腰椎融合术后邻近节段退变再手术策略的研究进展

<正>腰椎融合术后邻近节段退变(adjacent segment disease,ASD)是指腰椎融合术后在融合节段的头端和/或尾端出现椎间盘退变、不稳、滑脱等退变表现,甚至出现相应的临床症候群,包括"影像学"ASD和"症状学"ASD~([1]),是腰椎融合术后常见的远期并发症之一。目前针对ASD发生的原因尚存争议。腰椎退变的自然史和(或)腰椎融合术本身都可能导致其发生。随着ASD的不断发展,对保守治疗无效的患者,往往需要通过再次手术来缓解症状。腰椎     

斜外侧腰椎体间融合术初次术后邻近节段退变

[目的]评价斜外侧腰椎体间融合术(oblique lumbar interbody fusion,0LIF)治疗腰椎融合术后邻近节段退变的临床效果。[方法]回顾性分析2016年12月一2019年12月本院脊柱外科采用0LIF术治疗腰椎融合术后邻近节段退变50例患者的临床资料。[结果]50例患者均顺利完成手术,均未发生严重并发症。所有患者随访12?16个月,平均(13.74±1.63)个月。术后(12.66±3.64)周患者恢复完全负重活动。随访期间,患者术后疼痛逐步减缓,功能逐步改善。与术前相比较,末次随访时VAS和0DI评分均显著下降(P<0.05)。影像方面,与术前相比,末次随访时患者的腰椎前凸角(LL)显著增加(P<0.05),而侧凸Cobb角显著减少(P<0.05)。至末次随访时,50例患者再次手术椎间隙均达到骨性融合,椎间融合器无移位、下沉。[结论]采用0LIF治疗腰椎融合术后邻近节段退变具有较好的安全性和有效性。     

Rationale for spinal fusion in lumbar spinal stenosis

In order to define the indications for spinal fusion in patients undergoing decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis, 114 patients surgically treated were reviewed. Follow-up was 24 to 108 months. Patients were grouped into four categories: 15 with lateral recess stenosis, 45 with central-mixed stenosis, 43 with stenosis following prior lumbar surgery(s), and 11 with scoliosis and spinal stenosis. Only two patients with lateral recess stenosis underwent fusion with fair results. Approximately one-third of those with central-mixed stenosis required a fusion. Results were good in 70%. In those with stenosis following prior lumbar surgeries, although not statistically significant, those who had concomitant decompression and arthrodesis had a better outcome than those in whom decompression only was done. Patients with scoliosis and stenosis had decompression for significant motor and reflex deficits and fusion over the length of their major curves. Patients having decompression for lumbar stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis, isolated disc resorption with degenerative facet joints, intervertebral disc disease with instability, and those with scoliosis with multidirectional instabilities benefit from concomitant spinal fusion.     

Decompression, fusion, and instrumentation surgery for complex lumbar spinal stenosis

Between 1990 and 1993, 54 consecutive patients were treated with decompression, fusion and instrumentation surgery for complex lumbar spinal stenosis. The mean age of the patients was 60 years. The average followup was 39 months. Clinically, there was one deep wound infection, and three mechanical failures. There were two staged operations. There were three revision surgeries performed for mechanical reasons. Of the 47 patients who completed the questionnaire, 96% of patients were very satisfied or somewhat satisfied with the operation, 98% were satisfied with relief of pain, 94% were satisfied with their ability to walk, 89% were satisfied with their strength, and 94% were satisfied with balance. Survivorship analysis (failure endpoint was revision surgery) revealed that at the end of 4 years, the patient had a 92% chance of not undergoing revision surgery for any reason (mechanical and infectious), and a 94% chance of not undergoing revision surgery for mechanical reasons. Lumbar decompression, fusion, and instrumentation surgery seems to be efficacious in patients with complex lumbar spinal stenosis (associated previous lumbar spine operations with evidence of radiographic instability, radiographic evidence of junctional stenosis after surgery, radiographic evidence of instability, degenerative spondylolisthesis greater than Grade I with instability, if present, and degenerative scoliosis with a curve greater than 20 degrees).     

