创伤病人行动脉造影栓塞后的肾功能

在腹部或盆腔严重创伤病例有时需动脉造影栓塞(AE)以控制出血。鉴于严重创伤病人已有肾功能损害 ,大剂量造影剂使用于低血压、低血容量病人的安全问题已值得关注。作者复习南加州大学 Keck医学院创伤和重症监护科于 1999～ 2 0 0 1年为严重创伤病人连续 10 0例施行 AE以控制腹部或盆腔出血的资料 ,在操作前以及操作后 5天内测定血清肌酐值 ,凡其值超过基础值 2 5 %者即列为造影剂肾毒性。造影剂为Iohexol,系一非离子化水溶性造影剂 ,平均每例用量2 4 8± 5 9ml。结果　 10 0例中 ,男性 6 6例 ,平均年龄 36 .6±14 .5岁。 82 %为钝性伤 ,…     

经导管髂内动脉栓塞在骨盆切除术中的意义

目的：研究和评估经导管髂内动脉栓塞后手术治疗骨盆肿瘤的价值和方法。方法：对30例骨盆肿瘤病人进行双侧髂内动脉栓塞,栓塞后1周内行手术治疗。结果：30例肿瘤均获彻底切除,术中出血大在和,平均出血为2200ml,平均随访28月,未见肿瘤局部复发。结论：术前经DSA栓塞双侧髂内动脉,可有效减少术中出血,利于种瘤切除,是骨盆肿瘤切除的十分有效的辅助治疗方法。     

骨盆骨折出血超选择动脉栓塞的影像学基础

[目的]探讨骨盆动脉吻合的影像学特点及骨盆骨折出血超选择动脉栓塞的方法。[方法]自1999年1月-2005年6月，60例患者因血流动力学不稳而行骨盆动脉造影。男42例，女18例；年龄21—52岁，平均34．5岁。对造影片上骨盆动脉吻合出现的类型及数量进行观测。[结果]从骨盆的动脉造影上观测到的动脉吻合支为：腰动脉与髂腰动脉100％；髂腰动脉与旋髂深动脉88．33％：闭孔动脉与腹壁下动脉吻合（或髂外动脉）36．67％；臀下动脉与阴部内动脉吻合26．67％；骶外侧动脉与骶中动脉及对侧骶外侧动脉吻合100％；臀下动脉与旋股内外动脉及股深动脉升支吻合56．67％；臀上动脉与臀下动脉吻合61．67％。[结论]骨盆骨折出血时，应实施超选择栓塞即栓塞出血动脉的断端及其吻合支，从而减少动脉栓塞引起的并发症。     

骨盆创伤知名血管损伤的紧急处理策略

目的 探讨骨盆创伤中骨盆知名血管损伤时的紧急处理策略。方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2021年10月山东省立医院收治的58例骨盆知名血管损伤病人的临床资料，其中男36例，女22例，年龄为（47.9±14.8）岁（24~75岁）。其中“死亡冠”血管损伤15例（医源性损伤8例）；臀上动静脉损伤17例（医源性损伤7例）；臀下动静脉损伤6例（医源性损伤1例）；阴部内动脉损伤13例；髂外动静脉（股动静脉）损伤7例（医源性损伤3例）。所有病人根据不同的血管损伤机制，术中根据不同的情况分别选择直接血管结扎、纱布填塞、血管造影栓塞或联合腹主动脉阻断等方法急救止血。结果 58例骨盆知名血管损伤的病人，其中有55例病人得到成功的处理，术后存活。其中2例因“死亡冠”血管损伤所致的大出血死亡，1例因臀上动脉医源性损伤所致的大出血死亡。结论 临床医生在面对骨盆及臀部创伤时要充分了解并掌握骨盆知名血管损伤的预防和处理，同时也不能忽视骨盆知名血管的潜在损伤。了解骨盆骨折类型与血管损伤的潜在联系，对于“死亡冠”血管，可行预防性结扎避免损伤，一旦损伤在无法结扎的情况下应纱布填塞压迫止血结合介入栓塞；对于臀上和臀下血管，造影栓塞可作为第一选择，必要时可联合腹主动脉球囊阻断；对于阴部内动脉，纱布填塞及造影栓塞均有较好的效果；对于髂外血管的损伤，可在腹主动脉球囊阻断下行血管修补或置换。当骨盆知名血管损伤时，根据具体情况，掌握止血急救的措施，根据自已医院条件和自身的经验选择合适的方法，提高病人的预后和生存率。     

