丹参注射液对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的探讨丹参对D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠学习记忆能力的影响及其作用途径。方法 120 mg·kg-1·d-1D-半乳糖注射6 w建立衰老小鼠模型,第15天随机分组后,丹参组注射丹参注射液0.1 ml/d连续28 d,空白对照和模型对照组注射等量的生理盐水。水迷宫实验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力;试剂盒测定血清和脑海马组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、单胺氧化酶(MAO)活力及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果与对照组比较,模型组小鼠学习记忆能力降低,血清和海马组织SOD、GSH-Px活性下降,MDA含量增加MAO活性升高(P<0.05);腹腔注射丹参后小鼠认知记忆能力较模型组明显改善,血清和海马组织SOD、GSH-Px活性明显升高而MDA含量减少(P<0.05),海马中MAO活性降低(P<0.05)。结论丹参注射液可改善D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠的学习记忆能力,其作用机制可能与改善血液和脑组织中SOD、GSH-Px活力,降低血液和脑组织中MAO活性、MDA含量有关。     

番茄红素对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用

目的观察番茄红素对D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用。方法用D-半乳糖复制亚急性衰老小鼠模型,实验分空白对照组、模型对照组、番茄红素组(20与40mg·kg-1.d-1)和维生素E组(100mg·kg-1.d-1),实验6w后处死动物,测定血清、肝脏及脑组织中的丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果番茄红素可显著降低衰老小鼠血清、肝脏及脑组织中的MDA含量,提高SOD、GSH-Px活性。结论番茄红素有一定的抗衰老作用。     

杜仲种粕对衰老模型小鼠抗氧化能力的影响

目的 研究杜仲种粕对衰老模型小鼠体内抗氧化能力的影响.方法 通过连续颈部皮下注射D-半乳糖(350mgkg-1d-1)建立小鼠亚急性衰老模型.同时用杜仲种粕(300 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,6 w后检测各组血清、肝脏组织与脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力、丙二醛(MDA)的含量. 结果 杜仲种粕可以提高血清、肝脏组织与脑组织中SOD、CAT活力,降低血清、肝脏组织与脑组织中的MDA含量,与衰老模型组相比差异显著(P＜0.05). 结论 杜仲种粕可以提高D-半乳糖致亚急性衰老小鼠的抗氧化能力.     

人参茎叶总皂苷对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠脑组织的抗氧化作用

目的探讨人参茎叶总皂苷(GSLS)对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠抗氧化的作用。方法 GSLS分低、中、高个剂量组:7.5、30、120 mg·kg-1·d-1给小鼠灌胃,模型组和空白组为生理盐水灌胃;除空白组注射生理盐水外,其他组每天颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖制备亚急性衰老模型;连续42 d进行灌胃和注射。观察和测定小鼠体重等基本生命状态,Morris水迷宫法检测小鼠的认知能力,比色法测定小鼠全脑组织中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力及丙二醛(MDA)含量,考察GSLS在脑中的抗氧化性能。结果与空白组比较,模型组小鼠空间学习记忆能力下降,全脑组织SOD、GSH-Px活性明显降低(P0.05),MDA含量明显增加(P0.01);与模型组比较,GSLS灌胃中剂量组逃避潜伏期缩短(P0.05),GSLS中、高剂量给药可增加脑组织SOD活性(P0.01和P0.05)、中剂量GSLS可减少MDA含量(P0.01)。低剂量GSLS对小鼠脑组织SOD活性和MDA含量无明显影响。结论 GSLS在一定剂量下对D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠认知能力减退具有改善作用,可能与提高衰老小鼠的抗氧化能力有关。其中30 mg·kg-1·d-1为最佳用量,120 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃42 d可能存在一定毒性。     

螺旋藻对衰老小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用

目的 探讨螺旋藻对D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠学习、记忆障碍的改善作用.方法 使用D-半乳糖建立小鼠衰老模型,用螺旋藻灌胃进行实验性治疗.持续6 w后,通过避暗实验、Morris水迷宫实验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力以及脑组织单胺氧化酶(MAO)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性.结果 与对照组相比,模型组小鼠的学习、记忆能力下降(P＜0.05或P＜ 0.01),MAO活性升高(P＜0.01),GSH-Px活性降低(P＜0.05);与模型组相比,治疗组的学习、记忆能力不同程度地得到恢复(P＜0.05),MAO活性降低(P＜0.05),GSH-Px活性升高(P＜0.05).结论 螺旋藻可改善由D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠的学习、记忆障碍.     

