上好综合实践活动课的点滴体会

综合实践活动课近年来在国家颁布《基础教育改革纲要》中明确规定为小学到高中的必修课程，是我国新一轮课程改革的一项重要举措，因为综合实践活动课是一门基于学生直接经验，密切联系学生自身生活和社会生活，体现对知识综合运用，强调学生通过实践增强探究和创新意识的能力和方法为宗旨所在的课程，而我有幸成为了这一学科的专职教师，同时也为我的教学生涯提出了新挑战。起初在教学中，很多学生认为综合实践活动课没有直接的学习成果，因此开展起来很困难。那么，如何焕发小学综合实践活动课的生机呢？我在几年的教学实践中有以下几点体会。     

病毒性肝炎糖代谢、C肽及生长抑素变化的临床意义

[目的]阐明病毒性肝炎及肝硬化患者胰岛β细胞功能及糖代谢状况.[方法]在基础状态下同时测定了血糖(GS)、胰岛素(INS)、C肽(CP)、皮质醇(F)、生长激素(GH)、生长抑素(SS)和胰岛素血糖素(GN),并分别作了静脉法糖耐量试验(ivGTT)和胰岛素、C肽释放试验(IRT、CPRT).血糖用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测,其他内分泌激素皆用放免法检测.[结果]75例中17例糖耐量减退,其中慢性肝炎(CH)组2例,代偿性肝炎肝硬变(HLC-I)组5例,失代偿性肝炎肝硬变(HLI-H)组10例,急性肝炎(AH)组无.凡糖耐量正常(NGT)者基础血糖、胰岛素、C肽均在正常范围,但其中大多数度患者胰岛素、C肽释放曲线低平,峰值低于对照组;糖耐量减退(IGT)者空腹血糖、胰岛素大多升高,C肽大多正常,但胰岛素、C肽释放曲线以及胰岛素释放指数比NGT组还要低.各族血浆皮质醇基本正常,仅少数病情较重的CH和失代偿性HLC患者稍高于正常水平.约1/4的患者血浆生长激素(GH)升高,3/4的患者血浆胰岛素(GN)升高.5例肝硬变患者服心得安以后血栓/胰岛素比值显著下降.[结论]糖耐量减退在慢性肝炎特别是肝硬变患者中相当常见.其发病机制与肝功能减退、胰岛β细胞受损、胰高血糖等生糖激素增加、周胰岛素抵抗等因素有关.心得安治疗可提高胰岛素的敏感性.     

浅谈颈椎病患者的体疗保健法

1 颈椎病的致病原因 长时间的伏案工作、操作电脑等,会造成供应脊髓、椎骨和相关肌肉氧气和养料的血管受到压迫,导致头部的血液、组织液代谢受阻,长时间保持紧张状态,也会损伤肌肉、肌腱及腱膜受损.     

台湾发现首例屈公热境外移入病例

2006年11月23日,疾病管制局证实首例屈公热境外移入病例。该个案为13岁学生,2005年起在新加坡求学,2006年11月19日出现发热症状,11月20日在桃园机场入境时,过红外线测体温仪侦测有体温过高现象,经采血检验确定为屈公热。屈公热(chikungunya fever)是感染屈公病毒(chikungunyavi     

食品安全与食品安全恐怖

买肉类怕有"疯牛病"和病死猪,买鸡鸭鱼类怕有"禽流感"和含激素,买果蔬担心"转基因"和农药残留,买米面怕用了抛光矿物油和掺有增白剂……媒体曝光的新闻几乎涉及人们需要吃的各种食物……     

不让O157往事重现

1996年夏秋季节,此起彼伏的食物中毒吓坏了东洋人。在短短两个多月的时间内,就有1万多人中毒,12人死亡。元凶是一种肠道病原菌,全名叫O157:H7肠出血性大肠杆菌,简称“O157”。病菌通过食物和饮水     

应对孕期三大棘手问题

70%以上的准妈妈,孕期会遭遇痔疮的烦恼;几乎是所有的准妈妈在孕期前3个月或轻或重都会产生恶心呕吐的状况,严重的甚至会持续更长时间;一旦怀孕后,准妈妈常常有昏昏欲睡的感觉,很容易疲惫。痔疮、疲劳、孕吐,是准妈妈孕期非常棘手的三大问题,让孕妈妈想说轻松不容易。     