经动脉介入栓塞治疗颅面部创伤性大出血

目的探讨经动脉介入栓塞治疗颅面部创伤致急性、难治性大出血的临床疗效及价值。方法 32例颅面部创伤患者中,颅底骨折致口、鼻、耳道大出血28例,面颅骨骨折致口、鼻大出血4例,所有患者经动脉造影确定出血靶血管及范围后接受经动脉介入栓塞治疗,并评价其疗效。结果 32例均成功止血,未出现严重并发症。结论经动脉介入栓塞治疗颅面部创伤致急性大出血,创伤小、止血迅速、安全有效,可成为临床首选治疗方法。     

动脉栓塞在慢性胰腺炎并发出血性假性囊肿中的应用

胰腺假性囊肿和／或假性动脉瘤破裂所引起的急性动脉出血．并不是慢性胰腺炎所特有的并发症，其发生率约5％～10％。手术治疗围手术期死亡率为28．8％；支持疗法死亡率达90％。并发大出血病人的术后死亡率仍高达33％。说明在患者血液动力学不稳定且高危情况下，手术治疗是十分危险的。本文旨在探讨动脉栓塞（AE）．对慢性胰腺炎并发出血性假性囊肿和／或假性动脉瘤破裂出血的病人．能否起到快速有效止血或暂时止血为手术创造良机。从而降低死亡率。作者回顾性分析1983年至于994年间．14例慢性胰腺炎并发出血的病人，其中胰腺假性囊肿侵蚀内…     

术前动脉化疗栓塞在骨盆部肿瘤治疗中的价值

目的：探讨术前选择性动脉化疗栓塞在骨盆部肿瘤治疗中的价值。方法：对26例骨盆部肿瘤患者，术前先行选择性动脉化疗栓塞治疗，然后再实施手术。结果：血管造影清晰的显示了肿瘤的供血情况、病变大小、范围，栓塞后肿瘤血管消失。手术失血量明显减少，平均为(1364～146)ml，手术时间缩短，术后病理证实肿瘤均有不同程度的变性坏死。结论：骨盆部肿瘤术前动脉化疗栓塞可使手术出血减少，缩短手术时间，是术前最有效的辅助治疗手段。     

头颈部化学感受器瘤的手术前栓塞

作者采用手术前血管内栓塞治疗１０例颈动脉体瘤和颈静脉球瘤。栓塞后脑血管造影显示肿瘤染色消除１００％者７例，８０～９０％者３例。作者认为，术前对肿瘤供血动脉行超选择造影和栓塞治疗可减少术中出血，利于解剖肿瘤，避免损伤肿瘤周围重要的血管和神经，从而提高肿瘤全切率。作者还对栓塞操作要点进行了讨论。     

骨盆骨折的创伤控制

高能量创伤所致骨盆骨折死亡的主要原因之一是骨折造成的大出血.传统急诊处理不稳定型骨盆骨折以补液、输血为主,近年国外提出"创伤控制"的概念,以早期有效处理来提高患者存活率.骨盆骨折创伤控制主要包括补充血容量、稳定骨盆结构(床单、外固定技术)及控制出血(血管造影及栓塞、骨盆填塞技术).稳定骨盆后,控制出血是创伤控制的关键.血管栓塞技术是目前认为有效的方法之一;欧洲学者提倡的骨盆填塞技术可在短时间内经手术直接控制出血,可能有利于降低骨盆骨折死亡率,但这种方法目前还没有大规模的临床研究.     

