制的流行病学研究方法,于2000年7月~2003年7月对天津市8836例0~15岁儿童进行血铅水平测定。结果:8836名儿童血铅均值为83·86μg/L。其中血铅≥100μg/L者2097例,占23·73%,男童高于女童,有显著性差异(P<0·001)。结论:铅中毒已经对儿童健康造成了潜在的危害,所以要采取措施,查找铅污染源,预防铅中毒。     

2705例儿保门诊体检儿童血铅检测结果分析

目的:了解兰州市儿童铅中毒患病情况,提出预防措施。方法:用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,对兰州市妇幼保健院儿童保健科正常体检的2 705例0~6岁儿童进行血铅检测。结果:2 705例儿童中,铅中毒(血铅浓度≥100μg/L)的检出率为57.1%,男性高于女性(P=0.000);年龄越大,检出率越高(P=0.000);检出率在春秋季高于冬夏季节(P=0.016<0.05)。结论:兰州市0~6岁儿保门诊体检儿童铅中毒的检出率较高,男性高于女性,年龄越大,检出率越高,春秋季是铅中毒的高发季节,应予以足够重视,采取适当措施,防治铅中毒。     

十堰市2～6岁集居儿童血铅现状分析

目的 了解十堰市城区2～6岁集居儿童血铅水平现状并分析其影响因素.方法 血铅采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,并对儿童家长进行问卷调查.结果 2 431名集居儿童的血铅平均值为0.487 μmol/L,其中,1 092名儿童血铅≥0.48 μmol/L.结论 目前十堰市城区集居儿童平均血铅水平与铅中毒率较高,应采取措施控制诱发因素.     

慈溪市3岁以下儿童血铅测试结果分析

目的:了解3岁以下儿童血铅水平及铅中毒状态。方法:对前来儿童保健门诊健康体检的1921例3岁以下儿童进行血铅检测,并将儿童分为0岁～,1岁～,2岁～,3个年龄组,数据采用χ2检验。结果:3岁以下儿童平均血铅水平为(50.62±30.59)μg/L,血铅水平随年龄增长而增高,检出高铅血症115例,检出率为5.99%,男童的血铅水平及高铅血症检出率均较女童高。结论:在接受血铅水平检测的3岁以下儿童中血铅水平随年龄增长而增高;男童较女童更易患铅中毒。要注意控制儿童接触铅的途径,加强宣教,定期开展铅中毒筛查,早期发现铅中毒,早期干预铅中毒。     

2 705例儿保门诊体检儿童血铅检测结果分析

目的了解兰州市儿童铅中毒患病情况,提出预防措施.方法用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,对兰州市妇幼保健院儿童保健科正常体检的2 705例0～6岁儿童进行血铅检测.结果2 705例儿童中,铅中毒(血铅浓度I＞100μg/L)的检出率为57.1%,男性高于女性(P=0.000);年龄越大,检出率越高(P=0.000);检出率在春秋季高于冬夏季节(P=0.016＜0.05).结论兰州市0～6岁儿保门诊体检儿童铅中毒的检出率较高,男性高于女性,年龄越大,检出率越高,春秋季是铅中毒的高发季节,应予以足够重视,采取适当措施,防治铅中毒.     

Occurrence and determinants of increases in blood lead levels in children shortly after lead hazard control activities

This study is an examination of the effect of lead hazard control strategies on children's blood lead levels immediately after an intervention was conducted as part of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development's Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program. Fourteen state and local government grantees participated in the evaluation. The findings indicated an overall average reduction in the blood lead levels of 869 children soon after the implementation of lead hazard controls. However, 9.3% of these children (n = 81) had blood lead increases of 5 microg/dL or more. Data routinely collected as part of the evaluation, as well as additional information supplied by the individual programs, were used to determine potential reasons for these observed increases in blood lead. A logistic regression analysis indicated that three principal factors were associated with the blood lead increases: the number of exterior deteriorations present in the child's home (prior to intervention), the educational level of the female parent or guardian of the child, and the child's age. The statistical analysis did not find evidence that children living in households that either did not relocate or relocated for less than the full work period were significantly more likely to have a blood lead increase equal to or greater than 5 microg/dL than children living in households that fully relocated. Statistical analyses also did not reveal any single interior strategy to be more or less likely than others to be associated with a blood lead increase of 5 microg/dL or more.     

