儿童横纹肌肉瘤23例临床分析

目的：探讨儿童横纹肌肉瘤的临床特点、治疗和转归。方法：对1998年1月至2008年10月收治的23例横纹肌肉瘤患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：23例患儿中,男15例,女8例,平均发病年龄5岁(7个月至12岁)。依据美国横纹肌肉瘤研究组(IRS)的分期标准,I期2例,Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期8例,Ⅳ期9例。原发于头颈部14例,四肢4例,膀胱2例,肾脏、腹膜后及胆道各1例。所有患儿均经病理活检及免疫组织化学染色确诊。临床表现无特异性,主要为肿瘤组织占位、压迫、浸润后引起。治疗严格依照患儿IRS分期进行。2002年前化疗方案以VDCA、VAC 和VadrC 为主,2002年后采用美国肿瘤学中心研究组（COG）横纹肌肉瘤化疗方案。其中19例接受手术、化疗和放疗综合治疗的患儿2年生存率为63%,4例接受单纯手术或手术结合单一化疗或放疗的患儿生存期均未超过2年。结论：儿童横纹肌肉瘤临床表现无特异性;联合手术、放疗、化疗是治疗横纹肌肉瘤的有效方法。     

13例小儿横纹肌肉瘤疗效分析

目的：分析小儿横纹肌肉瘤疗效,特别是大剂量化疗的效果。方法：对该院1998年1月至2005年10月收治的13例横纹肌肉瘤患儿临床资料进行分析。男8例,女5例;年龄7个月至12岁;依据美国横纹肌肉瘤研究组(IRS)的分期标准 Ⅰ期2例、Ⅱ期2例、Ⅲ期3例、Ⅳ期6例。所有患儿均经病理活检确诊,其中胚胎型12例,腺泡型1例。1例手术,1例手术加放疗,1例手术加化疗,10例手术加放疗及化疗。2002年前的病例化疗以VDCA、VAC和VadrC为主;2002年后采取了美国COG治疗横纹肌肉瘤的化疗方案,Ⅲ期采取CDV+IE方案治疗,Ⅳ期采用CT+VAC或CT+VAC+VCT方案治疗。结果：10例接受手术加放疗及化疗联合治疗的患儿2年生存率为60%,另外3例没有接受联合治疗的患儿全部死亡。2002年后患儿生存率（60%,3/5）高于2002年前生存率（37.5%,3/8）。患儿2年生存率2002年前为37.5%(3/8),2002年后为60%（3/5）,平均为46.2%(6/13)。结论：儿童横纹肌肉瘤病理类型以胚胎型为主,恶性程度高。晚期病例采取手术联合放、化疗,特别是大剂量化疗可取得较好疗效。     

Use of a tissue expander and a polyglactic acid (Vicryl) mesh to reduce radiation enteritis: case report and literature review

Management of stage IV rhabdomyosarcoma comprises systemic chemotherapy with local control by conservative surgery and radiotherapy. Abdominal radiotherapy may lead to radiation enteritis causing such serious morbidity as malabsorption, fistulae or stricture formation. The risk increases with the dose of radiation and length of bowel involved. Various methods have been utilised to displace the bowel from the radiation field. Usually these are applied in patients requiring pelvic irradiation. We report a case of metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma requiring radiotherapy to the right renal bed. Effective displacement of small bowel from the tumour site was achieved by a combined use of a tissue expander and Vicryl mesh. There were no complications from the surgery. This is the first report discussing combined use of a tissue expander and Vicryl mesh to aid radiotherapy to the renal fossa in a paediatric patient.     

