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1.
It is now widely realized that child sexual abuse is an all too common crime against children, resulting in long term damage to victims and heavy costs to the community. It is also realized that much abuse could have been prevented if children had been given basic information about acceptable and unacceptable touching, secrecy about touching and norms of adult-child behaviour.

Parents representing 250 families, caring for 565 children aged 3-12 were interviewed to find out what parents tell their children to protect them from sexual molestation.

Three quarters of all parents told their children nothing and most of those who thought that they had given information had only given hints. Furthermore, this “information” was passed on only after a traumatic event had already occurred.

Parents revealed an inadequate knowledge of the dangers to children and a desire for school and preschool programs to remedy the deficit.  相似文献   

2.
It is now 30 years since Kempe delivered his watershed address to the American Academy of Paediatricians graphically describing the battered child syndrome. In the 30 years that followed elaborate child protection procedures, supported by strong legal powers, have developed not only in the UK and the USA but also in may countries around the world. In the last 5 years or so, however, there has been another great watershed. Independently in both the USA and in the UK, evidence has accumulated which is questioning the efficacy of our elaborate child protection systems. For social workers in the UK the history is familiar; the child abuse inquiries leading on to the Cleveland Inquiry, on going scandals in residential care and concern about the outcomes for children in the public care system, and, finally, the recent message from the Department of Health in 1995 “Child Protection - Messages from Research”. Less familiar will be the concerns which emerged in the USA. There, following the introduction of mandatory reporting which in some states is mandatory even for civil citizens, there was a huge rise in the number of children reported (3 million reported in 1992 of which less than half were substantiated). This largely incapacitated the child protection agencies and led to large numbers of children being admitted into the public care. In 1990 the US Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect concluded that there was an urgent need to develop new approaches.

The answer put forward in this country and the USA has been the rediscovery of targeted preventive approaches. Central to these approaches is what we call family support and what is called social support in the USA.

Child protection is an important and demanding activity

- research and our own limited local information does pose serious questions about the efficacy of the process;

- this points to the need for reviews by area child protection committees;

- research also tells us important things about the characteristics of families involved especially about their social and economic circumstances. These need to be addressed.

Addressing these needs requires several things

- a good individual assessment and population assessment to plan appropriate services;

- a sound interagency/multiprofessional approach;

- maximising all the resource options and taking a broader view of the task - as well as mainstream services as currently arranged, we need to embrace a community development approach and to view die families involved in terms of their inclusion or exclusion from society and address these shortfalls.

We are only at the threshold of the implementation of the Order and we need to approach it with a broad vision.  相似文献   

3.
As opposed to father—daughter incest, little attention has been paid to the long-term consequences and family dynamics associated with child sexual abuse of females perpetrated by extended family members or extrafamilial contacts. Female undergraduates (n = 586) completed questionnaires on family history, sexual experiences, and current functioning. Results confirmed other research suggesting that father—daughter incest is associated with a traditional patriarchal family structure. However, sexual abuse overall, regardless of perpetrator, was associated with certain uniform family characteristics. Moreover, sexual abuse had certain long-term consequences, regardless of perpetrator. These results suggest the importance of attention to family characteristics in all cases of child sexual abuse.  相似文献   

4.
In January 1980 an article by Mr Peter McKenna appeared in the Irish Independent under the beading of 'Sex Racket at Children's Home'. The article contained a number of allegations of sexual abuse by staff in a Belfast residential hostel for adolescent boys; Kincora Boy's Hostel. Sadly the allegations were found to be true. A committee of inquiry Was commissioned. In due course the Hughes Committee of Inquiry reported it's findings and issued fifty-six recommendations for change.

In the paper which follows the author argues that real determination to professionalise residential child care did not materialise until the post Kincora era and has been painfully slow.

The author confronts the traditional negative image of residential child care and challenges colleagues in other parts of the child care system to cast off discriminatory attitudes toward residential child care and by so doing become part of a positive change process. The paper stresses that the leadership of residential child care that is beginning to be felt needs to continue if progress is to be maintained.

The paper describes developments in residential child care in the Northern Irish context and concludes on an optimistic note for future development by anticipating one aspect of the Children (NI) Order that will be a particular challenge for residential child care.  相似文献   

5.
The involvement of children in research studies is historically fraught with difficulties. Experiments on children without their consent or knowledge have been carried out in the past and thus the need for stringent ethical control is undoubtedly necessary. However this paper argues that the need to protect children from unethical research has somehow become entwined in the web of secrecy that surrounds the very nature of child abuse. In the name of 'protection' are children in danger of not having their voice heard?

