Using clinical pathways in patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery

Clinical pathways, protocols, and standing order sets help organize patients' care and eliminate variations created by practitioners' different preferences. Much attention is being focused on providing the most cost-effective care in the shortest time. Quality of care must be maintained during this process. Clinical pathways, protocols, and standing order sets help ensure that care is consistent and quality of care is maintained with the added benefit of a shorter stay in the hospital.     

自体血回输对心瓣膜置换手术患者血栓弹力图和纤溶指标的影响

目的:探讨体外循环(extracorporeal circulation,ECC)自体血回输对心脏瓣膜置换手术患者血栓弹力图(thrombelastogram,TEG)、纤溶指标的影响。方法:选取2016年7月至2017年12月在南阳市中心医院接受ECC自体血回输对心脏瓣膜置换手术患者63例,其中研究组30例患者采用自体血回输技术、对照组33例患者采用库存血输血;对比两组患者手术前后的血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(hematocrit,Hct)、血小板(platelet,PLT)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)、纤维蛋白原降解产物(fibrinogen degradation product,FDP)、D-二聚体(D-D)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)、血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白(GM-140)及TEG参数的变化。结果:术前,两组患者的Hb,Hct测定值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后24 h,研究组患者的Hb,Hct测定值显著高于对照组(P<0.05);术前,两组患者的PLT,PT,APTT,TT水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后24 h,研究组患者的PT,APTT测定值显著低于对照组(P<0.05);术前,两组患者的FDP,D-D,PGE2,GM-140测定值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后24 h,研究组患者的FDP,D-D,PGE2,GM-140测定值显著低于对照组(P<0.05);术前,两组患者的R值、K值、MA值、α角差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后24 h,研究组患者的R值、K值显著低于对照组(P<0.05),研究组患者的MA值、α角显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:ECC自体血回输对心脏瓣膜置换手术患者的凝血功能、TEG参数及纤溶系统稳定性影响更小。     

Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates containing subpopulations resistant to 100 microgram of methicillin per ml were found on the chests of only 3 of 80 (4%) patients before cardiac surgery, whereas these highly resistant staphylococci were isolated from the chest wounds of 43 of 80 (54%) patients 5 days postoperatively. The percentage of patients colonized with methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis increased with time postoperatively. Methicillin-resistant postoperative isolates also contained organisms resistant to other antibiotics frequently used during these patients' hospitalizations. The percentages of patients with organisms resistant to various antibiotics were: nafcillin (100%), penicillin (100%), cephalothin (93%), cefamandole (80%), streptomycin (67%), and gentamicin (20%). Preoperative methicillin-susceptible isolates were generally susceptible to other antibiotics. Two patients with S. epidermidis prosthetic valve endocariditis caused by multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates were among the study patients. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of each isolate from these two patients were identical to those of postoperative chest isolates from the same patient.     

回收式自体/异体输血对心脏手术患者的影响

目的比较回收式自体输血和异体输血对心脏手术患者凝血功能、血液流变学、氧合状况以及免疫功能的影响。方法选取2017—2018年间,我院收治的拟行心脏手术患者69名作为研究对象,根据术中输血方式分为观察组(采用回收式自体输血,n=35)和对照组(采用异体输血,n=34)。于输血前、后采血,比较两组患者的循环指标、凝血功能、血液流变学、氧合状况以及免疫功能。结果输血后1h,观察组PaO_2、PvO_2、SvO_2明显高于对照组(t=5.806、12.866、9.326,P0.05),ERO_2明显低于对照组(t=2.166,P0.05);观察组术后1 d,CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞水平均明显高于对照组(t=6.836、4.065、3.231,P0.05),术后7d,CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+明显高于对照组(t=10.808、6.796、6.497,P0.05);输血前后两组患者循环功能、凝血功能以及血液流变学指标均无明显差异(P0.05)。结论回收式自体输血可有效维持循环功能和血液流变学稳定,对凝血功能影响较小,相对异体输血更能改善患者血液氧合、减轻免疫抑制。     