Results of Wilms’ tumour management in two tertiary-care hospitals in Asia

In the period 1985–1995, 87 children underwent surgery for Wilms' tumour; 16 were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining children, 27 presented with stage I disease, 11 with stage II, 12 with stage III, 14 with stage IV, and 6 with stage V. One child was not staged. The histology was favourable Wilms' tumour in 44, anaplastic in 12, unclassified in 8, clear-cell sarcoma in 4, and rhabdoid tumour in 3. Although a total nephrectomy was generally performed, partial renal surgery was performed for 6 bilateral and 4 unilateral tumours, the latter including 2 fused kidneys. Preoperative chemotherapy was employed with benefit in massive tumours, tumour in fused kidneys, bilateral tumours, and preoperatively diagnosed inferior vena caval tumour thrombi. Postoperative chemotherapy, employed in all cases, consisted of actinomycin D and vincristine with the addition of adriamycin in anaplastic and advanced-stage tumours. Ten children underwent second-line chemotherapy for disease unresponsive to the above management, but only 1 of these is currently free of disease. Postoperative tumour-bed radiotherapy, used in selected cases, prevented local recurrence in stage I and II disease. However, 20% of stage I and II patients not receiving radiotherapy developed tumour-bed recurrence. Twenty-three children have died and 5 with advanced disease and incomplete follow-up are presumed to be dead. Nine children are currently on treatment; 34 have successfully completed treatment, the disease-free survival in stages I–V being 81%, 75%, 42%, 14%, and 50%, respectively. Overall disease-free survival was 69% for Wilms' tumour of favourable histology and 50% for anaplastic tumours. The 3 patients with rhabdoid tumours and 3 of 4 with clear-cell sarcomas have died. Wilms' tumour management in the developing world is compromised by cases lost to follow-up and late presentation with massive tumours and advanced stage. Preoperative chemotherapy is advantageous in a number of cases, and postoperative radiotherapy should be deployed more frequently. Accepted: 16 December 1996     

The influence of chemotherapy on the prognosis of rhabdomyosarcoma

A study of 77 consecutive cases of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma treated initially at the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles from 1950 to 1972 demonstrated an impressive improvement in survival of patients when intensive chemotherapy was combined with surgery and radiation therapy. The major improvement in survival occurred in Stage II and Stage III disease. Eight out of 9 patients with a primary lesion of the lower extremities developed intra-abdominal disease. A general approach for treatment of Stage II, III, and IV rhabdomyosarcoma is proposed which involves intensive chemotherapy, following biopsy, as the principle treatment, with radiation and surgery used as adjuvants.     

Survival and late effects in medulloblastoma patients treated with craniospinal irradiation under three years old

Conventional treatment of medulloblastoma has involved surgery to the primary tumour and radiotherapy to the primary tumour and radiotherapy to the primary site and craniospinal axis. However CNS irradiation in a young child may result in significant side effects. Thus new treatment strategies have emerged which include chemotherapy, given in order to delay radiotherapy, to enable radiation dose reduction to the primary site and craniospinal axis, or even to eliminate radiotherapy completely. Such treatments have not yet been adequately evaluated in terms of survival and late effects. We report a retrospective study of 37 patients under the age of 36 months treated with postoperative craniospinal irradiation, in which the radiation dose to the neuroaxis was below conventional dosage. The overall actuarial 10-year survival rate was 44% and the actuarial 10-year relapse free survival rate was 54%. Both radiotherapy and chemotherapy contributed to morbidity and mortality. Four of 16 patients who survived longer than 10 years had no hard neurological signs; all but one patient have required extra support at school. Of nine patients available for work, two have obtained employment but only one has maintained this. No young adults have married. Despite lower doses of radiation, all but 1 survivor has significant spine shortening, and all who reached final height were short. Further work is needed to complete the profile of late effects in this group, which should include the survivors own perceptions of quality of life. It is hoped that multimodality treatment and supportive care can sustain acceptable survival rates but reduce the burden of late effects. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 28:348–354, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Local control of parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma: outcomes in non-complete responders to chemoradiation

