FOXM1、PLK1、HIF-1α及EZH2在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

 目的 探讨叉头框转录因子M1(FOXM1)、Polo样激酶1(PLK1)、缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)及果蝇Zeste基因增强子人类同源物2(EZH2)在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法 采用免疫组化法检测FoxM1、PLK1、HIF-1α及EZH2蛋白在803例乳腺浸润性导管癌和癌旁乳腺组织中的表达情况及其与乳腺癌组织临床病理特征间的关系。结果 FOXM1、PLK1、HIF-1α及EZH2在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为59.78%、27.90%、43.96%和60.40%,显著高于其在癌旁乳腺组织中的表达(29.89%、0%、3.86%、20.92%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。FOXM1、PLK1、HIF-1α及EZH2的表达与乳腺癌的组织学分级、淋巴结转移及临床分期相关,与患者年龄、是否绝经及肿瘤大小无关(P>0.05)。PLK1、HIF-1α和EZH2蛋白的表达均与ER呈负相关关系,FOXM1和EZH2蛋白的表达与HER-2呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。FOXM1、PLK1、HIF-1α和EZH2蛋白的表达均具有正相关关系(P<0.01)。结论 FOXM1、PLK1、HIF-1α及EZH2可能协同参与了乳腺癌的发生、发展,并可能成为乳腺癌预后评估的重要指标。     

DNA甲基转移酶1在子宫颈癌组织和细胞中的表达及意义

目的 研究DNA甲基转移酶1(DNMT1)在宫颈癌组织和宫颈癌细胞系中的表达情况,分析其表达率与宫颈癌临床病理因素之间的关系,并探讨其在官颈癌发生发展过程中的作用.方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测DNMT1蛋白在3株宫颈癌细胞系(SHa、Hela、C33A细胞系)及89例宫颈癌组织、20例宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)、20例正常宫颈上皮组织石蜡标本中的阳性细胞表达率,并分析其与宫颈癌临床病理因素之间的关系;用RT-FCR方法检测DNIVlT1mRNA在3株宫颈癌细胞系及35例宫颈癌组织、24例CIN、20例正常宫颈组织新鲜标本中的表达情况.结果 DNMT1蛋白在3株宫颈癌细胞中均有表达,而在对照组(人子宫内膜间质细胞)中无表达,在宫颈癌组织中的阳性表达率为71. 9%,高于CIN组织(35.0%,P<0.05)和正常宫颈组织(10.0%,P<0.05);DNMT1蛋白的异常表达与宫颈癌组织的分化程度有关(P<0.05),与年龄、肿瘤病理型别、有无淋巴结转移和临床分期无明显关系.DNMT1mRNA在3株宫颈癌细胞中均有表达,对照组细胞中无表达,在宫颈癌组织中的阳性表达率为85.7%,高于CIN组织(强33.3%,P<0.05)和正常宫颈组织(5.0%,P<0.05).结论 DNMT1 mRNA和蛋白在宫颈癌组织和细胞中的阳性表达率均高于正常宫颈组织,有可能作为宫颈癌早期诊断的标志物.     

三阴性乳腺癌中溶酶体相关膜蛋白-2表达水平的临床意义及预后价值

目的 探讨溶酶体关联膜蛋白2(lysosome-associated membrane protein 2,LAMP2)表达水平与三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer, TNBC)患者临床病理特征及其预后的关系。方法 收集2015年1月至2017年1月在新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院院确诊并行乳腺癌根治术的104例TNBC患者的临床病理资料,调取患者冻存癌组织及癌旁组织标本,使用蛋白质印迹法(Western Blot,WB)检测TNBC癌组织及癌旁组织中LAMP2表达,验证LAMP2表达水平与TNBC患者的临床病理特征及总生存(overall survival,OS)的关系。使用单因素及Cox多因素回归分析TNBC患者的预后因素。结果 WB实验结果显示,LAMP2在TNBC癌组织中表达水平显著高于癌旁组织(P<0.05)。LAMP2表达与TNBC患者TNM分期、淋巴结转移及组织学分级相关,结果有统计学差异(P均＜0.05)。生存分析结果显示,截至2022年1月25日,LAMP2高表达组5年生存率显著低于低表达组(P< 0.05)。单因素及Cox多因素回归分析：TNM分期及LAMP2表达水平是TNBC患者独立预后因素,结果有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。结论 LAMP2在TNBC癌组织及癌旁组织中差异表达,LAMP2高表达可能与患者TNM分期、淋巴结转移及组织学分级相关,更高的LAMP2的表达可能预示着患者更差的预后。     