In the foreword to 'Listening to Children' (Alderson, 1995) Roger Singleton writes, 'much research is carried out on and about children, but seldom with children. Children themselves are often strangely silent'. This paper draws on recent literature on the institutional abuse of young people in residential care and the lack of voice that those abused in residential care have traditionally had, suggesting that their silence is not 'strange' but perhaps contrived.

This paper does not repeat the work of Alderson (1995) and make suggestions as to how research with children may best be carried out, but seeks to address the issues in relation to research with children who are in institutions.  相似文献   

6.
7.
Dr. K- F. McCoy, Chief Inspector SSI

Lord Justice Butler-Sloss in 1988 recommended that the mainstay of effective action in dealing with child sexual abuse was close working relationships between the professional agencies. A major element in this is the joint interviewing by police and social workers which has been governed by a joint investigation protocol and supported by joint training.  相似文献   

8.
Concerned educators trying to help students who abuse alcohol and drugs want assurances that the process they use does work. They ask, “How are we doing? Are we making a difference in the lives of our students?”

Unfortunately, there often is no one person or group they can call on for a quick answer. The district personnel directing the prevention and intervention program, as well as trained outsiders, struggle to determine whether progress is being made. Self-made assessment tools can become subjective and selective.

Schools are struggling to find effective, cost-efficient programs that reduce drug use. Building a comprehensive Drug/Alcohol program is one of the most important tasks administrators can face.  相似文献   

9.
Death is one of the few certainties in life and yet it is the one event that most people avoid contemplating until forced to do so. When considering death and dying it is assumed by most to occur in old age and in hospital. The death of a child is a devastating loss which can cause the most distressing and long lasting grief (Davey, 1995). According to “Childhood cancer UK” the number of children developing cancer in the United Kingdom has remained constant over the past 30 years (about 1300 new cases each year), with only two-thirds of children with the disease being treated successfully. In Britain 32 per cent of cancer deaths occur at home (Bean, 1994) however only a small proportion of these will be children. Despite the deaths of children at home being a statistically small group it must not be ignored due to the great emotional impact it has on the individual, family, health workers and often local community.

The changing status of children in the UK means that health care professionals must uphold childrens' rights whilst working in partnership with parents. A balance must be found between the traditional protectionist and paternalistic attitude of care and the liberationist approach. This can only be achieved through communication and collaboration between families and members of the multi-disciplinary team allowing the promotion of constructive problem solving

The key aim of palliative care is to give the child as good a quality of life as possible in the time remaining with freedom from distressing symptoms including pain. Every health professional working with a dying child who has pain should give consideration to the complexity of pain, it's unique and diverse effects and engage the entire family and health care team in planning interventions and providing support to the child and to each family member (Graner, 1976).

Siblings, parents and health professionals may be profoundly affected by the experience of the death of the child, therefore, each multi-disciplinary team must develop formal coping strategies to deal with the possible psychological disturbance and to facilitate adjustment after the death of the child.

Martinson, writes of her greatest encouragement which came from the parent of a dying child;

“No matter if it culminates a full life or a life shortened much too soon, does death have to be terrorising? There are many to rejoice and aid in the event of birth, as with the patient that can be helped, but for those going through the frustration of 'not getting better' when science and the masses, sometimes even family and friends who can no longer face them, have deserted, could there be a greater challenge or more considerable need for help?”

(1976, p. 13)

This is a powerful message for health professionals caring for children in the end stages of a terminal illness. It is at this time that the family and dying child are in most need of the consistent, expert and humane relationships provided by the caring professions. The challenges are immense but great reward lies in the privilege of being intimately involved in this final rite of passage through life.  相似文献   

10.
This article reflects on group work with parents/carers of young people who have sexually abused children and others. It highlights the paucity of relevant literature and outlines the context, format and goals of a support group for parents/carers.

Recurring themes observed over a four year period are examined in detail. Three key areas are discussed :-

1. Emotional reactions of the parents /carers to the disclosure of the sexual abuse.

2. Lack of resources to facilitate/ accommodate the special needs of this population of parents/carers.

3. The parents'/carers' need to be aware of, understand and, where possible, facilitate the treatment programme of the young person who sexually abused.