创伤性泌尿系出血的急诊动脉栓塞治疗

目的探讨经导管选择性动脉栓塞在创伤性泌尿系出血急诊治疗中的价值. 方法 1998年1月～2003年6月对27例创伤性泌尿系出血根据损伤出血部位行数字减影血管造影检查,明确出血动脉,明胶海绵颗粒或弹簧钢圈栓塞靶动脉. 结果 23例一次栓塞成功止血,2例2次栓塞后止血,2例栓塞失败改行其他治疗方法.栓塞后不良反应为发热16例,局部疼痛、恶心、呕吐14例,1例髂内动脉栓塞出现一过性臀部疼痛. 结论选择性动脉栓塞是治疗创伤性泌尿系出血的有效措施,具有创伤小、见效快的优点,为进一步治疗创造条件.     

Angiographic Embolization for Intraperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Injuries

Angiographic embolization (AE) has been used extensively for bleeding control after injuries to the face and neck. Its role in abdominal trauma requires further exploration. We reviewed the medical records of 137 consecutive patients who underwent angiography with the intent to embolize bleeding sites within the abdomen. Of them, 97 (71%) had blunt and 40 (29%) had penetrating trauma. AE was performed for hemorrhage associated with pelvic fractures (97 patients), liver lacerations (n= 26), renal lacerations (n= 12), splenic lacerations (n= 5), other injuries (n= 9), and multiple injuries (n= 12). On angiography, 102 patients were found to have bleeding sites and underwent AE, with angiographic and clinical bleeding control in 93 (91%). The rate of successful hemostasis by AE was identical in blunt and penetrating trauma patients. There was no major morbidity after AE. No factors predicted patients with a high likelihood to have a positive angiogram. Patients who had AE before or after a period of attempted hemodynamic stabilization in the intensive care unit were no different with respect to hemodynamic parameters immediately before AE or effectiveness of AE for bleeding control. AE is a safe and effective method for controlling bleeding after blunt and penetrating intra- and retroperitoneal injuries. Early AE may be used in selected patients as a front-line therapeutic intervention that offers expeditious hemostasis and prevents delays in definitive bleeding control.     

A prospective study on the safety and efficacy of angiographic embolization for pelvic and visceral injuries

BACKGROUND: Angiographic embolization (AE) is used with increasing frequency as an alternative to surgery for control of intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal bleeding. There are no prospective studies on its efficacy, safety, and indications. PATIENTS: From April 1999 to June 2001, patients with abdominal visceral organ injuries or major pelvic fractures sent for AE were prospectively studied. Patients were transported to the angiography suite either because they were hemodynamically unstable ("emergent" angiography) or hemodynamically stable but had injuries likely to bleed ("preemptive" angiography). The efficacy of AE was derived from its ability to control bleeding radiographically and clinically; the safety of AE was determined by the complications related to transport, vascular access, catheter insertion, contrast administration, and tissue necrosis after interruption of blood supply to organs. Predictors of bleeding were identified by comparing patients who showed contrast extravasation on angiography with those who did not by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of 100 consecutive patients evaluated by angiography for bleeding from major pelvic fractures (n = 65) or solid visceral organ injuries (n = 35), 57 were found to have active contrast extravasation and were embolized, 23 were found to have indirect signs of vascular injury or ongoing hemodynamic instability and were embolized, and 20 had no signs of bleeding and were not embolized. AE was effective and safe in 95% and 94%, respectively, of 80 patients who were embolized. Four patients had recurrent bleeding after AE and five developed AE-related complications. In three of the four patients, bleeding was controlled by repeat AE. In all five patients, the complications were managed with no further sequelae. Three independent factors were predictive of bleeding identified on angiography: age older than 55 years, absence of long-bone fractures, and emergent angiography. The presence of all three independent predictors was associated with a 95% probability of bleeding; however, the probability of bleeding was still 18% when all three independent predictors were absent. CONCLUSION: AE is highly effective in controlling bleeding caused by abdominal and pelvic injuries and difficult to manage by surgery. Older age, the absence of long-bone fractures, and emergent angiography increase the likelihood of finding active bleeding angiographically. However, there are no clinical characteristics to exclude reliably all patients who are not actively bleeding internally. Because of this and its reasonable safety profile, AE should be offered liberally in patients with selected injuries of the pelvis and abdominal visceral organs.     