The effect of lead-based paint hazard remediation on blood lead levels of lead poisoned children in New York City

Despite the widespread use of lead paint hazard control for children with lead poisoning, few controlled studies that estimate the effect of such control on children's blood lead levels have been published. This retrospective follow-up study examined the effects of lead hazard remediation and its timing on the blood lead levels of lead-poisoned children. From the New York City child blood lead registry, 221 children were selected who had an initial blood lead level of 20-44 micro g/dL between 1 July 1994 and 31 December 1996; were 6 months to 6 years of age; had a report of a follow-up blood lead test between 10 and 14 months after the initial test; had a lead-based paint hazard identified in the primary dwelling unit prior to the 10- to 14-month follow-up blood lead test; had resided or spent time at only one address with an identified lead-based paint hazard; and were not chelated. The decline in geometric mean blood lead levels from baseline to 10-14 months later was compared for children whose homes were remediated and whose homes were not remediated during the follow-up period. Regardless of remediation, geometric mean blood lead levels declined significantly from 24.3 micro g/dL at the initial diagnosis to 12.3 micro g/dL at the 10- to 14-month follow-up blood lead test (P<0.01). Among the 146 children whose homes were remediated the geometric mean blood lead levels declined 53% compared to 41% among the 75 children whose homes were not remediated by the follow-up blood lead test, a remediation effect of approximately 20% (P<0.01). After adjusting for potential confounders, the remediation effect was 11%, although it was no longer significant. Race was the only factor that appeared to confound the relationship: Black children had higher follow-up blood lead levels even after controlling for other factors, including the natural logarithm of the initial blood lead level. The effect of remediation appeared to be stronger for younger (10 to <36 months old) than for older (36 to 72 months old) children (P=0.06). While children in homes with earlier remediation (within less than 3 months) appeared to have greater declines in blood lead levels at the follow-up test than children in homes with later remediation (after 3 or more months), this trend was not significant when controlling for confounding factors. The findings of this study suggest that early identification of lead-poisoned children and timely investigation and abatement of hazards contribute to reducing blood lead levels. However, the apparent effect is modest and further research is needed to systematically test and improve the effectiveness of lead hazard controls.     

上海市推广使用无铅汽油对儿童血铅水平影响的追踪调查

目的　研究推广使用无铅汽油前后儿童血铅水平的动态变化规律。方法　 1997年 8～9月间 ,在上海市 5个区县 30所托幼机构 196 9名 1～ 6岁儿童进行了血铅水平抽样调查 ,然后于1998年 4～ 6月及 1999年 8～ 9月对相应人群进行血铅水平两次追踪调查。调查采用末梢血纸片法血铅测定方法。结果　上海市儿童血铅水平几何均数在推广无铅汽油前为 83μg/L ,推广无铅汽油后的 1998年为 80 μg/L ,1999年为 76 μg/L ,与前一年相比血铅水平的变化均有显著意义 (t值分别为2 .2 190、4 .4 5 76 ,P值分别小于 0 .0 5和 0 .0 1) ;超过目前国际公认的儿童铅中毒诊断标准 (10 0 μg/L)的比例也由使用无铅汽油前的 37.8%下降到 1999年的 2 4 .8% ,差异有非常显著性 (u =8.82 4 7,P <0 .0 1)。儿童血铅水平几何均数下降幅度徐汇区为 10 μg/L、静安区 11μg/L、杨浦区 6 μg/L、嘉定区4 μg/L、崇明县 2 μg/L。 结论　推广使用无铅汽油可降低儿童的血铅水平。     

幼儿园环境中铅含量对儿童血铅值的影响

目的探讨幼儿园环境是否对儿童铅暴露产生影响。方法采集、测定幼儿园环境样品中铅含量,同时采集、测定儿童的手尘铅和血铅浓度,分析环境铅和血铅的相关关系。铅测定方法为原子吸收法。结果19所幼儿园室内地面尘、脱落漆皮。室内降尘、室外地面尘、土壤和自来水铅含量的几何均数分别为86．5μg/m2、235.5μg/g、445．9μg/g、172．4μg/m2、70．1μg/g及12.5μg／L。儿童双手尘铅的平均值为3．4μg。相关分析结果提示血铅与室外地面尘铅、儿童手尘铅呈正相关。多因素分析显示手尘铅被引入血铅的回归方程,而且其标准化回归系数最大,达0.3842,其偏回归系数为0．2018。结论幼儿园的环境卫生状况直接影响着儿童铅的摄入水平。因此有必要对儿童进行健康教育,使其养成勤洗手的卫生习惯,克服吮吸手指的不良行为。