Results from the evaluation of the four groups support the conclusion that parents are an important part of the treatment programme of young people who sexually abuse, and should be viewed as 'gate-keepers' in sustaining and monitoring relapse prevention plans.  相似文献   

11.
This document seeks to explore children's experiences of domestic violence and the effects such violence may have on their lives, both in the short term and in the long term. It draws on the conclusions of various studies in this area which have been carried out in America and the United Kingdom. It aims to raise awareness of the complexity of this issue and to highlight the importance of support for both women and children who may be survivors of domestic violence. The document highlights a number of issues, namely

How children and young people may experience domestic violence;

Identification of links between domestic violence and child abuse;

The impact domestic violence may have on mothering;

The effects domestic violence may have on children and young people's lives;

The legitimacy of the cycle of violence theory;

Issues to be considered when assessing the possible impact of domestic violence on children and young people.  相似文献   

12.


In recent years there has been a large wave of emigration from the former Soviet Union (FSU). To acquire knowledge about how Soviet immigrant families perceive and approach situations of child maltreatment a study has been conducted in Israel. A semi structured questionnaire, which included 14 vignettes of abuse and neglect situations, was utilized to interview 55 families. There was a separate analysis of the respondents' perception of the acceptability of the child's behavior and their perception of the acceptability of the maltreating behavior of the parent A general pattern which appeared with respect to the child's behavior was a tendency to support moderately values of obedience, conformity and duty of children. With respect to the parents' behavior, the respondents indicated that in most of the situations the parents' behavior was unacceptable. However, there were vignettes in which the respondents disapproved of the child's behavior but they did not provide legitimization for the parents' reactions. The respondents also indicated a low level of willingness to involve people who were not members of the nuclear family in situations of abuse and neglect. Due to the Soviet families' tendency not to talk about family matters with outsiders and their apparently prescribed approach towards child rearing practices professionals may encounter difficulties in the identification of and intervention in situations of child maltreatment The significance of the need for culturally based knowledge when coping with these difficulties is discussed.  相似文献   

13.
目的 了解泸州市农村地区家庭在预防幼儿性侵方面的教育现况及相关因素,为制定预防儿童性侵干预措施提供参考。方法 采用分层整群抽样法,于2021年12月至2022年1月对泸州市1 213名农村地区家长通过家庭性教育知-信-行简化量表进行问卷调查。通过多重线性回归分析家庭性教育的相关因素。结果 泸州市农村地区家庭防性侵教育行为得分为(11.21±3.99)分,及格率为51.69%。相关因素分析显示,母亲方面:文化程度为初中(β=0.79)、高中/中专(β=1.26)和本科/大专及以上(β=1.75)、母亲是性教育负责人(β=1.29)均与性侵幼儿教育的开展呈正相关(P值均<0.05);幼儿方面:幼儿性别为女(β=-0.41)和留守儿童(β=-0.59)均与性侵幼儿教育的开展呈负相关,幼儿在校参加过性教育相关活动(β=0.81)与性侵幼儿教育的开展呈正相关(P值均<0.05);家庭方面:家长性教育知识及格(β=1.11)、家长性教育态度积极(β=1.51)、家长与亲朋交流过性教育内容(β=1.94)、家长参加过性教育相关活动(β=0.67)均与性侵幼儿教育的开展呈正相关(P值均&l...  相似文献   

14.
SYNOPSIS

This paper is written in two parts.

Part I outlined the legislative and social economic contexts. A framework for analysing prevention and protection services for handicapped children was then presented. This framework was illustrated in relation to services at four levels of intervention: populations, early risks, significant harm and children already abused or “looked after”.  相似文献   

15.
On 4th November 1996 a new figure was introduced to the child care arena in Northern Ireland. The Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 introduced, along with an overhaul of the legal system affecting children, a Guardian Ad Litem (GAL) with a duty to ascertain the wishes and feelings of the child, to advise the Court of these and to advise what is in the best interests in proceedings affecting that child. In England and Wales a Guardian Ad Litem had existed in Public Law since 1975. The Children Act enhanced and strengthened the role of the GAL but Courts and Social Services were already familiar to the opportunity and challenge presented by the presence of a GAL. While the facility to appoint a GAL existed for many years in England and Wales there has continued to be unease about the administration and funding of the service provided by local authorities and therefore potentially compromising the independence of the GAL from all parties to proceedings (Timms 1997). The Guardian Ad Litem service in England and Wales is currently under review and may in the future be under the same umbrella as the Court Welfare Service and the Official Solicitor. The importance of the decision by the DHSS to set up an independent agency to manage and administer the GAL service in Northern Ireland should not be underestimated. That point has been made time and time again to the Agency by Panel managers from England. It is an unusual but welcome position to be in as the new kid on the block. But there is a willingness among many interested in the GAL role to monitor and learn from our experiences as we have learned from the experiences of others over the years. It is still very early days in the life of a new agency to provide any definitive comment about the legal process and the niche occupied by the GAL. The challenges in this first year have been many and varied. From the planning and managing of a demand-led service to the specific case demands that require GALs to have an amalgamation of expertise in alcohol/ drug/solvent abuse/ physical/ sexual/ emotional abuse and neglect/ mental health/physical and learning disability. No worker could possibly be expert in all of these areas. The challenge for GALs is to draw on and capture the expertise of others not to attempt to usurp the expertise of others with their own. There continues to be excitement and curiosity about the role of the GAL and whether or not it is living up to the promise of being the voice of the child in specified public law proceedings. From an overview of the service it is clear that there are key attributes and processes inherent in the role that provide the opportunity for the GAL to make a difference for children. I will now go on to describe these under the headings of