蜂胶总黄酮对衰老小鼠学习记忆的影响

目的 观察蜂胶总黄酮对D-半乳糖诱导衰老模型小鼠学习记忆的影响,并对其作用机制进行了探讨.方法 小鼠颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖42 d,制备衰老模型.通过小鼠学习记忆能力、脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、脂褐素(LF)水平的测定,评价蜂胶总黄酮的抗衰老作用.结果 与空白对照组相比,D-半乳糖(150 g/kg,sc,42 d)使小鼠学习记忆能力降低,脑组织中SOD、GSH-Px活性下降,MDA、LF含量增加,而蜂胶总黄酮30 mg/kg、60 mg/kg和90 mg/kg三个剂量组对上述病理变化具有不同程度改善作用.结论 蜂胶总黄酮能改善D-半乳糖诱导衰老小鼠学习记忆功能障碍,其机制可能是抗氧化调节自由基代谢.     

桃仁乙醇提取物对亚急性衰老大鼠的抗衰老作用

目的 观察桃仁乙醇提取物(EETR)对D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠学习记忆能力、相关酶及免疫器官的影响.方法 Wistar大鼠颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖150 mg· kg-1·d-1制备亚急性衰老大鼠模型,随机分正常组、模型组、EETR小、中、大(2.5、5.0、10.0 g·kg-1·d-1)剂量组及人参皂苷组(人参皂苷混悬液400 mg·kg-1·d-1)连续灌胃给药60d,末次给药后Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力,之后取胸腺、脾脏称重,测定胸腺、脾脏指数,同时取脑检测乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性.结果 与模型组比较EETR各剂量组学习记忆能力均有所提高(P＜0.05);脑组织AchE活性降低(P＜O.05,P＜0.01);同时增加胸腺、脾脏重量(P＜0.05).结论 EETR对D-半乳糖所致衰老大鼠具有延缓衰老的作用.     

甘草苷对衰老模型大鼠的抗衰老作用

目的探讨甘草苷(LQ)抗衰老大鼠模型的作用及其机制。方法以D-半乳糖(D-gal)120 mg·kg-1·d-1颈背部皮下注射6 w,构建大鼠衰老模型,次日以灌胃方式给予甘草苷40、80、160 mg·kg-1·d-1,连续6 w。通过Morris水迷宫观察大鼠学习记忆能力的改变;检测大鼠脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果 LQ可改善D-gal致衰老大鼠的学习记忆能力,增强脑组织中SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),改善大鼠海马神经元的损伤状态。结论 LQ可以改善衰老大鼠的学习记忆能力的作用是通过改善体内抗氧化酶活力、抑制脂氧化代谢产物的产生而实现的。     

蜂胶黄酮对D-半乳糖致老年痴呆小鼠抗氧化能力的影响

目的 探讨蜂胶黄酮(EEP)对D-半乳糖致老年性痴呆(AD) 小鼠脑指数、脑组织单胺氧化酶B(MAO-B)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的影响.方法 60只健康昆明小鼠随机分成6组,分别为正常组、模型组、阳性对照组及高中低3个剂量蜂胶黄酮治疗组.正常组常规喂养,其余组皮下注射D-半乳糖100 mg·kg-1·d-1,共7 w,阳性对照组造模同时灌胃50 mg·kg-1·d-1茴拉西坦胶囊;治疗组3个剂量(300、150、75 mg·kg-1·d-1)每天灌胃蜂胶黄酮;模型组灌胃等体积的生理盐水.第50天处死小鼠取脑,测其脑指数及脑组织MAO-B,SOD,GSH-Px含量的变化.结果 实验组的脑指数显著高于模型组(P<0.05),SOD,GSH-Px活性显著高于模型组(P<0.01),MAO-B含量显著低于模型组(P<0.01),与正常对照组比较,各指标相近.结论 蜂胶黄酮能提高脑指数,增强抗氧化能力,抑制MAO-B活性,从而保护脑细胞,抵抗痴呆.     

蛹虫草对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠模型的影响

目的 探讨蛹虫草对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的影响.方法 使用D-半乳糖建立小鼠衰老模型,用蛹虫草灌胃进行实验性治疗.持续6w后,通过水迷宫、穿梭箱和转棒疲劳仪检测小鼠的学习记忆能力和抗疲劳能力.结果 与对照组相比,模型组小鼠的学习、记忆能力下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),抗疲劳能力降低(P＜0.05),脑组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性降低,单胺氧化酶(MAO)、丙二醛(MDA)活性增加(P＜0.05);与模型组相比,治疗组的学习、记忆能力有不同程度的恢复(P ＜0.05或P＜0.01),抗疲劳能力增强(P ＜0.05),T-AOC、GSH-Px活性增加,MAO、MDA活性降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 蛹虫草可改善由D-半乳糖所导致的学习、记忆障碍,提高机体的抗疲劳能力,增加脑组织的抗氧化能力.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.