Results of decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis.

Approximately 80% of patients with spinal stenosis return to their usual occupations following decompressive laminectomy. It is essential to recognize distinctive features of stenosis on myelography and in accordance with the individual patients' clinical problems, to carry out an adequate decompression.     

经皮内窥镜下经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融合术治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症

目的 对比分析经皮内窥镜下经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融合术（TLIF）与单纯椎板切除术治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症（LSS）的临床疗效。方法 2018年5月-2020年5月收治LSS患者180例,采用随机数字表法分为2组,其中90例采用经皮内窥镜下TLIF治疗（内窥镜组）,其余90例采用椎板切除术治疗（对照组）。记录2组切口长度、手术时间、住院时间及切口感染、脑脊液漏、硬膜囊损伤等并发症发生情况,采用疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分评估腰腿痛程度,采用生活质量评价量表（SF-36）评分评估患者生活质量,采用改良MacNab标准评定疗效并计算疗效优良率。结果 所有手术顺利完成,所有患者随访（11.26±1.35）个月。与对照组相比,内窥镜组切口更小,手术时间、住院时间更短,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组术后12个月腰腿痛VAS评分均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组术后12个月SF-36各维度评分较术前均显著提升,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组临床疗效优良率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 经皮内窥镜下TLIF和椎板切除术治疗LSS均可获得良好疗效,可有效减轻患者腰腿痛程度,改善患者生活质量,但经皮内窥镜下TLIF具有创伤更小、术后恢复更快等优点,临床中可依据患者情况和意愿灵活选择。     

Repeat lumbar surgery. A review of patients with failure from previous lumbar surgery treated by spinal canal exploration and lumbar spinal fusion

Thirty-six patients with chronic back and/or leg pain following previous lumbar surgery who underwent both spinal canal exploration and spinal fusion were subjected to retrospective review. The purpose was to determine the probability of success for this surgical approach. Twenty (56%) of the 36 patients had a satisfactory result. In 15 patients with multiple objective findings of an ongoing radiculopathy, 11 (73%) improved. Only nine (43%) of 21 patients improved if these preoperative criteria were absent. Analysis according to the type of surgery performed in the spinal canal demonstrated improvement in (a) 17 (74%) of 23 patients who had wide bony decompression, (b) eight (61%) of 12 patients who had discectomy, and (c) seven (47%) of 15 patients who had an extensive neurolysis. In 17 patients whose time interval between the previous operation and present reconstruction was greater than 18 months, 13 (76%) improved. Only seven (36%) of 19 patients with a shorter time interval improved. The presence of pseudarthrosis was a poor indication for repeat lumbar surgery. The number of previous lumbar surgeries may not necessarily preclude a satisfactory outcome. Solid fusion correlated highly with a satisfactory outcome. Best results are obtained when objective preoperative findings indicate the presence of a surgically correctable abnormality.     

Decompressive surgery for typical lumbar spinal stenosis

Between 1991 and 1992, 103 consecutive patients (average age, 65 years) underwent decompressive surgery for treatment of typical lumbar spinal stenosis. Clinical results at 1-year followup revealed that four patients had revision surgery. At 2- to 5-years followup, there were no additional revision surgeries. Two patients underwent revision surgery for a deep infection, and two underwent revision surgery for a superficial infection. Outcome results showed that 77 patients completed the questionnaire, 15 were lost to followup and 11 died. Postoperative results showed that 64 of 77 patients had no or mild pain, 72 of 77 patients stated that they were satisfied or somewhat satisfied with their overall results of surgery, and 73 of 77 were satisfied with pain relief. Younger patients had greater improvement in function and a greater reduction in severity scores. However, satisfaction was similar in both groups. Survivorship results (failure was revision surgery) showed at the end of 4 years, a patient had a 95% chance of not having revision surgery. Statistically, there was no association between outcome and cofactors such as scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, number of levels decompressed, discectomy, or smoking. Satisfaction rates for older patients were similar to patients younger than 65 years although physical function scores and severity scores were less.     

Stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration following previous lumbar fusion

Background Context

Revision posterior decompression and fusion surgery for patients with symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is associated with significant morbidity and is technically challenging. The use of a stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) in patients with symptomatic ASD may prevent many of the complications associated with revision posterior surgery.

经皮内窥镜下经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融合术治疗退行性腰椎椎管狭窄症

目的 探讨经皮内窥镜下经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融合术(TLIF)治疗退行性腰椎椎管狭窄症(DLSS)的疗效.方法 2018年10月—2019年10月,南阳市中心医院收治DLSS患者40例,采用随机数字表法分为A组(20例,采用经皮内窥镜下TLIF治疗)、B组(20例,采用传统开放TLIF治疗).记录2组切口长度、手术时间、...     

腰椎融合术后相邻节段退变的相关因素分析

【摘要】 目的：探讨腰椎融合术后影响相邻节段退变（adjacent segment degeneration,ASD）的因素。方法：回顾性分析北京大学第三医院骨科2009年1月~2011年1月因腰椎管狭窄症行腰椎后路融合手术患者109例,其中男39例,女70例,年龄24~79岁,平均54岁。门诊随访2~4年,平均3.4年。测量术前融合节段角度（fusion angle,FA）、融合节段头尾端相邻节段角度（proximal angle,PA;distal angle,DA）、腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）、骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、融合与非融合相邻节段移位距离（slip distance,SD）等参数。以术后2年时站立位X线片相邻节段滑移≥3mm定义为ASD,将患者分为退变组（A组）和非退变组（B组）。同时记录两组患者性别、年龄、骨密度、融合节段数等。采用t检验及χ2检验比较两组间各指标的差异,应用Logistic回归分析ASD的影响因素。结果：A组18例（16.5%）,B组91例（83.5%）。发生ASD患者均为融合节段头端相邻节段退变。A组患者术前LL为29.8°±12.5°,B组为32.4°±11.2°;A组SS为31.5°±12.1°,B组为37.4°±13.4°;A组FA为18.3°±9.0°,B组为14.8°±10.5°; A组PA为6.8°±3.2°,B组为7.2°±5.2°;A组PI为42.3°±9.8°,B组为49.9°±9.8°;两组比较均有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。两组患者性别、年龄、骨密度、融合节段数及DA等均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示PI与ASD发生率有显著相关性（P＜0.05）,SS、LL、FA、PA与ASD发生率无相关性（P＞0.05）。结论：在腰椎融合术后影响ASD的诸多因素中,过小的PI值可能是导致ASD的重要因素。     

腰椎融合区相邻节段无症状退变椎间盘的转归

目的：观察腰椎融合区相邻节段无症状性退变间盘的转归，探讨腰椎融合节段的选择。方法：71例因椎间盘源性腰痛而接受椎阃盘切除、椎间植骨融合术患者，术前均进行仔细的体格检查、MRI和椎间盘造影，对MRI表现和柞间盘造影阳性的节段进行融合，其中53例相邻椎间盘MRI表现正常（A组），18例相邻20个节段为无症状性退变间盘（B组）比较两组术后的临床疗效、疼痛复发以及二次手术率。结果：所有患者均随访2年以上（平均35个月），临床疗效优良率A组为92.4％，B组为77．8％，无统计学差异（P=0.189）。A组中1例因相邻节段间盘发生退变并产生严重症状而进行了二次融合手术：B组叶14例因相邻的无症状性退变间盘退变加重并产生严重症状而接受一次融合手术。结论：柑邻于融合节段的无症状性退变间盘大多数（77.8％）不产生后期的疼痛症状，临床疗效满息、存初次进行融合时，仅融合有症状的退变间盘即可。     