PURPOSE: To determine whether there is a role for surgery in Group III and IV patients with residual parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma (PM-RMS) after radiotherapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1965 to 2000, 29 patients with PM-RMS (Group III 27, Group IV 2) were diagnosed and treated with RT at the University of Iowa. All patients received chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) in 17 (59%), VAC + doxorubicin in six (21%), VC + doxorubicin in three (10%), and other in three. RT was given to the primary site. Median dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 41.4-65 Gy). Two had hyperfractionated RT (59.4 Gy in 54 fractions). Median follow-up time for surviving patients was 17.9 years (range, 1.5-31.5 years). RESULTS: The 2- and 5-year overall survival rates were 78.9% and 45.7% while the 2- and 5-year freedom from local progression rates were 56.8% and 42.1%. For the 11 patients who did not achieve a complete response to chemoradiotherapy at the primary site, eight underwent surgical resection 1.5-7 months after RT. The 2- and 5-year survival rates for the eight who had a surgical salvage were 100% and 60%. None of the other three survived. Six of 18 patients (33%) relapsed at the primary site after a complete response to chemoradiation and all died. CONCLUSION: Surgical salvage after an incomplete response to chemoradiation in PM-RMS is feasible and can be curative in some cases.     

Management of stage I cervical sarcoma botryoides in childhood and adolescence

Rhabdomyosarcomas are the most common soft tissue sarcomas in childhood. The botryoid variant arises in infancy from the vagina or urinary bladder and extremely rarely from the uterine cervix. Treatment regimes range from local excision of the tumour to radical hysterectomy with adjuvant multidrug therapy and/or radiotherapy. In cases of minimal cervical invasion, the less invasive local excision in combination with adjuvant chemotherapy has resulted in excellent survival rates with complete functional preservation of the bladder, rectum, vagina, and ovaries. We present here a 30-year literature review and a case report of a cervical sarcoma botryoides in a 5-year-old girl. Conclusion:based on the literature review and our own observation, we recommend minor surgical approaches in combination with chemotherapy as the treatment of choice for early stage I cervical rhabdomyosarcoma.Abbreviations IRS Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group - RMS rhabdomyosarcoma - VAC vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide - VAI vincristine, adriamycin, ifosfamide     

The influence of chemotherapy on the prognosis of rhabdomyosarcoma.

A study of 77 consecutive cases of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma treated initially at the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles from 1950 to 1972 demonstrated an impressive improvement in survival of patients when intensive chemotherapy was occurred in Stage II and Stage III disease. Eight out of 9 patients with a primary lesion of the lower extremities developed intra-abdominal disease. A general approach for treatment of Stage II, III, and IV rhabdomyosarcoma is proposed which involves intensive chemotherapy, following biopsy, as the principle treatment, with radiation and surgery used as a adjuvants.     

Role of surgery in children with rhabdomyosarcoma

BACKGROUND: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. Historically, surgery has played a central role in the management of children with this tumor, though with surgery alone survival rates were poor. With current multimodal (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy) treatment of these patients, survival has dramatically improved and, with this improvement, there has been an evolution of the role of surgery in the management of this condition. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The contemporary published literature (English) regarding surgical aspects of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma was reviewed and evaluated. RESULTS: Multimodal therapy has improved the survival of children with RMS from 25% in 1970 to greater than 70% today. Surgical procedures for childhood RMS today are less apt to be exenterative or mutilating than those employed thirty years ago. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery plays a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of children with RMS. This role has evolved in the context of multimodal therapy and improved survival to an emphasis on less radical procedures with decreased morbidity.     

Review of thoracic neuroblastoma

Twenty-seven cases of thoracic neuroblastoma were reviewed. Thirteen cases (48%) survived, 11 for more than 2 years and two for more than 14 months. Surgery is the treatment of choice and complete excision appears to give the best result. However, radical surgery is discouraged if the tumour is not readily removable. The use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be limited to Stage III and Stage IV disease and for palliation of soft tissue and bony secondaries. The clinical presentation was generally non-specific with respect to the final diagnosis in this series. Significantly raised catecholamines were seen in 13 of 16 patients assessed (81%). Prognosis was related to the age at diagnosis, stage of disease and the histological type. The better prognosis seen in thoracic neuroblastoma in comparison with abdominal neuroblastoma may be related to the earlier presentation of the disease and the higher incidence of better differentiated tumours in the thorax. There appears to be an unknown additional factor that confers a better prognosis in patients under 1 year old.     

