尿渗透压检测在小儿遗尿症中的应用

目的探讨尿渗透压检测在儿童遗尿症诊治中的应用价值。方法50例原发性遗尿儿童,于治疗前测定夜间尿量及尿渗透压、夜间血清抗利尿激素（AVP）,并给予口服去氨加压素（DDAVP）治疗,根据DDAVP的治疗反应分为有效（DR）35例,无效（DNR）15例。30例正常儿童对照组,测定夜间尿量和尿渗透压。结果遗尿儿童夜间尿渗透压与夜间尿量呈负相关（r=-0.506,P〈0.05）,与夜间AVP呈正相关（r=0.725,P〈0.05）。DR儿童夜间尿渗透压水平为（682.71±213.95）mOsm/L,尿量为（265.14±164.48）ml,血清AVP浓度为（4.06±1.66）pg/ml;DNR患儿夜间尿渗透压水平为（1085.00±88.88）mOsm/L,尿量为（125.33±50.97）ml,血清AVP浓度为（7.27±1.48）pg/ml。两者比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论遗尿儿童夜间尿渗透压与尿量、血清AVP浓度有相关性。夜间尿渗透压可反映遗尿儿童夜间AVP的分泌水平。夜间尿渗透压降低的遗尿儿童夜间AVP分泌不足,对DDAVP治疗疗效好,尿渗透压的测定对选择DDAVP治疗有参考价值。     

不同年龄小儿尿微量蛋白浓度的变化

不同年龄小儿尿微量蛋白浓度的变化毛建华程时珏纳志云魏群德黄永坤张扬我们对３８１例不同年龄健康儿童尿微量白蛋白（Ｍｉｃｒｏａｌｂｕｍｉｎ，ＭＡＬＢ）及视黄醇结合蛋白（Ｒｅｔｉｎｏｌ－ＢｉｎｄｉｎｇＰｒｏｔｅｉｎ，ＲＢＰ）含量进行了检测，以期了解小儿肾脏...     

儿童原发性遗尿症临床特征分析

目的对儿童原发性遗尿症的临床表现及其相关因素进行调查分析,以求对国内儿童原发性遗尿症的临床特征有一比较全面的认识。方法对183例确诊为原发性单一症状性夜间遗尿症的患儿临床表现进行问卷调查,并进行描述性统计分析。结果男92例,女91例;年龄5～16岁,平均(8.26±2.84)岁;患儿遗尿发生次数1～21次/周,其中≤3次/周占24.6%,4～7次/周占33.9%,8～14次/周占28.4%,>14次/周占13.1%。平均遗尿次数为(6.58±1.67)次/周。夜间首次遗尿发生时间在凌晨2～3时的人数最多(占总人数的24.6%),其次为凌晨3～4时穴占20.2%雪。其中夜间经常自行起床排尿者占4.9%;夜间偶尔自行起床排尿者占23.5%;夜间从不自行起床排尿者占71.6%。家族中有遗尿史者占总数的39.3%。结论原发性遗尿症患儿多数缺乏夜间排尿控制技能,首次遗尿在凌晨2～3时发生最多,高达39.3%的患儿有家族史。     

脑脊液渗透浓度测定在小儿急性脑水肿治疗中的应用和意义

目的　探讨脑脊液渗透浓度监测在急性脑水肿患儿中的作用及其与预后的关系。方法　收集 5 6例诊断为急性脑水肿患儿的脑脊液标本共 115例次 ,同时采集血液做渗透浓度测定行相关分析。选择小儿正常脑脊液标本共 2 1例作为本方法测定的正常参考值。使用美国产微量渗透压仪 (Model 330 0 )测定渗透浓度。结果　① 2 1例小儿正常脑脊液参考值为 (2 84 8± 8 7)mmol/L ,5 6例急性脑水肿患儿共 115例次脑脊液标本渗透浓度范围 2 5 3～ 35 3mmol/L ;② 10例不同急性脑水肿患儿同一时间的血和脑脊液渗透浓度分别为 (2 92 2± 2 3 6 )mmol/L和 (2 90 4± 2 7 5 )mmol/L ,两者具有高度正相关 (r =0 933,P <0 0 1) ;③ 5例死亡患儿 (共 11例次 )的脑脊液渗透浓度为 (334 8± 16 5 )mmol/L ,与正常参考值比较差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 0 1) ;当脑脊液渗透浓度超过 32 0mmol/L时 ,病死率明显增加 ;④结脑患儿治疗前脑脊液渗透浓度值为 (2 6 5 4± 11 1)mmol/L ,较正常参考值明显下降 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;经治疗后脑脊液渗透浓度上升至 (2 80 2± 15 9)mmol/L ,与治疗前比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　①脑脊液与血渗透浓度具有高度相关性 ,故临床上可用血液替代脑脊液进行渗透浓     