Risks of packed red blood cell transfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion is common in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Evidence has accumulated demonstrating that such patients can tolerate relatively low hemoglobins, and an extensive body of literature has developed demonstrating that patients undergoing such surgery who receive PRBC are at risk for several adverse outcomes including increased mortality, atrial fibrillation, and more postoperative infections, as well as numerous other complications. The PubMed database was searched for the English language literature on the topic of PRBC transfusion and outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, as well as alternatives to this intervention. Data were reviewed to assess the impact of transfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery on mortality, cardiac, infectious, and pulmonary, as well as a variety of miscellaneous complications. Patients receiving PRBC were consistently identified as being at higher risk for complications in all categories. The limited prospective data were consistent with the retrospective data, which comprised most of the literature. The preponderance of the literature suggests that patients undergoing cardiac surgery can tolerate lower hemoglobin/hematocrit values than traditionally appreciated. Most published data also indicate that PRBC transfusion should be reserved for patients with an identifiable clinical/physiologic indication fir this intervention, consistent with recent specialty society guidelines.     

Sleep and rest in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Sleep deficit is not uncommon in cardiac surgery patients, but research in this area is limited. This article examines the processes involved in sleep and how promoting these processes can optimise recovery in cardiac surgery patients. The two main parts of sleep, non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement, are believed to be responsible for the physical and psychological repair of the body. The combination of surgical injury, underlying disease and increased stress levels during hospitalisation for cardiac surgery increases the need for this repair. Nurses with a good understanding of sleep theories and the nursing process can use sleep and rest as an intervention to promote healing and prevent further injury after surgery.     

Mortality and complications in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to analyze postoperative complications, mortality, and related factors of elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Methods

An observational, retrospective, and multicenter study of cardiac surgery patients, obtained from the ARIAM registry, was performed between 2008 and 2011. Clinical-surgical data, postoperative complications, and mortality were analyzed in a group of patients older than 75 years and in a younger group.

Results

A total of 4548 patients were analyzed, with 882 (19.4%) patients at least 75 years old. Elderly patients had worse functional status (New York heart Association class) and comorbidities. The complication rate was higher in the elderly group (40.4% and 33.5%, respectively; P = .0001). Mortality in the elderly was 1.1%, 12%, and 15.1% (during surgery, intensive care unit [ICU], and 30-day mortality, respectively). Thirty-day mortality in elderly patients was higher when adjusted for EuroSCORE (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation) and cardiopulmonary bypass time.The interaction between multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and age more than 75 years was assessed by logistic regression, obtaining an odds ratio of 9.27 (5.88-14.60) for younger patients and 29.44 (12.22-70.94) for elderly patients who died during the ICU stay.

Conclusions

Age more than 75 years is an independent risk factor for ICU mortality when adjusted for EuroSCORE and cardiopulmonary bypass time. Elderly patients also have a higher rate of complications during ICU stay. Elderly patients develop MODS more frequently and present a higher mortality rate than younger patients with MODS.     

应用肺段组织瓣行气管成形术患者的护理

目的 :探讨应用自体肺段组织瓣行气管成形术的护理措施。方法 :对 3例手术患者术前做好口咽部清洁 ,掌握氧疗方法 ;术后重点预防吻合口瘘 ,指导患者掌握正确的咳痰方法 ,观察有无复张性肺水肿、血痰窒息等并发症 ,纠正睡眠紊乱。结果 :3例患者术后呼吸困难明显减轻或消失 ,无吻合口瘘及血痰窒息发生 ;其中 1例术后 16h发生肺水肿 ,经积极抢救治愈。结论 :应用自体肺段组织瓣行气管成形术是治疗气管、支气管狭窄和局限性气管恶性肿瘤的可靠术式 ,围手术期周密的护理措施为手术成功提供了保障。     

风湿性心瓣膜病合并心房颤动术中护理风险分析及护理

目的探讨风湿性心瓣膜病合并心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)心瓣膜置换同期射频消融术中护理风险,并总结护理要点。方法对119例风湿性心瓣膜病合并AF实施心瓣膜置换同期射频消融手术中存在的护理风险(包括水电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱、心律失常、低体温、皮肤压疮、有效循环血容量锐减、感染等风险)进行分析,并采取相应护理措施。结果本组术中11例患者主动脉开放后出现心室颤动,31例患者体外循环复温后出现低体温,1例患者主动脉开放后发现左心房顶部出血,经处理后患者手术均顺利完成;手术时间178~310min,平均(245.32±34.40)min。结论心瓣膜置换同期射频消融术治疗风湿性心瓣膜病合并AF可取得良好的治疗效果,护士做好详尽的护理风险分析,并采取有效的应对措施,是手术顺利完成的重要因素。     