乳腺癌组织中HIF-1α、Twist及E-钙粘蛋白表达及临床意义

目的检测乳腺癌组织中缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)蛋白和Twist蛋白及上皮-间质转化(EMT)相关因子E-钙粘蛋白(E-cadherin)的表达情况,探讨三者与乳腺癌临床病理学指标之间的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学方法(SP法)检测60例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织和30例乳腺癌旁正常组织中HIF-1α、Twist及E-cadherin蛋白的表达情况,并分析其与乳腺癌临床病理学指标的关系。结果 HIF-1α、Twist及E-cadherin在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为81.7%、63.3%、71.6%,而其在癌旁正常组织中的阳性表达率分别为23.3%、16.7%、90.0%,3种蛋白在两种组织中的阳性表达率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Spearman相关性检验示,HIF-1α蛋白与Twist蛋白表达呈正相关,此两种蛋白均与E-cadherin蛋白的表达呈负相关(P<0.05)。HIF-1α、Twist及E-cadherin蛋白的表达与患者年龄、肿块大小均无明显相关性(P>0.05),而与临床分期、组织学分级和淋巴结转移具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。结论在乳腺癌组织中,HIF-1α蛋白与Twist蛋白均高表达,上皮间质化相关因子E-cadherin表达降低,与乳腺癌临床分期、组织学分级和腋窝淋巴结转移情况具有相关性,且Twist和HIF-1α在乳腺癌中的表达呈显著正相关,与E-cadherin表达负相关,提示HIF-1α可能通过上调Twist的表达,促进上皮间质转化现象的发生,成为促进乳腺癌浸润、转移的可能途径之一,Twist蛋白与HIF-1α蛋白可在一定程度上预测乳腺癌的进展和肿瘤预后的判断。     

小凹蛋白-1在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与乳腺癌浸润转移的关系

目的观察小凹蛋白-1(Caveolin-1)在人乳腺癌组织中的表达,探讨Caveolin-1的表达与临床病理因素和预后的相关性。方法运用免疫组织化学方法(Envision染色)和Western印迹法检测168例人乳腺癌及其配对癌旁正常乳腺组织病理标本中Caveolin-1的表达水平,采用Prism 5.0统计软件分析肿瘤组织Caveolin-1与临床病理因素及患者总生存时间的关系。结果 Caveolin-1在人乳腺癌组织中的表达明显低于乳腺纤维素瘤和癌旁正常组织(19.8%vs 53.8%vs95.0%,P<0.01);随临床分期的递增(P=0.044)、淋巴结转移的出现(P=0.039)以及HER-2表达(P=0.014)的增加,Caveolin-1表达水平逐渐降低,各组间有显著相关性;Caveolin-1表达阳性的乳腺癌患者,术后5年生存率较Caveolin-1表达阴性者高(P=0.018);Caveolin-1的表达与肿瘤直径、患者年龄、组织学分级及ER/PR的表达无显著相关性。结论Caveolin-1的表达与临床病理因素及预后有一定关系,其在乳腺癌发生、发展中可能起到肿瘤抑制因子的作用。     

