类白血病反应动态观察1例及其分类分析

本文报道类风湿关节炎病人在药物治疗中发生类白血病反应1例。患者在抗风湿药物治疗中出现腹泻、发热及粒细胞缺乏等表现。外周血象表现为核左移，见2％早幼粒细胞，骨髓细胞学检查发现早幼粒细胞迭41％。分析病例及文献，本例属于急性早幼粒细胞型类白血病反应，也符合骨髓类白血病反应的特点。     

Leukemoid reactions complicating colitis due to Clostridium difficile

BACKGROUND: We sought to describe the characteristics of patients who had Clostridium difficile colitis complicated by leukemoid reactions (total leukocyte count greater than 35 x 10(9)/L) and to determine whether this complication is associated with higher morbidity or mortality than C difficile colitis without leukemoid reactions. METHODS: We performed a retrospective case series analysis of patients with a positive fecal assay for C difficile toxin and a peak leukocyte count greater than 35 x 10(9)/L during 1998 and 1999. Twenty cases that met these criteria were compared with 65 randomly selected control patients (patients with a positive C difficile toxin and a peak leukocyte count less than 35 x 10(9)/L). Results: The mean peak leukocyte count was 52 +/- 18.2 x 10(9)/L (+/- SD) in the case group and 14.9 +/- 6.5 x 10(9)/L in the control group. Patients with a leukemoid reaction had a lower temperature, a lower serum albumin level, and a higher hematocrit value. Multivariable logistic regression showed respiratory tract infection and lower temperature to be independent predictors of a leukemoid reaction. There were 10 deaths (50%) in the leukemoid reaction group and 5 deaths (7.7%) in the control group. All seven patients with a peak leukocyte count greater than 50 x 10(9)/L died, compared with eight deaths (10.3%) among the remaining 78 patients whose peak leukocyte count was less than 50 X 10(9)/L. CONCLUSION: Patients with C difficile colitis and a leukocyte count greater than 35 x 10(9)/L have a poor prognosis with a much higher mortality rate than patients who have C difficile colitis without a leukemoid reaction.     

Granulocyte progenitors (CFU-D) in neutrophilic leukemoid reaction are hyporesponsive to macrophage-induced inhibition

The responsiveness of marrow granulocyte progenitors (CFU-D) to macrophage-derived stimulatory and inhibitory factors has been studied using diffusion chamber technique in 12 patients with neutrophilic leukemoid reaction (with granulocyte count in the range between 10-40 G/l) and ten healthy subjects. CFU-D from patients with neutrophilic leukemoid reaction (NLR) revealed a normal reactivity to colony-stimulating activity, whereas they were hyporesponsive to macrophage-derived indomethacin-sensitive inhibition. This altered response was correlated both with the concentration of granulocyte progenitors in the S phase and with blood neutrophilic leukocytosis. In patients with higher granulocyte count and increased concentration of CFU-D during active DNA synthesis a more pronounced hyporesponsiveness of granulocyte progenitors to macrophage-induced inhibition has been found.     

三维超声造影对肾良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断

目的 探讨三维超声造影对肾良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值.方法 对68例肾良恶性肿瘤进行常规超声及二维超声造影检查,在此基础上行三维重建,并与二维造影进行对比,分析三维超声造影对肾良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值及表现.所有病例均经手术病理证实.结果 肾良性肿瘤18例,二维造影多表现为等增强或低增强,呈"慢进慢出";三维造影表现为病灶内较少的平直规则的周边血管和内部血管.肾恶性肿瘤50例,二维造影多表现为高增强,呈"快进快出";三维造影多表现为病灶内多支蜿蜒扭曲的周边血管和内部紊乱的微小血管组成的血管网.三维超声造影可直观立体显示肿瘤血管分布特征,在显示肿瘤血管方面优于二维超声造影(P＜0.05).结论 三维超声造影可显示肾肿瘤血管特征及其空间分布,对鉴别肾肿瘤的良恶性有重要的实用价值.     