老年性腰椎椎管狭窄症后路植骨融合术术后效果分析

腰椎椎管狭窄症(lumbar spinal stenosis,LSS)是临床常见的脊柱外科疾病之一,老年人多见。其临床特点为神经源性跛行或根性痛,它是腰椎椎管、神经根管或椎间孔狭窄所致马尾或/和神经根的压迫综合征。治疗LSS的腰椎后路植骨融合术可分为腰椎后外侧植骨融合术(posterolateral lumbar     

责任节段融合术治疗高龄多节段腰椎管狭窄症

[目的]探讨责任节段腰椎融合术治疗高龄多节段腰椎管狭窄症的应用价值。[方法]回顾性分析2014年1月～2017年12月收治的160例高龄多节段退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者。其中,82例减压术后仅行责任节段融合,78例减压术后行常规长节段融合术。比较两组围手术期、随访和影像资料。[结果]两组患者均顺利完成手术。责任节段融合组手术时间、出血量、住院时间均少于多节段融合组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多节段融合组并发症发生率略高于责任节段融合组,差异无统计学差异(P>0.05)。两组患者术后平均随访(24.59±3.25)个月,随术后时间推移,两组患者的VAS评分、ODI指数均显著下降,而JOA评分明显增加,不同时间点间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);相同时间点,两组间VAS、 ODI和JOA评分的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。至末次随访时,两组患者疼痛、行走、弯腰活动、劳动能力较术前均得到明显改善,生活质量明显提高。影像检查显示随访过程中均未发生螺钉松动、断裂等现象,笼架未出现明显移位及下沉,所有患者均获得骨性融合。[结论]责任节段融合术治疗高龄多节段腰椎管狭窄症能有效地缩短手术时间,减少出血量,缩短住院时间,且能达到预期临床疗效,改善患者生活质量。     

Prognostic factors in lumbar spinal stenosis surgery

Background and purpose A considerable number of patients who undergo surgery for spinal stenosis have residual symptoms and inferior function and health-related quality of life after surgery. There have been few studies on factors that may predict outcome. We tried to find predictors of outcome in surgery for spinal stenosis using patient- and imaging-related factors.

Patients and methods 109 patients in the Swedish Spine Register with central spinal stenosis that were operated on by decompression without fusion were prospectively followed up 1 year after surgery. Clinical outcome scores included the EQ-5D, the Oswestry disability index, self-estimated walking distance, and leg and back pain levels (VAS). Central dural sac area, number of levels with stenosis, and spondylolisthesis were included in the MRI analysis. Multivariable analyses were performed to search for correlation between patient-related and imaging factors and clinical outcome at 1-year follow-up.

Results Several factors predicted outcome statistically significantly. Duration of leg pain exceeding 2 years predicted inferior outcome in terms of leg and back pain, function, and HRLQoL. Regular and intermittent preoperative users of analgesics had higher levels of back pain at follow-up than those not using analgesics. Low preoperative function predicted low function and dissatisfaction at follow-up. Low preoperative EQ-5D scores predicted a high degree of leg and back pain. Narrow dural sac area predicted more gains in terms of back pain at follow-up and lower absolute leg pain.

Interpretation Multiple factors predict outcome in spinal stenosis surgery, most importantly duration of symptoms and preoperative function. Some of these are modifiable and can be targeted. Our findings can be used in the preoperative patient information and aid the surgeon and the patient in a shared decision making process.     

