Incidence, mortality and survival in cancer of the cervix in Bangalore, India.

Cancer of the cervix is the most common cancer among women in India, constituting between one-sixth to one-half of all female cancers with an age-adjusted incidence rate ranging from 19.4 to 43.5 per 100,000 in the registries under the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) (Annual Reports, NCRP, ICMR). It has been estimated that 100,000 new cases of cancer of the cervix occur in India every year, and 70% or more of these are Stage III or higher at diagnosis. However, the incidence of cancer of the cervix as suggested in this report appears to be on the decline in Bangalore. Besides incidence and clinical stage at presentation knowledge of survival is essential to complete the picture of establishing baseline indicators to monitor and evaluate cancer control programmes. Survival analysis was carried out in 2121 patients diagnosed during 1982-89 in the population of Bangalore, India. The observed 5 year survival was 34.4% and the relative survival 38.3%. Clinical stage at presentation was the single most important variable in predicting survival. The 5 year observed survival for stage I disease was 63.3%, for stage II 44.0%, for stage III 30.3% and for stage IV 5.7%.     

2016年辽宁省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤流行情况分析

目的 分析2016年辽宁省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤流行状况。方法 收集2016年辽宁省肿瘤登记地区(35个县区)上报的恶性肿瘤发病与死亡资料,计算发病与死亡粗率、标化率、累积率(0~74岁)和年龄别率等,标化率使用Segi's世界标准人口年龄构成和2000年中国人口年龄构成为标准进行计算。结果 2016年辽宁省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病率为383.54/10万,世标率为200.06/10万,中标率为204.44/10万,城市地区发病中标率(201.40/10万)高于农村地区(186.43/10万);40-岁及以上各年龄组发病率快速升高,在80-岁组达到峰值;35-岁以上各年龄组城市男性和女性恶性肿瘤发病率分别高于农村男性和女性;肺癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌是辽宁省发病最高的恶性肿瘤。2016年恶性肿瘤死亡率为249.79/10万,世标率为123.00/10万,中标率为124.32/10万,城市地区死亡中标率(121.93/10万)低于农村地区(131.03/10万)。恶性肿瘤年龄别死亡率峰值在80-岁组。20~79岁男性各年龄组死亡率均为农村高于城市,55~79岁女性各年龄组死亡率均为农村高于城市。肺癌、肝癌、结直肠癌是辽宁省死亡率最高的肿瘤。结论 辽宁省恶性肿瘤发病和死亡均高于全国水平,总发病率和死亡率均为男性高于女性,城市发病率高于农村,农村死亡率高于城市,城乡居民恶性肿瘤负担差异明显。     

Incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in China, 2011

Objective: Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. This article provides the most up-to-date overview of colorectal cancer burden in China.Methods: Totally 234 cancer registries submitted data of 2011 to the National Central Cancer Registry(NCCR). Qualified data from 177 registries was pooled and analyzed. The crude incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer were calculated by age, gender and geographic area. The numbers of new cases and deaths were estimated using the 5-year age-specific cancer incidence/mortality rates and the corresponding populations. China census in 2000 and Segi’s world population were applied for age standardized rates.Results: The estimate of new cases diagnosed with colorectal cancer of China in 2011 was 310,244(178,404 for males and 131,840 for females, 195,117 in urban areas and 115,128 in rural areas), accounting for 9.20% of overall new cancer cases. The crude incidence of colorectal cancer ranked fourth in all cancer sites with rate of 23.03/100,000(25.83/100,000 for males and 20.08/100,000 for female, 28.25/100,000 in urban areas and 17.54/100,000 in rural areas). The age-standardized rates by China population and by World population were 16.79/100,000 and 16.52/100,000, respectively. The estimated number of colorectal cancer deaths of China in 2011 was 149,722(86,427 for males and 63,295 for females, 91,682 in urban areas and 58,040 in rural areas), accounting for 7.09% of overall cancer deaths. The crude mortality rate for colorectal cancer ranked fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in all cancer sites with rate of 11.11/100,000(12.51/100,000 for males and 9.64/100,000 for female, 13.27/100,000 in urban areas and 8.84/100,000 in rural areas). The age-standardized rates by China population and by World population for mortality were 7.77/100,000 and 7.66/100,000, respectively. For both of incidence and mortality, the rates of colorectal cancer were much higher in males than in females, and in rural areas than in urban areas. The rate of colorectal cancer increased greatly with age, especially after 40 or 45 years old.Conclusions: Colorectal cancer is a relative common cancer in China, especially for males in urban areas. Targeted prevention and early detection programs should be carried out.     