恶性实体肿瘤迭和急性白血病临床特点分析

目的探讨急性白血病与恶性实体肿瘤迭合时实体肿瘤和急性白血病的类型、血象及骨髓象改变、病程及预后。方法收集本院近5年来收治的恶性实体肿瘤迭和急性白血病8例,参照2008年WHO分类诊断标准重新复核其骨髓形态学改变,结合文献分析恶性实体肿瘤迭和急性白血病的临床特点。结果 8名恶性实体肿瘤迭和急性白血病患者中7例发病间隔时间6个月(中位值2年),其中2例手术后行化疗,3例手术后行放化疗,1例化疗后行局部放疗,1例行酒精注射治疗;1例发病间隔时间1月。急性白血病的骨髓形态学改变:6例有病态造血,包括6例均有粒系病态造血,4例又有红系病态造血,2例又有巨核系病态造血,2例伴有噬血现象。死亡5例,生存时间2～10(中位值5)个月,存活3例,仍在治疗中。结论恶性实体肿瘤迭和急性白血病的发生与放化疗及宿主内在因素有关,肿瘤相关性白血病细胞形态多见明显的病态造血,病程进展较快,常规化疗效果及预后很差,应根据行为状态和核型选择治疗方案。     

Successful infusion of 40 cryopreserved autologous bone-marrows. In vitro studies of the freezing procedure

Cryopreservation of human bone marrow may be helpful to use supralethal chemoradiotherapy in order to cure malignant diseases. We report here a cryopreservation procedure from large volumes of human bone marrow which can be applied in routinal use. Whole bone marrow in 10% Dimethylsulfoxide (ME2SO) was frozen at an 1 degree C/min. controlled rate and was stored into liquid nitrogen. After thawing and before infusion, both ME2SO and free hemoglobin were removed. The in vitro recovery of nucleated cells and the myeloid stem cell assay (CFC) were performed as quality control. About 60% of the marrow cells and 40% of the total CFC number were recovered at the end of the procedure. Using this technique, 40 patients (25 children with malignant lymphoma and 15 adults with lymphoma and solid tumors) were transplanted with autologous cryopreserved bone marrow after receiving intensive chemotherapy. Three of them received both chemotherapy and a total body irradiation. Engraftment was achieved in all patients. Rise in leucocyte count (greater than 1.10(9)/l) occurred within an average of 17 days. In conclusion, in autologous bone marrow transplantation, this method of cryopreservation is effective to obtain rapid hematological reconstitution in patients treated for malignant diseases by intensive cytoreductive regimens.     

Kinetic studies of a tumor-induced leukemoid reaction in mice.

A transplantable murine breast carcinoma in mice was associated with marked leukemoid reaction. Within 1 week of subcutaneous implantation of tumor the leukocyte count began to increase and reached average levels of 165,000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter within 18 days. This represented an increase in mature neutrophils primarily, although other blood leukocytes were modestly increased as well. The total number of neutrophils per humerus was increased but no increase was detected in the number of myloblasts, promyelocytes, or myelocytes. The tritiated thymidine-labeling index of the latter three cells was not significantly changed during tumor growth. The number of progenitor cells forming granulocytic and mononuclear cells in vitro was decreased in the marrow during tumor growth. Colony-stimulating activity in plasma was slightly increased during the early phase of tumor growth and decreased during later phases. Emergence time of blood neutrophils was normal, as measured by labeling with tritiated thymidine, but decline in labeled cells was abnormally slow in tumor-bearing mice. There was a shift of erythropoiesis to the spleen, but total erythropoiesis appeared to be normal in most mice. Surgical excision of the tumor resulted in prompt reversal of the leukemoid reaction. In the aggregate these results are consistent with a hypothesis that the leukemoid reaction was the result of increased blood transit time of neutrophils primarily, rather than increased neutrophil production.     

Probable myeloblastic leukemoid reaction with disseminated sarcoidosis.

A 55-year-old woman had progressive weakness, weight loss, night sweats, fever, right-sided facial weakness, and hepatomegaly. Reticulonodular infiltrates were seen on chest x-ray film and a central filling defect was noted on liver scan. Study of the peripheral blood was noted on liver scan. Study of the peripheral blood revealed pancytopenia and myeloblasts. The bone marrow was not markedly hypercellular but contained noncaseating granulomas and myeloblasts. The patient's condition deteriorated and she died on the 22nd hospital day. Autopsy disclosed disseminated sarcoidosis but no evidence of leukemic infiltrates. Although concomitant "smoldering" acute leukemia cannot be ruled out, the findings in this patient can be best explained on the basis of a myeloblastic leukemoid reaction accompanying sarcoidosis.     