Ceftriaxone levels in blood and tissue during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

One gram of ceftriaxone was given intravenously to 15 patients approximately 2 h before cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Ceftriaxone levels in plasma (mean +/- standard deviation) were 60.4 +/- 18.8 micrograms/ml (range, 17.0 to 96.0 micrograms/ml) at the beginning of bypass, 44.2 +/- 16.6 micrograms/ml (range, 9.4 to 78.6 micrograms/ml) at the end of bypass, and 19.6 +/- 9.6 micrograms/ml (range, 4.2 to 47.1 micrograms/ml) the following morning, 18.1 to 24.7 h after infusion of ceftriaxone. Concentrations in the sternal bone were 4.7 +/- 2.1 micrograms/g (range, 1.0 to 10.1 micrograms/g; tissue-to-plasma ratios, 0.066 +/- 0.036). Concentrations in the atrial appendage were 7.7 +/- 1.8 microgram/g (range, 3.6 to 10.2 micrograms/g; tissue-to-plasma ratios, 0.143 +/- 0.062). These data suggest that a single dose of ceftriaxone might be useful for prevention of infection due to susceptible pathogens.     

Concentrations of teicoplanin in serum and atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

The concentrations of teicoplanin in sera and heart tissues of 49 patients undergoing coronary bypass were measured. Each patient received a 6- or 12-mg/kg dose of teicoplanin administered in a slow intravenous bolus injection over 3 to 5 min beginning at the time of induction of anesthesia. Mean +/- standard error of the mean concentrations in serum were, for the two doses, respectively, 58.1 +/- 1.7 and 123.3 +/- 7.4 micrograms/ml 5 min after administration and 22.2 +/- 0.7 and 56.5 +/- 2.8 micrograms/ml at the time of removal of atrial appendages. Mean +/- standard error of the mean concentrations in tissue were 70.6 +/- 1.7 and 139.8 +/- 2.2 micrograms/g, respectively, giving mean tissue/serum ratios of 3.7 +/- 0.3 and 2.8 +/- 0.2, respectively. Teicoplanin penetrates heart tissue readily and reaches levels in the serum far in excess of the MICs for most pathogens that have been found to cause infections following open heart surgery.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of tazobactam and piperacillin in patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

The pharmacokinetics of tazobactam and piperacillin in plasma and different tissues after a 30-min intravenous infusion of 4 g of piperacillin and 0.5 g of tazobactam were investigated in 18 patients who underwent elective colorectal surgery. Serial blood samples were collected for up to 6 h after the initiation of the infusion. The types of tissue collected were fatty tissue, muscle, skin, appendix, and intestinal mucosa (proximal and distal). On the basis of concentrations in plasma, the following pharmacokinetic parameter values were obtained (values are means +/- standard deviations): maximum concentration of drug in serum, tazobactam, 27.9 +/- 7.67 micrograms/ml; piperacillin, 259 +/- 81.8 micrograms/ml; time to maximum concentration of drug in serum, tazobactam, 0.51 +/- 0.03 h; piperacillin, 0.51 +/- 0.03 h; area under the concentration-time curve, tazobactam, 47.6 +/- 13.3 micrograms.h/ml; piperacillin, 361 +/- 80.3 micrograms.h/ml; clearance, tazobactam, 188 +/- 52.3 ml/min; piperacillin, 194 +/- 42.9 ml/min; half-life, tazobactam, 1.42 +/- 0.32 h; piperacillin, 1.27 +/- 0.24 h; apparent volume of distribution, tazobactam, 0.31 +/- 0.07 liter/kg of body weight; piperacillin, 0.29 +/- 0.06 liter/kg; volume of distribution at steady state, tazobactam, 0.28 +/- 0.04 liter/kg; piperacillin, 0.25 +/- 0.05 liter/kg. The concentrations of tazobactam and piperacillin in fatty tissue and muscle tissue were 10 to 13 and 18 to 30% of the levels in plasma, respectively. In skin, the concentrations of piperacillin were 60 to 95% of the levels in plasma, whereas the concentrations of tazobactam in plasma were 49 to 93% of the levels in skin tissue. The mean concentration of tazobactam in the investigated gastrointestinal tissues (appendix, proximal and distal mucosa) exceeded levels in plasma after 1 h, while piperacillin showed a mean penetration into these tissues of 43 and 53%. The mechanisms that can be used to explain the extent of penetration of piperacillin and tazobactam are discussed. Simple diffusion may take place in fatty and muscle tissue, while penetration into skin and gastrointestinal tissue is governed by more complex mechanisms which lead to differences in penetration between piperacillin and tazobactam. For all tissues investigated (except fatty tissue), the time course of the concentrations of both compounds was similar, with a peak in concentration at between 1 and 2 h after the start of infusion followed by a decline of concentrations that were almost parallel to the curves of the drug concentrations in plasma. In plasma and in all investigated tissues, piperacillin as well as tazobactam reached or exceeded the concentrations found to be effective in vitro.     