Intra-operative radiation therapy in pediatric neuroblastoma

External beam irradiation (EBRT) has been shown to improve response rates and event-free survival in children with neuroblastoma and regional lymph node metastases. Irradiation during surgical exposure (intra-operative radiotherapy, IORT) with displacement of adjacent radiosensitive organs out of the treatment field allows for more precise delineation of the target volume and significantly reduces the amount of normal tissue exposed to irradiation. We have incorporated IORT into the treatment regimen of 24 children with neuroblastoma between the years 1983–1991. IORT was directed to any residual tumor or the tumor bed; the median dose of radiation was 1,000 cGY, equivalent to 3,000 cGY of conventional EBRT. There were 11 males and 13 females. Two patients had stage II, 12 patients had stage III, and 10 patients had stage IV disease. Ten children received IORT for suspected recurrent or persistent neuroblastoma. Twelve patients were disease-free survivors following IORT with a median follow-up of 54 months. For those patients with stage III disease, seven children were disease-free survivors, while only three of 10 patients with stage IV disease survived (median follow-up 30 months). Disease-free Survival (DFS) correlated with the achievement of local tumor control in children with both stage III and IV neuroblastoma. There was limited morbidity and no episodes of obstructive uropathy were encountered. We conclude that IORT appears to be well tolerated and may have therapeutic benefit for a select group of patients with neuroblastoma. IORT merits future exploration by prospective study. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 28:424–428, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

肾母细胞瘤切除术中探查对侧肾脏是必须的吗?

目的：探讨肾母细胞瘤切除术中对侧肾脏探查的必要性。方法：1979年10月至1994年12月，共81例肾母细胞瘤患儿均于术前接受B超、CT和IVU检查，所有患儿均在本院接受手术并化和放疗。15例患儿接受了MRI成像检查。结果：76例患儿术前诊断和为单侧或双侧（仅3例）肾母细胞瘤，与手术结果完全一致，4例患儿术前怀疑为神经母细胞瘤，1例疑为畸胎瘤。3例双侧者均为小肿瘤侧半肾切除和大肿瘤侧全肾切除，单侧者均未探查对侧肾脏。术后病理证实为肾母细胞瘤。根据NWTS的分期标准，Ⅰ期34例，Ⅱ期23例，Ⅲ期15例，Ⅳ期6例，Ⅴ期3例，结果：78例单侧患儿随访6－20年，5年生存率为79．49％，患儿死于转移，复发和化疗或放疗并发症，无一例患儿发现有对侧肾母细胞瘤。结论：肾母细胞瘤切除术中无必要探查对侧肾脏。     

尤文肉瘤的诊断和治疗进展

尤文肉瘤是儿童常见的恶性骨肿瘤,发病时临床表现无特异性,早期易出现漏诊.目前的治疗方案包括放疗、手术治疗、化疗以及靶向治疗,其中化疗的出现使局部肿瘤的生存率达到70％,但难治及复发患者的预后不良.靶向治疗可针对肿瘤细胞的特异性位点杀死肿瘤细胞,有望提高复发及难治性肿瘤患者的生存率.该文就尤文肉瘤的诊断及治疗作一综述.     

Surgery for the complex Wilms tumour

The prognosis of children with Wilms tumour has greatly improved since the introduction of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy more than 70 years ago with a current overall long-term survival approaching 90%. Before this, surgery was the only option with around 20% survival, even in low-risk categories. The focus is now on management options for those patients in specific subgroups, who continue to have lower event-free survival and who suffer from the long-term effects of treatment. These include those with anaplastic histology, bilateral Wilms, biologically high-risk tumours and those that relapse (Aldrink et al. in J Pediatr Surg 54(3):390–397, 2019). The major advances that have already been made in risk assessment and tailoring the chemotherapy/radiotherapy to achieve maximum advantage with minimum toxicity and long-term morbidity have been predicated on safe and complete resection and staging of the tumour. There are, however, still surgical challenges faced with respect to resection of ‘complex’ tumours; thus, surgeons need to understand their role and advance their expertise in the overall treatment of children with Wilms tumour. These include very large tumours not responding to chemotherapy, ruptured tumours, tumours with intravascular invasion into the inferior vena cava (± 10%), heart and hepatic veins (± 4%) and Wilms tumours in horseshoe kidneys (< 1%) (Kieran and Ehrlich in Urol Oncol https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.05.029, 2015). This review describes surgical strategies and techniques used in these situations, gleaned from the authors’ experience in the surgical management of over 300 children with Wilms tumours in our centres over the last 30 years.     