骨水泥填充法与钢板内固定保肢治疗转移性恶性骨肿瘤（英文）

背景：目前保肢治疗已成为四肢恶性骨肿瘤的规范治疗方式,但若治疗处理不当,则会造成肿瘤复发、继发性感染、内固定或重建假体松脱等并发症。目的：文章以传统的肢体转移性骨肿瘤外科治疗原则为基础,从四肢恶性转移性骨肿瘤患者的实际情况出发,制定人性化、个体化、简单化的姑息性治疗方案,观察骨水泥填充法结合内固定治疗转移性恶性骨肿瘤的合理性、临床疗效及预后情况。方法：回顾分析解放军第四二一医院骨科2008年1月至2009年6月收治的恶性转移性骨肿瘤患者中筛选的31例患者,均要求保肢治疗。将31例患者按治疗方式分为2组：肿瘤清除＋钢板内固定组11例,采用骨水泥填充法结合钢板内固定内固定姑息性治疗;肿瘤清除＋钢板内固定＋固定前放化疗组20例,采用固定前放化疗结合钢板内固定保肢治疗。全部患者固定后获4-38个月随访,平均18个月。结果与结论：随访结果显示,肿瘤清除＋钢板内固定组11例均存活、生活能自理,肢体运动功能良好;肿瘤清除＋钢板内固定＋固定前放化疗组20例患者中17例存活,3例分别于固定后第9,13个月因原发肿瘤的多脏器转移和自身条件较差、并发其他并发症而死亡。肿瘤清除＋钢板内固定组保肢治疗后肢体神经及运动功能综合评分均较固定前提高至少1个级别以上。结果证实,对于转移性恶性骨肿瘤的保肢治疗可不采用放化疗技术,简单的骨水泥填充法结合内固定姑息性治疗的方法也有较好的效果。     

经胸超声心动图可用于无症状纵隔肿瘤的诊断

目的评价经胸超声心动图对纵隔肿瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2018年1月1日~2019年12月31日经胸超声心动图检查首次发现纵隔肿瘤的体检者临床资料,总结纵隔肿瘤在经胸超声心动图中的超声特点,并分别与放射影像（X线和CT扫描）及组织病理对比。结果共获得20例经胸超声心动图诊断纵隔肿瘤的无症状患者,检出纵隔肿瘤分为囊肿9例、胸腺肿瘤5例、淋巴结肿大3例、畸胎瘤2例、淋巴瘤1例。相较X线诊断而言,超声检查纵隔肿瘤有着较为明显的优势。此外,超声对纵隔肿瘤的检查价值也不亚于CT检查（Kappa=0.792,P＜0.001）。以病理检查结果为金标准,经胸超声心动图诊断纵隔肿瘤的误诊率为15%,对肿物良恶性质诊断的敏感性为75%,特异性为92%。结论经胸超声心动图检查可以用于纵隔肿瘤的诊断,不仅能对纵隔占位病变的内部结构进行观察,还可以对其良恶性质进行判定。      

良恶性胃肠道间质瘤的CT与病理对照研究

目的通过分析胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)的CT表现与其术后病理诊断结果,以提高CT对GIST的良恶性诊断水平。方法回顾分析25例经手术病理证实为GIST病人的CT检查资料,对比其术后良恶性的病理结果,找出其CT的良恶性征象,指导临床治疗。结果6例良性GIST的CT表现为类圆形肿瘤,边界清楚,5例直径小于5cm,5例强化值大于25HU,瘤灶内无出血、坏死,无周围结构侵犯;12例恶性GIST的CT表现为类圆形或分叶状肿瘤,10例直径大于5cm,9例强化值大于25HU,7例瘤灶内有出血坏死,9例周围侵犯或转移。7例潜在恶性GIST的CT表现介于两者之间。良恶性GIST的大小、平扫密度是否均匀、周围有无侵犯或转移及有无出血或坏死有显著差异(P<0.01)良恶性GIST的强化程度、免疫组化阳性率、细胞类型无显著差异。结论GIST缺乏临床、镜下病理及CT特征,需行免疫组化鉴别,但CT能充分显示病变部位及周围脏器侵犯情况,对GIST的良恶性鉴别诊断及术后随访有重要价值。     

人工肩关节假体置换治疗肱骨近端恶性骨肿瘤

目的：探讨人工肩关节假体置换治疗肱骨近端恶性骨肿瘤的疗效。方法：1985年8月至2003年8月我院共对35例肱骨近端恶性骨肿瘤患者行肿瘤瘤段切除,人工肩关节假体置换保肢术。其中骨肉瘤9例,骨巨细胞瘤9例,钵骨肉瘤5例,尤文氏肉瘤2例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤3例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤2例,纤维肉瘤2例,转移癌3例。结果：35例患者中,5例失访,2例因肺部原发肿瘤死亡,6例因原发恶性骨肿瘤转移死亡,一2例因昂部复发而行前四分之一截肢术,1例因感染行假体翻修术;重建成功的20例患者无瘤生存,最长18年,最短6个月,平均6年,所有患者未发现假体松动或断裂。按Enneking骨骼肌肉肿瘤术后评估标准,平均评分24．6分,评分在24分以上者占65％。结论：人工肩关节假体置换在冶疗肱骨近端恶性肿瘤方面,不仅能保留患肢完整的外观形态,而且能在很大程度上保留上肢的功能,是一种值得肯定的治疗方法。     