Incidence and mortality of laryngeal cancer in China, 2015

Objective: Using data from cancer registries to estimate laryngeal cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2015.Methods: Data submitted from 501 cancer registries were checked and evaluated according to the criteria of data quality control and 368 registries’ data were qualified for the final analysis. Data were stratified by area(urban/rural), sex, age group and combined with national population data to estimate laryngeal cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2015. China population census i...     

Incidence and mortality of laryngeal cancer in China, 2011

Objective

Laryngeal cancer is the common cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. We aimed to use the national cancer registration data in 2011 to estimate the incidence and mortality of laryngeal cancer within China.

Methods

Comparable, high-quality data from 177 population-based cancer registries were qualified for analysis. The pooled data were stratified by area, sex and age group. National new cases and deaths of laryngeal cancer were estimated using age-specific rates and national population in 2010. All incidence and death rates were age-standardized to the 2000 Chinese standard population and Segi’s population, which were expressed per 100,000 populations.

Results

All 177 cancer registries covered a total of 175,310,169 population (98,341,507 in urban and 76,968,662 in rural areas), accounting for 13.01% of the national population. The data quality indicators of proportion of morphological verification (MV%), percentage of cancer cases identified with death certification only (DCO%) and mortality to incidence ratio (M/I) were 77.98%, 2.62% and 0.55, respectively. Estimated 20,875 new cases of laryngeal cancer were diagnosed and 11,488 deaths from laryngeal cancer occurred in China in 2011. The crude incidence rate of laryngeal cancer was 1.55/100,000 (2.69/100,000 in males and 0.35/100,000 in females). Age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 1.13/100,000 and 1.14/100,000, respectively. Laryngeal cancer is much rarer in females than in males. The incidence rate was higher in urban areas than that in rural areas. The crude mortality rate of laryngeal cancer was 0.85/100,000 (1.42/100,000 in males and 0.25/100,000 in females). Age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were both 0.61/100,000. The mortality rate in males was much higher than that in females. There was no definite difference in mortality rates of laryngeal cancer between urban and rural areas.

Conclusions

Larynx is a specialized area and cancer of larynx significantly affects the quality of life for the patients. Comprehensive measures should be carried out to prevent the ascent of laryngeal cancer.     

Incidence and mortality of liver cancer in China, 2010

Liver cancer is a common malignant tumor in China and a major health concern. We aimed to estimate the liver cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2010 using liver cancer data from some Chinese cancer registries and provide reference for liver cancer prevention and treatment. We collected and evaluated the incidence and mortality data of liver cancer in 2010 from 145 cancer registries, which were included in the 2013 Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report, calculated crude, standardized, and truncated incidences and mortalities, and estimated new liver cancer cases and deaths from liver cancer throughout China and in different regions in 2010 from Chinese practical population. The estimates of new liver cancer cases and deaths were 358,840 and 312,432, respectively, in China in 2010. The crude incidence, age-standardized rate by Chinese standard population （ASR China）, and age-standardized rate by world standard population （ASR world） were 27.29/100,000, 21.35/100,000, and 20.87/100,000, respectively; the crude, ASR China, and ASR world mortalities were 23.76/100,000, 18.43/100,000, and 18.04/100,000, respectively. The incidence and mortality were the highest in western regions, higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher in males than in females. The age-specific incidence and mortality of liver cancer showed a rapid increase from age 30 and peaked at age 80-84 or 85＋. Our results indicated that the 2010 incidence and mortality of liver cancer in China, especially in undeveloped rural areas and western regions, were among high levels worldwide. The strategy for liver cancer prevention and treatment should be strengthened.     