产褥感染

产褥期是产妇体质恢复和新生儿开始独立生活的阶段。产妇分娩时经历了较大的精力和体力消耗,抵抗力有所减弱,加上妊娠期疾病和分娩损伤的影响,体质更差。这期间,产妇不仅要适应全身各系统所发生的明显变化,还要担负起哺育婴儿的重任,若不注意,容易发生产后并发症,影响正常康复,甚至危及生命。有资料显示,孕产妇死亡多数发生于产褥期。很多人重视妊娠期保健,却忽视产褥期保健。其实,虽然分娩已经结束了妊娠期,但是随之而来的产褥期仍是妇女保健的重要一环。本刊特组织产褥期常见问题的专题笔谈,以飨读者。     

夏季清补四宜

宜以清为补:夏季气温高,人体喜凉,应以清补为宜,进食寒凉食物为主,如大麦、小麦、绿豆、百合、黄瓜、菠菜、白菜、豆芽菜、芹菜、水萝卜、竹笋、茄子、荸荠、兔肉、鸭肉、羊肝、牛乳、鸡蛋及新鲜水果;多吃凉拌菜、成鸭蛋、成鸡蛋、松花蛋、豆制品、芝麻酱等.     

Effects of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in diluents on cryopreserved bull epididymal sperm

Objective:To evaluate the supplementation effects of vitamin E,vitamin C,superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase to diluents on bull cryopreserved epididymal sperm.Methods:Sperm were retrieved from 20 bull testes and were then supplemented with 0.1 mM vitamin E,5.0 mM vitamin C,100.0 IU/mL SOD,and 100.0μg/mL catalase alone,or in a combination.The control treatment contained no addition.After supplementation,samples were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen.The sperm parameters including motility,progressive motility,viability,acrosome integrity,plasma membrane integrity,kinematics and DNA damage were evaluated following the thawing process.Results:Vitamin E alone significantly increased the parameters of acrosome and membrane integrity compared to the control treatment(P<0.05).While compared to the control treatment,vitamin C had no improvement effect on sperm characteristics except for membrane integrity.Treatment of vitamin E+vitamin C had a significant improvement in total motility,progressive motility,viability,membrane and acrosome integrity compared to the control and other treatments(P<0.05).Compared to the control treatment,addition of SOD or catalase alone significantly improved the percentages of total motility,progressive motility,viability,membrane and acrosome integrity(P<0.05).Furthermore,SOD+catalase significantly increased total motility,progressive motility,viability,acrosome and membrane integrity characteristics compared to the catalase treatment(P<0.05).Vitamin E alone,vitamin E+vitamin C,and SOD in diluents decreased DNA damages and thereby improved the rate of intact sperm heads.Conclusions:Addition of 100.0 IU/mL SOD alone and 0.1 mM vitamin E+5.0 mM vitamin C,and also 5.0 mM vitamin C+100μg/mL catalase in a combination improves the quality of cryopreserved bull epididymal sperm and could be used for cryopreservation.     

纳米和微米SiO_2吸入染毒对大鼠氧化损伤指标的比较研究

目的比较雄性大鼠吸入纳米二氧化硅(nmSiO2)与微米二氧化硅(μmSiO2)对其不同脏器氧化损伤的影响,以及不同时间变化情况。方法36只雄性Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为6组,分别为纳米、微米SiO2300mg/m3组及对照组各2组,进行一次吸入染毒2h。24h和48h后各处死1组,分别取肝、肾、脑,匀浆后用于测定SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性及H2O2、GSH和MDA含量。结果H2O2含量在各脏器纳米组均高于对照组,而微米组只在肝、肾24h及脑48h高于对照组(P<0.05);CAT活性与此相反,在各脏器两个时点的纳米组均较微米组降低(P<0.01),在肝、脑纳米组48h比24h更低。超氧阴离子含量只在纳米组脑中比对照增加明显,SOD活性在肾24h和脑纳米组降低显著,但与微米组无明显差别。而GSH含量只在肝24h纳米组较对照降低;GSH-Px酶活性水平在所有纳米组均低于对照组,而且在脑组织中显著低于微米组。MDA含量在肝脏、肾脏、脑组织中纳米组比对照组高,而微米虽在肝和脑中较对照组高(P<0.05),但其幅度均较纳米小。总抗氧化能力纳米组各脏器两个时点均比对照组降低(P<0.05),而微米组只在肾脏24h和脑中较对照组降低(P<0.05),脑48h纳米组比微米组下降显著;而肾48h纳米组较24h升高。结论纳米SiO2致氧化损伤作用较微米SiO2明显,通过不同时点的比较发现48h时SiO2引起的氧化损伤弱于24h时的变化。     