Optimal surgical treatment and urological outcomes in boys with pelvic and urogenital rhabdomyosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas

Background

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of pelvic origin in boys often involve the urogenital organs. The optimal extensiveness of radical surgery has long been an issue of discussion, since exenterative surgeries result in severe urogenital adverse effects. We conducted a retrospective review of patients with pelvic STS treated in two regional center hospitals and assessed the radicality of surgery and the functional outcome of the bladder.

Patients

Medical records and surgical reports of nine cases (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 6, malignant triton tumor 2, suspected rhabdomyosarcoma 1) treated within 1997–2012 were reviewed. Site of origin was prostate in seven, retroperitoneal in two. Average follow-up period was 96 months.

Treatment and outcome

All cases were subjected to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Response was PR in four, SD in two, and PD in two. Radical surgery resulted in gross total resection in eight, and partial resection in one. Three underwent cystoprostatectomy, two cases underwent prostatectomy, and bladder-preserving tumor resection was carried out in four cases. At the last follow-up, three retained a functional bladder. Two required augmentation cystoplasty with intestinal conduits.

Conclusions

The majority of the on-going clinical trials recommend conservative surgery for bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma, and to preserve the bladder function particularly in chemosensitive tumors. Some other groups, however, advocate the importance of radical surgery to prevent local relapse. These reports include heterogenous group of patients in the cohort, and therefore it is difficult to draw a conclusion of which approach truly contributes to the survival of the patients better. Future studies should evaluate bladder and sexual function objectively to establish reliable evidence regarding the benefit and adverse effects of different surgical approaches. These data would be informative to optimize the treatment balance for children with pelvic rhabdomyosarcomas.     

Neuroblastomas treated at the Gustave-Roussy Institute from 1975 to 1979. 173 cases

From 1975 to 1979, 173 children with neuroblastoma were treated according to the same protocol at the Institut Gustave-Roussy. They were classified according to the site of the primary tumor (abdominal: 122; thoracic: 29; others: 22) and according to TNM staging (stage I: 8; stage II: 24; stage III: 35; stage IV: 99; stage V: 2). Depending on stage and age, treatment consisted of surgery and radiotherapy associated with cyclic multiagent chemotherapy (vincristine, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide). It resulted in a significant improvement of prognosis in stage III patients, especially those with abdominal tumors. In the latter group, prognosis depended mainly on the possibilities of resection of the tumors. Therefore, making these tumors operable remains the major goal of therapy in such patients. Radiotherapy is quite efficient in sterilizing the small post-surgical residual tumors. Prognosis in children over 1 year of age with metastases still remains very poor, even though the quality of the survival is improved.     

Desmoplastic small round cell tumour in children and adolescents

BACKGROUND: Desmoplastic small round cell tumour (DSRCT) is a rare highly aggressive neoplasm, and clinical studies are scarce. PROCEDURE: We report six cases of children and adolescents (median age 14 years, range 6.9-17.5) with DSRCT (5 abdominal, 1 paratesticular) registered by the Italian Cooperative Group (ICG) for soft tissue sarcoma over a 9-year period. Patients received a multidisciplinary treatment, including aggressive initial or delayed surgery and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy regimen was based on the use of ifosfamide, vincristine, dactinomycin, and a few doses of antharacyclines (doxorubicin or epirubicin). RESULTS: Complete surgical resection was possible only for the paratesticular tumour. Among the patients with abdominal lesions, macroscopically radical excision was possible in only one case. All patients received multidrug chemotherapy, and tumour reduction was obtained in the 4 evaluable patients. No relapses were evident in the irradiated fields in the 4 patients who received radiotherapy. Two patients remained progression-free 22 and 63 months after diagnosis, one is in third complete remission, whereas three died 10-25 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: DSRCT is a chemosensitive tumour, but survival rates remain disappointing despite aggressive multimodality therapy. Our results support surgical tumour removal and radiotherapy to achieve local control. Our experience and a review of the literature suggest that patients with localised abdominal tumours or a paratesticular primary may have a better prognosis.     