Incidence, mortality and survival from prostate cancer in Cuba, 1977-1999.

Prostate cancer is currently one of the most common malignancies in Cuba, as worldwide. The present article analyses the burden of prostate cancer in Cuba. Cancer incidence, survival and mortality rates by province and age group were obtained from the National Cancer Registry and Mortality System from 1977 to 1999. The incidence of prostate cancer has been rapidly increasing in the last 10 years. In 1999 an incidence rate of 34.9 per 100,000 men was observed. Prostate cancer mortality is surpassed only by mortality due to lung cancer. An increase with successive diagnostic periods can be seen in all age groups. Geographical variations in the distribution of incidence and mortality rates in the country were also detected, with no major change in the diagnostic procedures. Our data suggest that the increased prostate cancer incidence represents a real increase in the number of patients with clinical disease.     

2015年中国子宫体癌发病与死亡分析

目的根据中国各省市登记处上报的2015年肿瘤登记数据,估算2015年中国子宫体癌发病与死亡情况。方法收集整理中国501个登记处上报的2015年肿瘤登记数据,对数据进行质量审核和评估,将符合标准的368个登记处数据纳入分析,按地区(城市、农村、东部、中部和西部)和年龄等因素分层,计算子宫体癌的发病率和死亡率,结合2015年全国人口数据估算全国子宫体癌发病和死亡数据。标化率分别采用2000年全国普查人口和Segi′s世界标准人口计算。结果2015年纳入分析的368个登记处覆盖309553499人口,占全国2015年年末人口的22.52%。估计全国子宫体癌新发病例数约6.89万,发病率为10.28/10万,中标率为6.86/10万,世标率为6.66/10万。城市地区发病率(11.35/10万)高于农村地区(8.90/10万),东部地区发病率(12.12/10万)高于中部地区(9.94/10万)和西部地区(8.25/10万)。估计2015年全国因子宫体癌死亡病例数约1.60万,死亡率为2.39/10万,中标率为1.49/10万,世标率为1.47/10万。城市地区死亡率(2.40/10万)与农村地区(2.39/10万)相似;中部地区死亡率(2.55/10万)高于东部地区(2.32/10万)和西部地区(2.31/10万)。结论中国子宫体癌发病不断上升且有年轻化趋势,威胁女性健康,疾病负担逐渐加重。中国子宫体癌发病存在城乡和区域差异,应有针对性地开展防控工作。     

2016年重庆市肺癌发病率、死亡率与生存率分析

目的:分析2016年重庆市肺癌发病率、死亡率与随访五年的生存率,为开展肺癌防治提供依据。方法:对2016年新报告的肺癌患者进行主动和被动随访,随访信息网络直报到重庆市肿瘤随访登记信息系统,采用SPSS 25.0统计分析发病率、标化发病率、死亡率、标化死亡率、生存率等指标。标化发病率与死亡率采用2000年第五次人口普查标准人口构成进行标化。不同性别与地区率的比较采用χ2检验。采用生存分析寿命表法计算观察生存率,采用乘积极限法(Kaplan-Meier)计算平均生存时间,生存率的比较采用Log Rank of Mantel-Cox进行统计检验。结果:2016年重庆市肺癌发病率与标化发病率分别为79.13/10万与44.82/10万,男性发病率（110.33/10万）高于女性（46.77/10万）（χ2=63.018,P<0.001）,城市（87.65/10万）高于农村（75.86/10万）（χ2=10.47,P=0.001）。肺癌死亡率与标化死亡率分别为65.96/10万与33.77/10万,男性死亡率（95.40/10万）高于女性（35.95/10万）（χ2=64.43,P<0.001）,城市（73.30/10万）高于农村（60.83/10万）（χ2=12.28,P<0.001）。对18 842例肺癌患者进行五年的随访,随访五年平均生存时间为2.11（2.07,2.14）年。1年、2年、3年、4年、5年生存率分别为41.84%、33.41%、29.97%、28.04%、26.54%,女性肺癌生存率均高于男性,差异有统计学意义（χ2=80.05,P<0.001）。城市肺癌生存率均高于农村,差异有统计学意义（χ2=271.78,P<0.001）。 结论:重庆市肺癌发病率和死亡率高,生存率较低,重点应针对男性和农村地区开展肺癌的预防、早期筛查和规范的诊断治疗。     