Sublaminar wiring stabilization to prevent adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion

Introduction  Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is a complication of lumbar spinal fusion. There are some reports on the cause of this degeneration but none concerning its prevention. We performed sublaminar wiring stabilization to prevent ASD after posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion with instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of this procedure. Patients and methods  Between 2003 and 2004, 54 consecutive patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis and multilevel instability of the lumbar spine underwent posterior decompression and posterolateral fusion with instrumentation. The mean age at the time of surgery was 66.7 ± 1.3 years, and the mean follow-up period was 40.0 ± 1.1 months, with a minimum of 29 months. Twenty-seven of the patients underwent conventional sublaminar wiring stabilization at the cephalad segment adjacent to the site of fusion to prevent ASD (group A), and the other 27 patients did not (group B). Some items were assessed, including clinical outcome using Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, sagittal global lumbar alignment, and segmental motion in flexion–extension radiographs of the cephalad vertebral body adjacent to the site of fusion. Results  There were no significant differences in JOA scores between two groups, but 2 patients in group B underwent subsequent surgery due to ASD. Sagittal lumbar alignment did not change in group A but was significantly decreased in group B. With respect to segmental motion in flexion–extension radiographs, group A showed a significant decrease from 6.9° before surgery to 3.4° after surgery, on the other hand group B showed a significant increase from 5.6° before surgery to 8.4° after surgery. Conclusions  In this study, it was suggested that sublaminar wiring stabilization significantly reduces the range of motion of the adjacent segment and preserves sagittal lumbar alignment, which lead to prevention of ASD. The clinical outcome of the subsequent surgeries is relatively poor, so it is important to prevent ASD by any prevention such as sublaminar wiring stabilization.     

有限椎板减压内固定治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效分析

目的:探讨有限椎板切除减压内固定治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效.方法:2002年9月～2007年3月共收治45例退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者,男16例,女29例,年龄36～80岁,平均61.3岁,病程5个月～20年,平均16个月.依据Hansraj等的经典与复杂型腰椎管狭窄症分型标准及引起症状的"责任"部位,经典的腰椎管狭窄症患者采用有限椎板切除椎管减压术(A组,14例):复杂型腰椎管狭窄症患者行有限椎板切除椎管减压并脊柱融合内固定术(B组,10例)或行全椎板切除减压并脊柱融合内固定术(C组,21例).采用日本骨科学会(JOA)15分法及Eule法对术前和末次随访时的神经功能与自觉症状进行评估,计算改善率,并对结果进行统计学分析.结果:随访9个月～5年,平均3.4年,末次随访时JOA评分改善率A组58.2%±34.0%,B组61.7%±23.6%,C组56.4%±26.8%,优良率A组78%,B组80%,C组76%,三组间无统计学差异.Eule法评估除A组与C组分别有1例术后疼痛加重外,其余病例腰腿痛症状均改善.结论:有限椎板切除减压是治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的一种可靠术式,只要把握好手术适应证与减压范围,无论单纯有限减压还是减压并植骨融合内固定均可获得良好的疗效.     

椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎融合后临近节段病变的临床疗效

[目的]探讨经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎融合术后相邻节段退变的临床疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2010年8月~2015年8月于本院应用经皮椎间孔镜治疗并获得随访的23例腰椎融合术后相邻节段退变患者的临床资料,采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale/score,VAS)评估手术疗效,应用日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores,JOA)评分对腰椎功能进行评估,并计算JOA改善率,术后1年改良Mac Nab标准评估临床疗效。[结果]手术时间40~85 min,平均55 min;出血量5~25 ml,平均10 ml;住院时间3~14 d,平均7 d。所有患者随访6~24个月,平均13.5个月。术前VAS评分为(7.13±0.54)分,术后3 d为(2.05±0.34)分,末次随访为(1.41±0.28)分。术前与术后3 d、末次随访比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术前JOA评分为(9.89±0.53)分,出院当天评分为(18.23±2.25)分,末次随访评分为(28.41±2.34)分,术前与出院时、末次随访比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。根据JOA评分标准计算改善率,优18例,良3例,可1例,差1例;术后1年优良率为91.3%。[结论]应用经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎融合术后相邻节段退变性疾病疗效确切,具有创伤小、手术时间短、恢复快、术后并发症少等优点。