兔动脉粥样硬化中性白细胞变形性改变的机制

目的：探讨动脉粥样硬化（AS）的不同病理阶段中，中性白细胞变形性改变的分子机制。方法：动态检测兔AS前期、早期、中期和晚期的中性白细胞变形性、膜脂流动性、[Ca2＋]i和Na＋－K＋ATPase活性。结果：（1）中性白细胞膜脂流动性和Na＋－K＋ATPase活性降低始于AS前期，而中性白细胞变形性明显减退和[Ca2＋]i水平增高见于AS早期；（2）在AS进程中，中性白细胞变形性减退逐渐加重，与膜脂流动性和Na＋－K＋ATPase活性呈正相关，而与[Ca2＋]i呈负相关。结论：本研究结果表示中性白细胞的变形能力取决于膜脂流动性、Na＋－K＋ATPase活性及[Ca2＋]i水平，中性白细胞参与AS的发生和发展。     

糖尿病性白内障晶状体上皮细胞的电镜观察

目的 研究糖尿病性白内障晶状体上皮细胞的形态学变化.方法 用透射电镜观察对10例糖尿病性白内障及2例正常晶状体上皮细胞的超微结构变化.结果 10例糖尿病性白内障晶状体上皮细胞与正常对照组相比晶体前囊膜晶体上皮细胞间隙增大明显,排列不规则.核变形及线粒体空泡化非常明显,嵴变形扭曲且大量减少或消失,呈现空泡化,内膜和外膜均...     

低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠红细胞的变形性,膜流动性及外形变化

为探讨红细胞变形性变化在低氧性肺动脉高压形成中的作用及低氧时红细胞变形性变化机制，本文观察了低氧1、3、5周大鼠红细胞的变形性、膜流动性、红细胞形态、红细胞平均体积（MCV）及红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）变化。结果：（1）低氧1周红细胞变形性即明显下降（即红细胞滤过指数FI增高），低氧时间越长红细胞变形性下降越明显；且与肺动脉压、右心室压升高及右心室肥厚呈负相关。（2）低氧3周及5周大鼠异常形态红细胞数明显增多。（3）低氧5周大鼠红细胞膜流动性明显下降。提示：低氧大鼠红细胞形态异常及红细胞膜流动性下降可使红细胞变形性下降。红细胞变形性下降可能在低氧性肺动脉高压及右室肥厚的发生及发展中起一定的作用。     

老化及年青红细胞电介质电泳的研究

本文介绍我们实验室自己试制的电介质电泳装置及测量方法,并用电介质电泳测定老化及年青红细胞的电介质电泳收集率(DCR)、细胞膜镶嵌蛋白分子水平扩散运动特征频率(Fc)及细胞在交流电场作用下的变形程度。并从测量结果分析老化及年青红细胞变形性及膜导电性、流动性、韧性、脆性等流变学性质。其中细胞变形性测定结果与衍射法进行了比较。     

特种功能精细陶瓷对兔红细胞变形性的影响及机理

目的 探讨特种功能精细陶瓷对“血阏证”兔血红细胞变形性的影响及机理。方法 用激光衍射仪测定0－100s^-1切变率下兔红细胞变形性DI－R曲线和应力松驰DI－T曲线,观察红细胞力学特性;采用荧光分光光度计测量经特种功能精细陶瓷温育后兔血液的荧光偏振度,观察其红细胞膜流动性。结果 与对照组相比,在特种功能精细陶瓷作用下,兔红细胞变形性得到明显提高（P＜0．001）,红细胞膜流动性明显改善（P＜0．001）。结论 特种功能精细陶瓷可增加“血阏证”兔血红细胞变形性,其机理是增加细胞膜的力学特性、粘弹性和膜流动性。     

温度对流场中红细胞取向和变形性的影响

本文首次用激光衍射法研究了温度对流场中红细胞在Ｃ＝０轨道的取向及变形的影响。结果表明：在各种切变率下，温度对红细胞取向和变形影响的规律各自相同，红细胞的取向和变形都存在最佳温度，取向的最佳温度为２７℃，与人工双分子膜的相变温度接近；变形的最佳温度为３７℃与正常体温相同，红细胞的取向和变形与膜的流动有关。     

用激光衍射法测量网织红细胞膜剪切弱性模量(E)和表面粘度

按Bishop方法，在小鼠血液里诱导生成大量网织红细胞，然后提取网织红细胞。用激光衍射法测得小变形指数（DI）d和变形恢复过程（即松驰过程）中细胞变形恢复到最大值（DI）max半的时间t0.5（变形恢复半时间），将测得结果分别代入细胞膜的膜剪切弹性模量（E）公式和表面粘度（μm）公式，计算出网织红细胞和成熟红细胞膜的膜剪切弹性模量（E）和表面粘度（μm），并用荧光偏振法测量它们的膜流动性。发现网织红细胞与成熟红细胞的膜的剪切弹性模量（E）和表面粘度（μm）及膜的流动性有着明显的不同。这对研究由于贫血等原因造成的网织红细胞增多情况下，全血的微观流变特性有着重要的临床意义，对我们认识哺乳类网织红细胞的微观流变特性有重要理论意义及认识哺乳类动物网织红细胞向成熟红细胞转变的微观流变特性变化有着重要理论意义。     

膜蛋白交联对红细胞变膜变形性及流动性的影响

本文通过不同浓度戊二醛作用于红细胞膜,用新型激光衍射法测量这些红细胞样品的弹性模量Ｅ和膜粘度μｍ,同时通过ＤＰＨ标记的萤光偏振法测定了这些红细胞膜的流动性,并采用ＭＳＬ标记的电子自旋共振波谱技术（ＥＳＲ）测量了红细胞膜蛋白运动性的变化,并取得了与新型激光衍射法一致的结果,发现膜蛋白构象发生改变,膜脂流动性下降,红细胞膜剪切弹性模量（Ｅ）和表面粘度（μｍ）均呈上升趋势,红细胞变形能力下降,并对上述红     

细胞色素C/心磷脂复合体和氧化心磷脂及细胞凋亡

多年来, 认为脂质通过构成细胞膜疏水性核而保持其完整性;但一直忽视了脂质其他重要功能, 尤其是信号机制.细胞内显著的多种类脂质和大量的特殊脂质分子种类不能简单地运用它们对适当膜流动性的保持是必须的观点加以解释[1].     

慢性肺心病急性发作期患者红细胞的变形性、膜流动性及红细胞超微结构变化

近年来,肺心病患者红细胞变形性变化日益受到国内外学者的重视。然而,肺心病患者红细胞变形性变化的机制研究甚少。迄今为止,慢性肺心病患者红细胞超微结构变化国内外尚未见正式报导,红细胞膜流动性与红细胞变形性的关系也未见报道。为探讨肺心病患者红细胞变形性变化的机制,本研究应用核孔滤膜法测定肺     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.