Incidence and mortality from stomach cancer in Japan, Slovenia and the USA

The mortality and incidence from stomach cancer were compared in Japan (a country with a high incidence where there was full application of mass screening during this period) and 2 countries with no screening policy: the USA (with a very low incidence) and Slovenia (with an intermediate rate). The registered cases of stomach cancer were from the Osaka Cancer Registry, the Slovenian National Cancer Registry and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries in the USA. In the period 1975-95, the age-adjusted incidence rate (/100,000) of stomach cancer declined in the 3 countries, as follows: Japan, from 76.0 to 53.0 in men and 38.4 to 21.3 in women; Slovenia, from 40.2 to 24.1 in men and 16.6 to 10.8 in women; and the USA, from 9.5 to 6.9 in men and 4.3 to 2.9 in women. During the same period, the age-adjusted mortality rate declined, as follows: Japan, from 60.2 to 34.2 in men and 30.5 to 14.1 in women; Slovenia, from 37.7 to 21.2 in men and 13.8 to 9.0 in women; the USA, from 5.6 to 4.7 in men and 2.5 to 2.3 in women. In the period studied, specific trends on incidence and mortality with a cohort effect occurred only in Japan: analysis by the age period-cohort model confirmed that the decline has occurred since the generations born in 1910. The trend therefore corresponds to unplanned prevention through changes in environmental factors occurring since the early 20th century. The study of stage-specific incidence rates confirmed the declining trend for regional cancer, whereas there was an increase in the incidence of localized cancer, associated with a period effect in 1975-95. This is attributed to the policy of early detection of stomach cancer, with the inclusion of intramucosal lesions of favorable prognosis and explains why mortality decreased faster than incidence during the period.     

Incidence and mortality of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in China, 2015

Objective: To report the incidence and mortality rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Chinese population.Methods: Data were taken from a population-based cancer registry collected by the National Central Cancer Registry of China(NCCRC) in 2015. The data collected from 501 local cancer registries in China were assessed using NCCRC screening methods and criteria. Incidence and mortality rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer were stratified by age group, gender, and area. Age-standardized inc...     

2014年广西肿瘤登记地区结直肠肛门癌发病和死亡分析

目的  分析2014年广西结直肠肛门癌发病和死亡情况。方法  按照全国肿瘤登记中心制定的审核方法和评价标准评估广西肿瘤登记地区上报的2014年肿瘤登记数据,将9个入选的肿瘤登记地区的肿瘤发病、死亡和人口数据进行汇总,按地区（城乡）、性别、年龄别分层,计算结直肠肛门癌的发病率、死亡率、构成比和截缩率等。人口标准化率根据2000年全国人口普查结构和Segis′s世界人口结构。结果  2014年广西纳入分析的9个肿瘤登记地区结直肠肛门癌新发病例为1 716例（其中男性1 039例,女性677例）,发病率为24.74/10万,中标率为19.68 /10万,世标率为19.37/10万,男性发病率高于女性（28.73% vs 20.40%,χ²=48.433,P<0.001）;城市地区发病率为36.19/10万,中标率为27.45/10万;农村地区发病率为19.24/10万,中标率为16.07/10万。结直肠肛门癌死亡病例827例（其中男性518例,女性309例）,死亡率为11.93/10万,中标率为9.06/10万,世标率为9.00 /10万,男性死亡率高于女性（14.32% vs 9.31%,χ²=36.400,P<0.001）;城市地区死亡率为17.63/10万,中标率为13.21/10万;农村地区死亡率为9.18/10万,中标率为7.13/10万。结论  广西肿瘤登记地区结直肠肛门癌发病和死亡例数男性均高于女性,城市地区高于农村地区,45岁以上的中老年人群尤其是城市地区男性人群是重点开展肿瘤防治工作的对象。     