Measurement of irradiation doses secondary to bedside radiographs in a medical intensive care unit

The authors prospectively studied the radiation doses to radio-sensitive organs secondary to bedside radiographs in intensive care patients and in a control phantom. Dosimeters were taped on different organs during each bedside X-ray. The mean radiation doses, expressed in 10^-5 Gy (m-rad), for an average patient who was hospitalized 9 days and had 6 chest X-rays were respectively: 292 to the sternal bone marrow; 239 to the thyroid gland; 3 to the testes; 1 to the ovaries; 605 to the eye for 2 maxillary sinus X-rays. No diffused irradiation was measured during a 2-month period in the intensive care unit nor on dosimeters worn by four nurses.     

恶性肿瘤类白血病反应的中毒性中性粒细胞的MAXM血液分析仪分析

目的探讨恶性肿瘤伴类白血病反应患者的中毒中性粒细胞是否被MAXM血细胞分析仪误认为嗜碱性粒细胞。方法MAXM血细胞分析仪进行白细胞计数和分类;瑞氏染色镜检白细胞分类;过氧化物酶染色区分中性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞;碱性磷酸酶染色区分类白血病反应。结果26例恶性肿瘤患者用MAXM血细胞分析仪进行白细胞计数为:(28.6±5.7)×109/L;分类为:中性粒细胞49.9%±10.6%,淋巴细胞15.2%±4.3%,单核细胞2.2%±1.2%,嗜酸性粒细胞0.4%±0.3%,嗜碱性粒细胞32.3%±10.2%。镜检分类为:中性粒细胞85.6%±11.8%,淋巴细胞12.9%±5.1%,单核细胞1.5%±1.4%,嗜酸性粒细胞0%,嗜碱性粒细胞0%,其中中毒中性粒细胞为36.5%±7.6%。过氧化物酶染色阳性率为:89.6%±12.3%。中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶阳性率为83.1%±12.5%,积分395±63。结论MAXM血细胞分析仪把类白血病中毒中性粒细胞误认为嗜碱性粒细胞。     

儿童恶性血液肿瘤骨髓微量残留病检测及其临床意义

目的 探讨以恶性血液肿瘤患儿骨髓微量残留病检测预测预的可能性。方法 选择７５例完全缓解期急性淋巴细胞白血病或Ⅳ期非霍奇金淋巴瘤或Ⅳ期神经母细胞瘤患儿,骨髓及临床持续缓解３个月以上。神经母细胞瘤患儿采用反向聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）测定骨髓微量残留闰 病;其余患者以ＩｇＨ及ＴＣＲγ基因重提排为标志,用ＰＣＲ测定骨髓微量残留病。结果 ３５例患者骨髓微量残留病阳性,随诊结果２１例于测定后３～４０个月复发（６     

多层螺旋CT及超声内镜对胃肠道间叶源性肿瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨胃肠道间叶源性肿瘤（GIMT）的16层螺旋CT（MSCT）和超声内镜（EUS）表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析手术病理证实的GIMT37例，术前37例均行CT平扫，35例行双期增强扫描，17例行超声内镜检查。结果：胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）31例（食道1例，胃19例，小肠6例，直肠1例，胃肠外4例），平滑肌瘤4例（食道3例，胃1例），胃神经源性肿瘤2例。①CT表现：黏膜下富血供肿块，倾向腔外生长，可有囊变、坏死、出血、钙化，无淋巴结转移。增强后良性GIMT及交界性GIST均匀强化，边界清楚，良性GIMT肿块直径1．0-3．0cm，平均2．16cm。胃交界性GIST直径1．2～3．5cm，平均2．24cm。恶性GIMT强化不均匀，肿瘤最大径3．5-16．0cm，平均6．9cm，可有邻近脏器侵犯。定位准确率30／37（81．08％），定性准确率20／37（54．05％）。②EUS表现：内镜表现为黏膜下隆起性病变，EUS显示肿瘤起源于黏膜肌层或固有肌层的低回声改变，良性GIMT内部回声均匀，边界清楚，肿瘤最大径0．5-3．5cm，平均1．75cm。恶性GIMT回声多不均匀，可伴有液性暗区，形态不规则，可有浸润性改变，肿瘤最大径6．0-10cm，平均9．2cm。定位准确率16／17（94．12％），定性准确率15／17（88．23％）。结论：MSCT和EUS能准确显示肿瘤的部位、形态、大小，内部结构及浸润情况，有利于良恶性的判断，对临床治疗及预后有着重要的指导价值。     