MiR-29a及其靶向基因在宫颈癌中的表达和临床意义

目的 探讨microRNA-29a(miR-29a)及其靶向DNA甲基转移酶3A（DNA-methyltransferase 3 A,DNMT3A）基因、DNMT3B基因在宫颈鳞癌和癌旁组织以及在宫颈癌细胞系Hela和人正常宫颈细胞株ECT-1中的表达差异;探讨Hela细胞株过表达miR29a后DNMT3A、DNMT3B的表达差异,为宫颈癌靶向治疗提供基础。方法 选取青海大学附属医院2015年6月—2017年6月收治的20例宫颈鳞癌患者的癌组织及癌旁组织;培养宫颈癌细胞系Hela和人正常宫颈细胞株ECT-1,qRT-PCR法检测组织和细胞中miR-29a的表达,分析miR-29a的表达差异。Western Blot法检测癌组织及癌旁组织中DNMT3A、DNMT3B的表达水平,并分析其差异。采用分子生物学方法,转染Hela细胞株过表达miR29a,测定DNMT3A、DNMT3B表达水平,并分析其差异。qRT-PCR法、Western Blot法和ELISA法检测细胞中DNMT3A、DNMT3B的表达水平,并分析其差异。结果 MiR-29a在宫颈鳞癌组织中的表达量明显低于癌旁组织;miR-29a在人宫颈癌细胞系Hela中表达量明显低于人正常宫颈细胞株ECT-1。宫颈鳞癌组织中DNMT3A、DNMT3B的表达明显高于癌旁组织。Hela细胞过表达miR29a后,DNMT3A、DNMT3B的表达均明显下降。结论 MiR-29a可能是宫颈癌的抑癌基因,它可能通过降低DNMT3A、DNMT3B的表达水平来达到抑癌作用,有望成为宫颈癌靶向治疗的潜在靶点。     

多效生长因子、基质金属蛋白酶2与浸润性乳腺癌临床病理特征的关系研究

目的研究多效生长因子(PTN)和基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP2)在乳腺癌中的表达与患者临床病理特征的相关性。方法收集103例浸润性乳腺癌初治病例的病理标本,其中三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC,即雌激素受体、孕激素受体和人类表皮生长因子受体2均为阴性表达)51例,非TNBC 52例,另取10例癌旁组织作为对照。利用免疫组织化学法检测PTN和MMP2的表达,分析其与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征(年龄、肿瘤大小、组织病理学分级和腋窝淋巴结转移)的相关性。结果 103例乳腺癌患者中,TNBC与非TNBC的发病年龄、肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),组织病理学分级差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。103例乳腺癌中PTN的阳性表达率为83.5%(86/103),MMP2的阳性表达率为68%(70/103),且二者在TNBC及非TNBC患者中的表达差异无统计学意义。PTN和MMP2的表达均与乳腺癌患者的发病年龄、组织病理学分级、腋窝淋巴结转移相关,但二者在乳腺癌中表达的一致性较弱(Kappa系数=0.1817,95%CI=-0.0091~0.3726;Z=2.0212,P=0.0433)。结论在浸润性乳腺癌中,PTN、MMP2的表达与TNBC无关,与年龄、组织病理学分级、腋窝淋巴结转移相关;PTN与MMP2表达的一致性较弱。     

乳腺浸润性导管癌组织AIB1与Ki67表达及相关性研究

目的：探讨乳腺癌扩增性抗原1（AIB1）及增殖细胞核抗原（Ki67）蛋白在乳腺浸润性导管癌（IDC）中的表达及二者相关性。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测100例乳腺IDC组织石蜡标本中AIB1及Ki67蛋白的表达情况。结果 AIB1及Ki67蛋白阳性表达率分别为75．00％和80．00％。它们的表达均与腋窝淋巴结转移、病理组织学分级、临床分期关系密切（P＜0．05）,而均与患者年龄无关（P＞0．05）;AIB1表达与肿瘤大小无关（P＞0．05）,而Ki67表达与肿瘤大小有关（P＜0．05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,组织学分级是影响AIB1及Ki67阳性表达最主要因素,P值均＜0．05;在80例Ki67蛋白阳性表达的乳腺IDC中有68例同时表达AIB1,AIB1与Ki67的表达呈正相关（P＜0．05）。结论 AIB1及Ki67蛋白可能是乳腺IDC患者的不良预后因素;二者可能共同促进乳腺癌细胞增殖、侵袭及转移,联合检测可能有助于更准确地判断乳腺IDC的预后。     