小儿原发性夜间遗尿症尿动力学评价的初步探讨

目的 探讨小儿原发性夜间遗尿症的病因和膀胱功能改变。方法 本组63例，男39例，女24例。在清醒和自然睡眠相进行充盈期膀胱压力容积测定，记录睡眠相盆底肌电活动变化。结果 58例存在膀胱功能紊乱，多种异常合并为五种模式。其中，睡眠相逼尿肌不稳定收缩占71.4%(45/63)，睡眠相膀胱最大测量容量下降占36.5%(23/63)。睡眠相逼尿肌不稳定收缩出现时，逼尿肌与盆底肌肉协同失调者11例。结论 逼尿肌不稳定收缩是遗尿发生的主要原因，盆底肌肉与逼尿肌的协同失调可能是原因之一，膀胱容量下降是逼尿肌不稳定收缩所致的遗尿结果而不是原因。     

中西医结合治疗儿童遗尿症

目的观察中西医结合治疗儿童功能性遗尿症的疗效。方法将2005年1月-2008年1月在门诊就诊的45例功能性遗尿症患儿随机分为治疗组(25例)与对照组(20例)。在采取综合治疗的基础上,治疗组采用中西医结合治疗,对照组采用单纯西医治疗。疗程结束后2组进行疗效比较,并随访1 a。结果治疗组治愈率为80%(20/25例),有效率为96%(24/25例);对照组治愈率为50%(10/20例),有效率为70%(14/20例),2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.91,P<0.05)。随访过程中治疗组无一例复发,对照组2例复发,采用治疗组方案治疗后均治愈。结论中西医结合治疗小儿遗尿症疗效明显,优于单纯西医治疗。     

儿童原发性遗尿症治疗进展

<正>儿童原发性遗尿症(primary nocturnal enure-sis,PNE)是指超过5岁的儿童发生夜间不自主排尿,且没有6个月以上的不尿床间期,并且除外泌尿系统、神经系统等器质性病变。PNE为儿科常见病,7.5岁儿童发病率可达15.5%,1%的儿童可伴严重日间尿失禁症状~[1]。尽管遗尿症有自愈倾向,     

青春发育期儿童晨尿及血FSH,LH测定：附100例报告

促滤泡刺激素(FSH)和促黄体生成素(LH)为临床对青春期延迟、性早熟、下丘脑—垂体—性腺轴功能检测的重要指标。一般测定血中浓度,亦可自尿中检测。本文参照Morel的报道,建立以晨尿检测FSH、LH的方法,并对方法学进行了鉴定亦与血清中的FSH、LH作了相关性比较,证实本法灵敏、精确。晨尿和血中的FSH、LH浓度有相关性,适合于儿科临床和科研工作中推广应用。     

Hypercalciuria in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to measure the 24 h urinary calcium content in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and compare with those in healthy children to investigate whether there is any relation with enuresis and hypercalciuria.Material and methodsThis study included 120 children and adolescents with MNE aged between 7 and 14 years. Eighty age- and sex-matched healthy children served as a control group. To determine urinary calcium excretion, 24 h urine samples were collected. The children with enuresis were divided into two sub-groups as hypercalciuric and normocalciuric groups according to the amount of urinary calcium excretion.ResultsHypercalciuria was found in 27 (23%) of the MNE patients compared with two (4%) of continent children (p < 0.001). In addition, the mean 24 h urine calcium/body weight ratio was higher in the enuresis group than in the control group, 2.94 ± 2.42 versus 1.59 ± 1.72, respectively (p = 0.002). When the children with enuresis were divided into two groups as normokalsiuric and hypercalciuric, the hypercalciuric children were younger and the majority of this group were boys..ConclusionsOur study showed that hypercalciuria is common in children with MNE, so we suggested measuring urine calcium levels in NE patients. However, further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between hypercalciuria and NE in larger series..     

Impact of enuresis nocturna on health-related quality of life in children and their mothers

ObjectiveNocturnal enuresis (NE) is a common childhood disorder. As children age and NE persists, it may become more stressful for both them and their caregivers. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of NE on the quality of life of children who were diagnosed with NE, and their mothers, and to compare the results with a healthy control group.Subjects and methodEighty-two children with NE, and their mothers, and 93 healthy children and their mothers were enrolled in the study. The sociodemographic data were evaluated. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Scales (PedsQL 4.0) were used to assess the children's health-related quality of life (HRQoL); and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument; short form (WHOQOL-BREF) was used for the mothers' HRQoL.ResultsThe PedsQL 4.0 mean scores for the children with NE group were as follows: total score, 68.74; physical health score, 72.79; psychosocial health score, 66.56. The scores for the children in the control group were as follows: total score, 80.98; physical health score, 81.11; psychosocial health score, 80.88. The WHOQOL-BREF scores for the mothers of the children with NE were as follows: physical health score, 67.90; psychosocial health score, 62.66; social relationships score, 60.90; environmental area score, 61.04. The WHOQOL-BREF scores for the mothers in the control group were as follows: physical health score, 75.96; psychosocial health score, 72.39; social relationships score, 72.18; environmental area score, 67.44.ConclusionsNocturnal enuresis negatively affects the quality of life of both children and their mothers. Therefore, when physicians see children with enuresis, they should also be aware of the effect of NE on the mothers' quality of life.     