八氯二丙醚吸入染毒对小鼠脏器组织的氧化损伤作用

[目的]研究八氯二丙醚(octachlorodipropyl ether)吸入染毒对小鼠肝、肾、脾、肺细胞的氧化损伤作用。[方法]采用静式吸入染毒法,研究不同染毒羰基含量(282、564、1128 mg/m3,连续染毒20 d,每天1h)对小鼠的氧化损伤作用,染毒结束后测定各脏器丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)及羰基含量。 [结果] 高浓度(1128 mg/m3)染毒组中,小鼠肝、脾、肺MDA、羰基含量与对照组比差异有显著性(P<0．05);肺 MDA含量、羰基含量随染毒浓度的增加而增加,且呈剂量-反应关系(P<0．05)。高浓度组肝、脾、肺SOD、GSH-Px的活性下降且与对照组比差异有显著性(P<0．05);肾脏细胞各观察指标与对照组的差异均不显著。[结论]八氯二丙醚吸入染毒可引起小鼠肝、脾、肺的氧化损伤,肺脏可能是其主要的靶器官。     

亚硒酸钠对镉和汞肝肾氧化损伤影响的实验研究

目的:观察一次染镉和汞对大鼠肝、肾组织氧化损伤作用,探讨亚硒酸钠预处理对镉和汞氧化损伤的影响。方法:Wister大鼠48只,随机分成6组,每组8只,第1组为染镉实验对照组,第2组为单纯染镉组,第3组为亚硒酸钠预处理组,第4组为染汞实验对照组,第5组为单纯染汞组,第6组为亚硒酸钠预处理干预组。第1、4组大鼠先腹腔注射生理盐水,2 h后皮下注射生理盐水。第2组大鼠先腹腔注射生理盐水,2 h后皮下注射35μmol/kg氯化镉溶液。第3组大鼠先腹腔注射10μmol/kg亚硒酸钠溶液,2 h后皮下注射35μmol/kg氯化镉溶液。第5组大鼠先腹腔注射生理盐水,2 h后皮下注射2.5 mg/kg HgCl2溶液,第6组大鼠先腹腔注射20μmol/kg亚硒酸钠溶液,2 h后皮下注射2.5 mg/kg HgCl2溶液。染毒24 h后测定肝、肾皮质镉或汞、谷胱甘肽、丙二醛含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性。结果:与对照组比较,单纯染镉组大鼠肝GSH、MDA含量显著升高,GSH—Px活性显著下降。Na2SeO3预处理组肝、肾皮质GSH和镉含量显著降低,肝脏GSH—Px活性及肾皮质MDA含量显著升高。单纯染汞组大鼠肝、肾皮质及尿汞含量均显著高于对照组。单纯染汞组肝MDA含量显著高于对照组,GSH含量和GSH—Px活性显著低于对照组。Na2SeO3预处理组的肝脏GSH含量和GSH—Px活性均较单纯染汞组升高,有显著性差异。单纯染汞组肾皮质MDA含量显著高于对照组,GSH含量和GSH—Px活性显著降低。Na2SeO3预处理组中肾皮质MDA含量低于单纯染汞组,GSH—Px含量高于单纯染汞组。结论:给大鼠一次染镉和汞,可以对肝和肾脏产生明显的氧化损伤作用。亚硒酸钠对急性染镉和汞所致肝肾损伤具有一定的拮抗作用,其机制可能与增加内源性GSH、使GSH—Px活性增强以及清除自由基能力提高有关。     