Cangrelor in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: the BRIDGE study

The benefit of long-term dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients with acute coronary syndromes, drug-eluting stents and those at high risk for thromboembolic events has been well established in a number of well-designed randomized controlled studies. Current research in this area has focused on the development of novel antiplatelet agents for clinical use. The BRIDGE trial evaluated the use of cangrelor as a bridge to coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients receiving extended DAPT. The BRIDGE trial results confirm the efficacy and safety of cangrelor in this population. This study is novel as it attempts to address the lapse in thienopyridine therapy required for many surgical and invasive procedures. The future of antiplatelet agents, particularly cangrelor, must also focus on bridging for high-risk patients undergoing noncoronary artery bypass graft surgical procedures. Overall, the BRIDGE trial represents a significant advance for patients appropriate for long-term DAPT.     

Advances in critical care management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Cardiac surgery has been evolving to include minimally invasive, hybrid and transcatheter techniques. Increasing patient age and medical complexity means that critical care management needs to adapt and evolve. Recent advances have occurred in several areas, including ventilation, haemodynamics and mechanical circulatory support, bleeding and coagulation, acute kidney injury, and neurological management. This narrative review describes standard care, recent advances, and future areas of research in the critical care management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.     

术中血浆与红细胞输注比例对心脏外科手术患者预后的影响

目的 探讨术中血浆与红细胞输注比例（血浆/红细胞）对心脏外科手术术中输血患者预后的影响。方法 收集723例心脏外科手术术中输血患者的临床资料,根据输血量将其分为大量输血组（输血量≥8 U,282例）和非大量输血组（输血量< 8 U,441例）,2组再按血浆/红细胞进一步分为高比例组与低比例组2个亚组（高比例组：血浆/红...     

不同评分模型对维吾尔族患者心脏瓣膜术死亡风险的预测价值

目的探讨不同评分模型预测维吾尔族（维族）患者心脏瓣膜手术在院死亡的准确性。方法行外科治疗的心脏瓣膜病患者361例,其中维族209例,汉族152例,术前分别采用EuroSCORE累加评分、logistic评分、EuroSCOREⅡ模型和CARE评分对患者手术死亡风险进行评估,比较各种评分模型的校准度和鉴别度。结果logistic评分与EuroSCOREⅡ模型对汉族与维族患者的预测校准度较好（P〉0．05）,累加评分与CARE评分的预测校准度差（P〈0．01）;CARE评分对维族患者心脏瓣膜术后在院死亡预测的鉴别度较好（AUC-0．703）,对汉族患者的鉴别度较差（AUC-0．545）;Eurosc0RE累加评分、logistic评分、EuroSCOREⅡ模型对维族和汉族患者瓣膜术后在院死亡预测的鉴别度均较差（AUC均d0．7）。结论EuroSCORE累加评分、logistic评分与EuroSCOREⅡ模型均不适合用于本地区实施心脏瓣膜手术的维族或汉族患者的死亡预测;维族瓣膜手术患者可优先采用CARE评分进行风险预测。