Effects of ADH on the activity and function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in infants and in children

In babies ranging in age from 1 to 25 weeks and in children between 1 and 14 years, plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone activity were determined in relation to urinary sodium excretion. A reciprocal correlation was found demonstrating that the hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is stimulated in infants by a low sodium intake. A second stimulus was observed in the influence of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system, when the plasma renin activity was suppressed by administration of antidiuretic hormone and sodium excretion increased due to a decreased aldosterone activity.Our study suggests that there exists a feedback between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH release and that this feedback plays an important role in the regulation of water and electrolyte balance in the young infant.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Evaluation of nocturnal bladder capacity and nocturnal urine volume in nocturnal enuresis

ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnostic accuracies of maximum voided volume (MVV) and first morning urine osmolality and compare these with accuracies of nocturnal bladder capacity (NBC) and nocturnal urine volume, respectively, in children with nocturnal enuresis.Materials and methodsA total of 70 children with nocturnal enuresis were assessed (mean age 7.1 ± 2.2 years). Baseline parameters were obtained by measuring MVV using a voiding diary, first morning urine osmolality on a wetting day, diaper weight by checking twice per night and first morning urine volume.ResultsThe proportions of small NBC and small MVV were 34.3% (24 cases) and 55.7% (39 cases), respectively. The proportions of low osmolality of first morning urine and nocturnal polyuria (NP) were 45.7% (32 cases) and 25.7% (18 cases), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of small MVV for small NBC were 53.8% and 90.3%, respectively; the sensitivity and specificity of first morning urine osmolality for NP were 33.3% and 50.0%, respectively.ConclusionsThe diagnostic accuracies of MVV and urine osmolality for small NBC and NP were only modest to low.     

The epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis and its severity in primary school children in Taiwan

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among children in elementary school in Taiwan and to evaluate its associated factors and severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomly selected cross-sectional study was conducted from elementary schools in Changhua county, Taiwan in 2003. In all, 9228 questionnaires were sent to 46 schools in 26 districts. RESULTS: A total of 92.1% (8496/9228) of questionnaires were completed. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 6.8%. The ratio of male to female was about 1.5 (8.0% vs. 5.5%). The prevalence of enuresis according to age group declined from 12.5% at 6 years to 2.0% at 12 years. The prevalence of enuresis in the urban area did not show significant difference from that of rural area (6.2% vs. 6.9%). Of the factors associated with enuresis, gender, age, urinary frequency or urgency, heredity, drinking habit before sleep and difficulty in waking showed significant difference after multiple logistic regression analysis. After multivariate analysis, difficulty in waking and time of wetting were the only factors significantly associated with the severity of enuresis. CONCLUSION: Our investigation showed the prevalence of enuresis is similar to those reports from the north of Taiwan and most of other western countries, but higher than that of China and Hong-Kong. Difficulty in waking and time of wetting were the only factors significantly associated with the severity of enuresis.     

Attitudes of enuretic children towards their illness

The aim of this study was to establish the attitudes of enuretic children towards their illness and to assess the correlation between children's attitudes and biological and medical variables describing the clinical picture and course of enuresis. Fifty children were included (31M, 19F), aged 8-18 y (mean 12.74 y), all with the diagnosis of enuresis. The reference groups consisted of 60 children with asthma and 40 children with chronic heart disease, aged 8-12 y. The Polish version of the Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale (CATIS) was administered to all the children and structured interviews concerning demographic and medical data were conducted with the parents. There were no significant differences in median CATIS scores between the subgroups divided according to age, type of enuresis and family history of enuresis. There was no significant correlation between the CATIS score and frequency of enuresis and number of therapeutic failures. The girls had significantly lower median CATIS scores than the boys (p = 0.03). The difference in median CATIS scores between genders was significant only for the older group aged 14-18 y. The older girls had the lowest CATIS scores. Enuretic children were found to have statistically significantly more negative attitudes towards their illness than children with asthma (p = 0.006) and children with chronic heart disease (p = 0.067). CONCLUSION: Enuretic children had more negative feelings about their illness than children with other chronic conditions. This negative attitude was not related to demographic or clinical data except for gender. The adolescent girls demonstrated the most negative attitude towards enuresis.     

Management of nocturnal enuresis in children with desmopressin and bladder physiotherapy

In the last 2 years, 29 children with nocturnal enuresis were treated in the outpatient departments of the Departments of Urology and Pediatric Surgery of the Aristotle University, Thessaloniki. There were 22 boys and 7 girls aged 7 to 12 years. The clinical examination was normal in all cases. All children had undergone various treatments with no beneficial effect, and relapses had occurred. The patients were given desmopressin (DDAVP) nasal drops in combination with bladder physiotherapy; 77% were cured after 12 months. Physiotherapy improves the percentage of cures as the functional capacity of the bladder increases. Accepted: 8 July 1997