Effect of Sulfur Dioxide Inhalation on the Glutathione Redox System in Mice and Protective Role of Sea Buckthorn Seed Oil

This study investigated the effects of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) inhalation and protection by sea buckthorn seed oil from oxidative damage caused by SO₂ in male Kunming-strain mice. One approach was set up to study the effects of SO₂ inhalation on changes of the mice antioxidant defense system. SO₂ at different concentrations (22 ± 2, 64 ± 3, and 148 ± 23 mg/m³) was administered to animals in treatment groups for 7 days, 6 h per day, while control groups were exposed to filtered air under the same condition. The activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) in brain, lung, heart, liver, and kidney of mice were measured. In the case of inhalation of a SO₂ concentration of 148 ± 23 mg/m³, the activities of GST and G6PD and contents of GSH in the brain, lung, heart, liver, and kidney were significantly decreased. Dose-dependent relations were found between various SO₂-exposed concentrations and the activities of GST and G6PD and the content of GSH. Meanwhile another approach was taken to determine whether sea buckthorn seed oil could maintain the glutathione redox system and prevent the oxidative damage of lung induced by SO₂. In groups given a high dosage (6 or 8 ml/kg) intraperitoneally, the level of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by the injection of sea buckthorn seed oil, and the activity of GST was increased significantly (p < 0.05). Overall GST activity and TBARS level exhibited a significant negative correlation (r = 0.891, p < 0.05). The observations showed that SO₂ inhalation resulted in a significant change in the glutathione redox system and indicated that sea buckthorn seed oil could contribute to the antioxidant effects in the case of SO₂ exposure.     

二氧化硫对小鼠超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

[目的]观察二氧化硫（SO2）对小鼠9种脏器超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响。[方法]采用整体动物吸入染毒方式，测定小鼠吸入SO2气体后不同脏器SOD活性的变化。[结果]小鼠吸入较低浓度的SO2后，SOD活性变化因脏器而异；肝，肾，心，脾，脑，小肠，睾丸组织的SOD活性呈下降趋势，肺和胃组织的SOD活性呈上升趋势，但在较高SO2吸入浓度下，9种脏器SOD活性显著下降。[结论]SO2吸入体内会引起机体上述组织抗氧化能力下降。造成机体的氧化损伤。     

Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants as an adaptation to phagocyte-induced damage in Anguilla anguilla L. following in situ harbor water exposure

Anguilla anguilla L. were caged for 8 and 48 h in harbor water of Aveiro Lagoon, Portugal. Respiratory burst activity (RBA) of peritoneal, head kidney, and gill phagocytes was measured. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was estimated in gill, kidney, and liver. Liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, cytochrome P450 (Cyt P450) content, and bile metabolites were assayed. Various antioxidant enzymes, viz., glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase and nonenzymatic antioxidant, viz., total reduced glutathione were also studied. Harbor water xenobiotics induced a significant RBA increase in gill after 8 h; whereas in peritoneum and head kidney it increased after 48 h exposure. These responses were adversely associated with tissue-specific peroxidative damage since significant LPO increase was observed in gill (8 and 48 h), kidney (48 h), and liver (48 h). The tissue most affected was gill. Moreover, liver EROD activity, Cyt P450 content and bile metabolites remain unaltered after 8 h; in contrast, 48 h exposure showed significant EROD activity decrease and pyrene-type bile metabolites increase. Decreased EROD activity may be associated with concomitant liver damage, as increased LPO was observed after 48 h. Furthermore, the tissue-specific damage corresponded to the differences in the antioxidant potentials of the tissues, since the initial exposure period caused a significant increase in liver antioxidant activities, whereas gill and kidney showed a significant decrease, demonstrating that liver is highly adaptive to oxidative damage. However, at 48 h exposure gill, kidney, and liver showed a suppressive antioxidant effect, probably due to PAHs, since a significant induction at PAH-type bile metabolites has been seen. Our results demonstrate that phagocyte activation and associated peroxidative damage are concomitantly corroborated with enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activity differences. In addition, hepatic antioxidant induction after short-term exposure may serve as a potent biomarker for water pollutants in fish.     