天津市女性乳腺癌发病率死亡率和生存率分析

目的：观察天津市乳腺癌发病率和死亡率的变化趋势,评价乳腺癌的防治效果。方法：用描述流行病学的方法研究天津市乳腺癌的流行情况。结果：1981－1997年间,天津市乳腺癌总发病率有增加的趋势（增加了39．7％）,年龄别发病率高峰有下降的趋势,死亡率有下降的趋势（下降了31．0％）。同时,通过对1970－1995年天津市肿瘤医院确诊的所有女性乳腺癌随访发现,天津市乳腺癌3,5年生存率均有不同程度的提高。结论：天津市乳腺癌发病率增长较快,但同时死亡率在下降,生存率在提高。     

Incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in the AsiaPacific region

Objective： To provide an overview of the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer for countries in the Asia-Pacific region.Methods： Statistical information about breast cancer was obtained from publicly available cancer registry and mortality databases（such as GLOBOCAN）, and supplemented with data requested from individual cancer registries. Rates were directly age-standardised to the Segi World Standard population and trends were analysed using joinpoint models.Results： Breast cancer was the most common type of cancer among females in the region, accounting for 18% of all cases in 2012, and was the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths（9%）. Although incidence rates remain much higher in New Zealand and Australia, rapid rises in recent years were observed in several Asian countries. Large increases in breast cancer mortality rates also occurred in many areas, particularly Malaysia and Thailand, in contrast to stabilising trends in Hong Kong and Singapore, while decreases have been recorded in Australia and New Zealand. Mortality trends tended to be more favourable for women aged under 50 compared to those who were 50 years or older. Conclusion： It is anticipated that incidence rates of breast cancer in developing countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region will continue to increase. Early detection and access to optimal treatment are the keys to reducing breast cancerrelated mortality, but cultural and economic obstacles persist. Consequently, the challenge is to customise breast cancer control initiatives to the particular needs of each country to ensure the best possible outcomes.     

上海市2006-2008年原发性肝癌发病及死亡资料分析

目的:分析上海市2006-2008年原发性肝癌的发病和死亡数据.方法:根据上海市肿瘤登记处积累的原发性肝癌发病和死亡资料,统计和分析原发性肝癌粗发病率和粗死亡率、年龄别发病率和死亡率、世界标化发病率和死亡率等指标.结果:2006-2008年,上海市新发肝癌病例共11 972例,死亡合计10 669例;各年份原发性肝癌的标化发病率分别为15.59/10万、14.87/10万和14.56/10万,标化死亡率分别为13.85/10万、13.00/10万和12.21/10万.发病率和死亡率均随年龄增长而上升,有郊区高于市区和男性高于女性的特点.结论:2006-2008年,上海市原发性肝癌的发病率和死亡率均呈逐年下降趋势.     

Evaluation of nutritional indices as prognostic indicators in the cancer patient.