14例肝母细胞瘤患儿的临床疗效观察

目的：通过对儿童肝母细胞瘤患儿的临床治疗结果的回顾总结,对ICE化疗方案的有效性和安全性进行评估。方法：自2000年6月至2008年6月,14例初发患儿入选,男7例,女7例,中位年龄：1.33岁（范围0.25～8.25岁）。临床分期：Ⅰ期6例,Ⅱ期1例,Ⅲ期5例,Ⅳ期2例。诊断时血甲胎蛋白（AFP）水平显著升高13例,1例AFP正常。采用多科室协作模式进行治疗,其中一期手术8例,3例进行了二期手术。化疗方案采用ICE方案,14例患儿共接受了73个疗程化疗,其中术前化疗25个疗程。结果：14例患儿治疗后有效12例（85.7%）,其中完全缓解10例（71.4%）,部分缓解2例,2例无效。随访至2008年7月31日,疾病处于长期完全缓解者9例（64.3%）,中位随访时间为35个月（范围：16～96个月）。5年总生存率（OS）为：（70.71±12.37）%,5年无事件生存率（EFS）为：（64.29±12.81）%。1例患儿复发,2例失访。结论：ICE化疗方案联合手术治疗能有效并且安全地治疗儿童肝母细胞瘤,Ⅳ期患儿的治疗有待于进一步研究。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（8）：659-662］     

Nonmetastatic pelvic Ewing sarcoma: report of the French society of pediatric oncology.

BACKGROUND: Since January, 1984, 59 children with histologically confirmed Ewing sarcoma of the pelvic bone have been treated with three successive chemotherapy protocols recommended by the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the role of surgery and/or radiotherapy in local progression-free, disease-free, and overall survivals (LPFS, DFS, and OS, respectively). PROCEDURE: We retrospectively examined 59 children treated for nonmetastatic, pelvic Ewing sarcoma over the last 12 years. All were first treated with chemotherapy according to the current French protocol. Six patients developed progressive disease before local treatment and were excluded for local control and survival analysis. Local treatment was surgery alone in 17 cases, radiation therapy in 27 cases, and surgery plus radiation therapy in 9 cases. RESULTS: With a median of follow-up of 6.5 years, no significant differences in local control or survival were observed with the three chemotherapeutic protocols. Of the 53 patients evaluable for local control, 6 relapsed locally only, 8 had local and distant relapses, and 9 had distant metastases only. The 5-year OS rate was worst for patients with radiotherapy alone compared to those with surgery or combined modality treatment (44 % vs. 72 %, P = 0.043). The 5-year LPFS and DFS rates were worst in the radiotherapy-alone group but not significantly (63% vs. 79%, P = 0. 22 and 42% vs 71%, P =0.07, respectively). The importance of surgery to OS and DFS was confirmed by multivariate analysis (P = 0.026 and P = 0.048, respectively). One surviving patient was diagnosed with in-field fibrosarcoma, which was presumably radiation induced. CONCLUSIONS: Despite intensive, multiagent chemotherapy, survival from pelvic Ewing sarcoma has not improved over the past decade; however, the survival rate does not seem to be worse than that from Ewing sarcoma at other locations, insofar as at least 50% of the patients were cured. Surgery or a combination of surgery and radiation therapy are the best local treatment; exclusive radiation therapy should be reserved for patients with inoperable lesions or partially or nonchemosensitive tumors or when surgery would be an amputation.