Protective effects of oil of Sardinella pilchardis against subacute chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in female rats

This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Sardinella pilchardis oil and vitamin E against chlorpyrifos- (CPF-) induced liver, kidney, and brain oxidative damage in female rats. The rats were divided into 6 experimental groups: the control group, the group treated with fish oil, the group that received fish oil for 2 weeks and CPF orally for 7 days, the group treated only with CPF, the group treated with vitamin E for 2 weeks and CPF for 7 days, and the group treated with vitamin E. Oral exposure to CPF induced a significant increase in serum biochemical parameters; hepatic, kidney, and brain LPO; and a decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Fish oil or vitamin E decreased significantly the mentioned biochemical parameters as compared to rats treated with CPF alone. This study suggests that fish oil has an ameliorative effect for the alleviation of the oxidative damage induced by CPF.     

南瓜提取物对慢性苯染毒小鼠抗氧化酶的影响

目的：探讨南瓜提取物对慢性苯中毒所造成的机体抗氧化系统损伤的拮抗作用。方法：将小白鼠分为正常组、苯染毒组、苯＋南瓜提取物组，静式吸入染毒，60d后，取其肝、脾、脑检测组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）的活性及丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果：苯染毒组小鼠机体内SOD、GSH—Px活性均降低，MDA含量升高，南瓜提取物组小鼠机体内SOD、GSH—Px活性均升高，MDA含量降低，结论：慢性苯染毒能够对机体的抗氧化酶系统产生损伤，导致机体组织内SOD、GSH—Px活性降低，MDA含量升高。而南瓜提取物能够减轻机体的氧化损伤，增强抗氧化系统的功能。     

甲醛吸入染毒对小鼠DNA损伤的影响

目的探讨甲醛吸入染毒对小鼠脾、肝、肺和肾组织细胞DNA的损伤作用。方法将40只健康昆明种小鼠随机分为5组,混合物静式吸入染毒,用不同剂量(0.0、0.75、1.5、3.0、6.0mg/m3)的甲醛染毒小鼠2周,第15天处理动物后,取脾、肝、肺、肾组织制成细胞悬液,用单细胞凝胶电泳实验观察其细胞DNA损伤水平。结果染毒后小鼠脾、肝、肺、肾组织细胞DNA出现损伤,且损伤程度与染毒剂量具有一定相关性。与空白对照组比较,3种组织细胞各剂量组细胞DNA拖尾率和彗星尾长均显著增加;随着甲醛染毒浓度的升高,脾、肝、肺和肾细胞拖尾率和彗星尾长增加。结论甲醛可引起小鼠的脾、肝、肺、肾组织细胞DNA损伤。     

碲化镉量子点对小鼠肝脏的氧化损伤作用研究

目的探讨碲化镉量子点(CdTe QDs)对小鼠肝脏的氧化损伤作用。方法将40只雄性ICR小鼠随机分为5组,每组8只,尾静脉注射染毒。染毒浓度分别为0(对照)、0.5、5、50和500nmol/ml CdTe QDs溶液,每只动物注射0.2ml,对照组注射等体积的生理盐水,染毒24h后小鼠脱臼处死。采用生化方法检测肝脏组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,免疫组化法观察肝脏细胞8-羟基脱氧鸟嘌呤(8-OHdG)表达水平、TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡。结果 500nmol/ml CdTe QDs染毒组MDA含量与对照组比较显著增加(P<0.05);50和500nmol/ml CdTe QDs染毒组SOD活性与对照组比较显著降低(P<0.01);5、50和500nmol/ml CdTe QDs染毒组的CAT活性与对照组比较显著降低(P<0.01);免疫组化观察50、500nmol/ml CdTe QDs组肝细胞核内可见棕褐色的8-OHdG阳性颗粒表达,TUNEL法检测可见500nmol/ml CdTe QDs染毒组有少量凋亡细胞阳性颗粒表达出现。结论该实验条件下CdTe QDs可对小鼠肝脏组织产生氧化损伤作用,并有一定的剂量-效应关系。