1) independence

2) representing the child

3) mediation and negotiation and

4) critical appraisal.  相似文献   

16.
The Smith family were referred to a Family Centre by the family Health Visitor because of difficulties Miss Smith was experiencing with her four old year son, David, the oldest of her two children.

Miss Smith, a single mother aged 24, had approached her Health Visitor for help because she felt she 'could no longer cope with David's behaviour'. David's behaviours included running away from the house, disruptive behaviour in shops, not going to bed at night and 'refusing to do anything he is told'.

At an initial meeting attended by Miss Smith, my Team Leader and myself, it was agreed that a full assessment of the situation was necessary prior to beginning a treatment programme.

This paper will focus on my assessment of David's behaviour and the reciprocally interacting influences of his family and cultural background.

A multi-method approach to assessment was chosen including direct observation of parent-child interaction and child behaviours. A functional analysis was conducted and the findings are discussed within a Social Learning Theory context.

This paper was completed as part of a Diploma in Applied Social Learning Theory in Childcare.  相似文献   

17.
While some families function well in the face of the demands of raising a handicapped child, many experience considerable stress. To assist these families, it is important to identify the characteristics of some families which allow them to raise their children while maintaining the well being of individual family members and the family system.

The purpose of this study was to examine the T-Double ABCX Model of Family Adaptation in relation to the adaptive functioning of 16 families raising preschoolers with developmental disabilities. It was concluded that the model provided a useful framework for guiding future research into the adaptive process of families raising children having disabilities.  相似文献   

18.
Every child despite his individual differences and uniqueness is to be considered of equal worth. He should therefore be entitled to equal social, economic, civil and political rights, so that he may fully realise his inherent potential and share equally in life (Gill, 1979).

Obviously, these values are rooted in the humanistic philosophy of any nation's declaration of independence. In accordance with these value premises therefore “any act of commission or ommission by individuals, institutions or the society as a whole, and any conditions which deprive children of equal rights and liberties and interfere with their optimal development, constitutes by definition abuse or neglectful acts or conditions” (Gill, 1979).

Child abuse is a significant contemporary community problem. Although children have been maltreated throughout history, our community has been silent in defence of abused children. Child abuse is not a phenomenon of the 20th Century nor is it unique to our society and culture alone. It has occurred throughout the recorded history of man. The future of any nation depends on its children and their capabilities. For this reason, they must be given a full chance.  相似文献   

19.
Because of their daily interactions with young children, teachers and child care workers play a central role in the prevention, identification, and treatment of child abuse and neglect. In most states in the United States, teachers or other school personnel are legally mandated to report any suspected cases of abuse and neglect.

This article provides a brief summary of the role and responsibility of the teacher in the prevention and identification process.  相似文献   

20.
Autism is a severe form of childhood psychopathology which has enormous impact on the child, his/her family, and the wider community. It challenges the expertise of doctors, teachers and therapists.

In Kuwait, recognition of the disorder is still in its infancy. However, the government has established a new Centre for Autism, the first of its kind in the country, to provide up-to-date medical care and education for autistic children.

This article will assess Kuwait's progress in catering for autism, in the light of current international thinking. Discussion of the roles of the main governmental and non-governmental bodies concerned with provision for autistic children in Kuwait, with an account of the only two special schools which are currently known to cater specifically for this disorder, is given.

It was found that, in Kuwait, provision is limited and fragmented compared with that of the UK and the USA. Moreover, there is, as yet, relatively little information available to researchers, parents, or the general public. Accordingly, recommendations are made for both action and research, in order to raise the profile of this disorder in Kuwait and extend provision.  相似文献   

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