乳腺癌患者婆罗双树样基因4表达情况及PTEN/AKT/mTOR通路对乳腺癌阿霉素耐药性作用研究

目的探讨乳腺癌患者婆罗双树样基因4(SALL4)的表达情况,以及PTEN/AKT/mTOR通路对乳腺癌阿霉素耐药性的作用。方法选取海南省人民医院自2010年6月至2022年6月收治的90例乳腺癌手术患者为研究对象并提取患者乳腺癌组织及癌旁组织。采用免疫组织化学法检测乳腺癌组织的SALL4表达情况,计算阳性表达率。采用Western Blot和荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测SALL4蛋白表达和mRNA表达。采用阿霉素处理人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、其阿霉素耐药细胞MCF-7/ADR以及在MCF-7/ADR细胞中沉默SALL4构建的shSALL4-MCF-7/ADR细胞三种细胞,采用MTT法检测处理24、48 h后的IC50。采用Western Blot法检测MCF-7、MCF-7/ADR、shSALL4-MCF-7/ADR细胞的PTEN、p-AKT、AKT、p-mTOR、mTOR蛋白相对表达量。比较乳腺癌及癌旁组织中的SALL4表达水平,不同病理特征乳腺癌患者的SALL4表达阳性率;分析SALL4对乳腺癌细胞阿霉素耐药性及PTEN/AKT/mTOR通路的影响。结果90例患者中,SALL4表达阳性34例,阳性表达率为37.78%(34/90)。乳腺癌组织中SALL4蛋白相对表达水平和SALL4 mRNA相对表达水平均高于癌旁组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同年龄、病理类型、组织学分级、肿瘤大小及雌激素受体、孕激素受体、人表皮生长因子受体、Ki67表达患者的SALL4表达阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);有淋巴结转移患者的SALL4表达阳性率高于无淋巴结转移患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。阿霉素处理24、48 h后的MCF-7/ADR细胞的IC50均高于MCF-7细胞,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在MCF-7/ADR细胞中沉默SALL424、48 h后的shSALL4-MCF-7/ADR细胞的IC50均较MCF-7/ADR细胞降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。MCF-7/ADR细胞的PTEN蛋白表达低于MCF-7细胞,p-AKT和p-mTOR蛋白表达高于MCF-7细胞,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);沉默SALL4后,shSALL4-MCF-7/ADR细胞的PTEN蛋白表达升高,高于MCF-7/ADR细胞,p-AKT和p-mTOR蛋白表达下降,低于MCF-7/ADR细胞,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论SALL4在乳腺癌组织中的表达高于癌旁组织,且与淋巴结转移明显相关。沉默SALL4可抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖活性,降低阿霉素的耐药性,且SALL4对乳腺癌细胞阿霉素耐药性的影响与PTEN/AKT/mTOR通路有关。     

p21^WAF1、P53与PCNA在乳腺癌中的表达变化

目的探讨乳腺癌中p21WAF1、P53及增殖细胞核抗原（proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA）的表达变化及其意义。方法采用HE染色鉴定乳腺癌的形态变化;应用免疫组化法检测P21WAF1、P53及PCNA在30例乳腺癌组织与30例正常乳腺组织中的表达。结果HE染色可见,与正常的乳腺组织相比,乳腺癌组织结构及细胞形态有明显的异型。免疫组化结果显示：p21WAF1、P53及PCNA在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为46.67%、63.33%与70.00%。p21WAF1的表达与淋巴结转移显著相关（P〈0.05）,无淋巴结转移组明显高于有淋巴结转移组;与组织分级无显著相关（P〉0.05）。p53蛋白的表达与淋巴结转移显著相关（P〈0.05）,有淋巴结转移组明显高于无淋巴结转移组;与肿瘤组织分级无关（P〉0.05）。PCNA的表达与肿瘤组织分级、淋巴结转移均显著相关（P〈0.05）。结论p21WAF1、P53及PCNA蛋白的表达变化与乳腺癌的发生发展有关。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.