The nutritional and immunological status of 140 malnourished cancer patients who were to receive intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) were evaluated prior to treatment with IVH and chemotherapy (CMX), surgery or radiation therapy (XRT). Subsequently, these indices were correlated with responses to treatment. Cell-mediated immunocompetent (CMI+) patients (41%) had lost an average weight of 10 +/- 2.2 lbs., while cell-mediated immunoincompetent (CMI-) patients (59%) had lost an average weight of 31 +/- 2.5 lbs. (p less that 0.05). Total lymphocyte count (TLC) averaged 1290 +/- 250 cells/mm3 in CMI+ patients and 900 +/- 140 cells/mm" in CMI- patients (p less than 0.05). Serum albumin concentration (SA) was 3.6 +/- 0.06 g/dl in CMI+ patients and 3.3 +/- 0.05 g/dl in CMI- patients (p less than 0.05). In the CMI+ group, 49% had a positive response to CMX, whereas only 27% of the CMI-group responded to CMX (p less than 0.01). In the surgery group, 88% of the CMI+ patients, but only 65% of CMI- patients, had uncomplicated postoperative recovery periods. Although nutritional repletion with IVH was undertaken in all patients, those patients with initial CMI- responses had greater body weight loss, lower SA and TLC and either a decreased response to CMX or an increase in postoperative morbidity and mortality when compared with patients who initially had CMI+ responses.     

2010-2014年浙江省肿瘤登记地区子宫体癌发病与死亡分析

目的近年来子宫体癌发病呈现明显上升趋势,为了解浙江省近年来女性子宫体癌流行现状,现分析2010-2014年浙江省肿瘤登记地区子宫体癌的发病与死亡情况。方法数据来源于浙江省肿瘤防治办公室14个登记处(浙江省)上报的子宫体癌发病、死亡和人口资料,分别计算发病(死亡)例数、粗发病率(死亡率)、构成比和顺位、中国标准人口构成(中标率)、Segi’s标准人口构成(世标率)、累积率、截缩率、年龄别发病率(死亡率)、发病率(死亡率)年度变化百分比(annual change percent change,APC)及95%CI等指标。结果2010-2014年浙江省14个肿瘤登记地区共报告子宫体癌新发病例2767例,占女性癌症新发病例的3.08%。子宫体癌发病率为9.46/10万,中标率为6.11/10万,位居女性癌症发病顺位的第8位。子宫体癌发病率呈波动增长趋势,从2010年的9.31/10万上升至2014年的10.28/10万,APC为1.89%(95%CI:-2.90~6.91)。2010-2014年共报告子宫体癌死亡病例797例,占女性癌症死亡病例的2.10%。子宫体癌死亡率为2.72/10万,中标率为1.58/10万,位居女性癌症死因顺位的第13位。子宫体癌死亡率呈现波动下降趋势,由2010年的2.76/10万降至2014年的2.52/10万,APC为-4.28%(95%CI:-13.82~6.33)。结论浙江省子宫体癌发病率呈波动上升趋势,但死亡率呈波动下降趋势,应通过提高早诊早治比例、提高女性自我防护意识和倡导健康生活方式等综合措施做好子宫体癌防控。     

Peak and decline in cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence at old ages

BACKGROUND:

Cancer incidence and mortality increase with age through much of adulthood, but earlier work has found that these rates decline among the very elderly. To compare incidence and mortality at the oldest ages, the authors investigated both in the same large population, which comprised 9.5% of the United States in 2000. The authors also report age‐specific prevalence among the elderly, which has received little attention.

METHODS:

Twenty‐three cancer types were studied in men, and 24 cancer types were studied in women. Patient records were obtained from the SEER 9 cancer registries, and population figures were taken from the 2000 US Census. The authors explored the reliability of census data on the oldest old, which has been questioned.

RESULTS:

Age‐specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality results are presented for the years 1998 to 2002. Incidence and mortality usually decreased or plateaued at very old ages. Prevalence usually decreased swiftly at ages >90 years. When there was statistical power, incidence normally peaked between ages 75 years and 90 years, dropping abruptly afterward. With several large exceptions, peak incidence and mortality coincided within ±5 years. Both rates often trended toward zero among centenarians, who may be asymptomatic or insusceptible.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results were found to be consistent with autopsy and survival studies. Most age‐specific models of carcinogenesis are based on cancer rate data for ages <85 years. The authors argue that these models could not fit the current results without fundamental modification and outline biologic mechanisms for such modification, mostly cellular and tissue senescence. They also recommend caution to researchers who use census data on the very elderly. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.