肾上腺恶性肿瘤的超声诊断价值

目的 探讨超声对肾上腺恶性肿瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性研究21例肾上腺恶性肿瘤患者的临床及超声资料,观测肿瘤的位置、大小、形态、回声及彩色血流信号,肿瘤与周围血管、脏器的毗邻关系等.结果 21例肾上腺恶性肿瘤中,肿瘤直径最大17.0 cm,最小2.5 cm.其中肾上腺皮质腺癌10例,肾上腺恶性嗜铬细胞瘤4例,神经母细胞瘤瘤和神经节母细胞瘤4例,肾上腺血管源性肉瘤1例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例,转移性黏液腺癌1例.不同病理性质的肾上腺恶性肿瘤的声像图表现有一定差异:肾上腺皮质癌检出时体积相对较大;肾上腺神经母细胞回声不均匀,瘤内有多发点状强回声且血供丰富.超声共检出肾上腺恶性肿瘤20例,漏诊1例.结论 各类肾上腺恶性肿瘤的声像图具有一定的特征性表现,超声是诊断肾上腺恶性肿瘤有效的影像学检查方法,在临床上具有实用价值.     

乳腺恶性叶状肿瘤的临床与超声特征研究

目的研究乳腺恶性叶状肿瘤（MPT）临床、超声声像图表现及其病理特征,为恶性叶状肿瘤诊断提供依据。方法对手术病理证实的12例恶性叶状肿瘤患者的临床、超声声像图表现、病理形态学特征、肿瘤复发转移与临床预后进行总结分析。结果 12例恶性叶状肿瘤患者超声声像图表现：肿瘤大小及部位：12例患者13个恶性叶状肿瘤位于左侧乳腺4例,右侧乳腺8例,其中8个肿瘤最大径≥5.0cm,5个肿瘤〈5.0cm。肿瘤形态及边界：13个恶性叶状肿瘤10个呈分叶状,2个形态不规则;11个边界清晰,2个边界不清晰。内部回声及后方回声：11个内部回声不均匀,2个内部回声均匀;9个后方回声增强,6个内部伴无回声。内部钙化：1个肿瘤内出现粗大钙化,12个内部无钙化。血流分级：彩色多普勒血流成像示2个肿瘤表现为Ⅰ级血流,3个表现为Ⅱ级血流,8个表现为Ⅲ级血流。第1次手术方式：12例患者中6例采用单纯肿瘤切除活检术,2例采用肿瘤扩大切除术,4例采用乳房切除术。术后临床随访结果：术后随访20～155个月,平均（69.9±46.4）个月,其中4例肿瘤局部复发（1例复发1次,1例复发2次,1例复发3次,1例复发15次,3例第1次手术为肿瘤单纯切除术,1例第1次手术为全乳切除术）,1例出现肺部转移。结论肿瘤体积较大,呈实性分叶状,内部回声不均伴无回声,血流丰富,易局部复发为乳腺恶性叶状肿瘤的临床超声表现。     

原发性肝脏恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的超声表现

目的探讨原发性肝脏恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的超声表现。方法回顾性分析2005年7月至2012年8月第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院16例经手术后病理证实的原发性肝脏恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者的超声表现。结果16例患者肿瘤均为单发,其中肝右叶9个,肝左叶6个,尾状叶1个。3个肿瘤直径大于10．0cm,10个直径为5．0～10．0cm,3个直径小于5．0cm。肿瘤内部均为不均质回声,其中1个为蜂窝状,2个呈多结节融合,11个肿瘤瘤体与周边分界不清,肿瘤周围均无声晕。手术病理结果示15个为原发性肝恶性纤维组织细胞瘤,1个为原发性肝内胆管恶性纤维组织细胞瘤。结论肝脏恶性纤维组织细胞瘤临床诊断困难,超声检查需结合临床表现及影像学资料综合分析,方能提高诊断原发性肝脏恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的准确性。