Angiographic embolization for pelvic fractures in older patients

HYPOTHESIS: Old age predicts reliably the presence of pelvic bleeding, requiring angiographic embolization (AE) among blunt trauma patients with major pelvic fractures. DESIGN: Four-year prospective observational study (April 1, 1999, to May 31, 2003). SETTING: Academic level I trauma center practicing AE liberally. PATIENTS: Regardless of hemodynamic stability or the absence of a blood transfusion, patients with major pelvic fractures or significant pelvic hematomas on computed tomography were offered pelvic angiography with the intent to embolize. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Angiographically confirmed pelvic bleeding, resulting in AE. RESULTS: Of 92 patients who underwent pelvic angiography, 55 (60%) had bleeding found on angiography and underwent AE. Patients 60 years and older had a higher likelihood than younger patients to have bleeding identified and to undergo AE (16 [94%] of 17 patients vs 39 [52%] of 75 patients; P<.001). An age of 60 years or older was the only independent predictor of the need for AE. Of patients in this age group, two thirds had normal vital signs on hospital admission. Bleeding was controlled by AE in all patients (100% efficacy). CONCLUSIONS: Among blunt trauma patients with significant pelvic fractures, those 60 years and older have a high likelihood of active retroperitoneal bleeding. Angiographic embolization should be offered liberally to patients in this age group, regardless of presumed hemodynamic stability.     

Angiographic embolization of bilateral internal iliac arteries to control life-threatening hemorrhage after blunt trauma to the pelvis

Angiographic embolization of bleeding pelvic vessels is increasingly used in patients with pelvic injuries. Temporary angiographic embolization of bilateral internal iliac arteries (TAEBIIA) is occasionally necessary. From November 1991 to March 1998, 30 consecutive patients (mean age of 43 years, mean Injury Severity Score of 25) with complex pelvic fractures underwent TAEBIIA to control severe hemorrhage not responding to subselective embolization. Angiography revealed multiple sources of pelvic bleeding in 28 (93%) patients. In the two remaining patients, no bleeding was identified but TAEBIIA was done empirically. Thirteen patients had laparotomies before TAEBIIA with unsuccessful bleeding control, and the remaining 17 had TAEBIIA as the primary treatment. After TAEBIIA 90 per cent of patients had successful clinical (27 of 30) and radiographic (25 of 28) control of bleeding. Of the three patients who continued to bleed after TAEBIIA two were successfully re-embolized and one died of acute cardiac failure before any further intervention was attempted. TAEBIIA had a success rate of 97 per cent (29 of 30) in controlling pelvic hemorrhage without significant complications related to it. TAEBIIA is a safe and effective alternative to subselective embolization in controlling retroperitoneal bleeding in selected patients with blunt pelvic trauma.     

Damage control surgery for severe thoracic and abdominal injuries

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application of damage control surgery in treatment of patients with severe thoracic and abdominal injuries. METHODS: A retrospective study was done on 37 patients with severe thoracic and abdominal injuries who underwent damage control surgery from January 2000 to October 2006 in our department. There were 8 cases of polytrauma (with thoracic injury most commonly seen), 21 of polytrauma (with abdominal injury most commonly seen) and 8 of single abdominal trauma. Main organ damage included smashed hepatic injuries in 17 cases, posterior hepatic veins injuries in 8,pancreaticoduodenal injuries in 7, epidural or subdural hemorrhage in 4, contusion and laceration of brain in 5, severe lung and bronchus injuries in 4, pelvis and one smashed lower limb wound in 3 and pelvic fractures and retroperitoneal hemorrhage in 6. Injury severity score (ISS) was 28-45 scores (38.4 scores on average), abbreviated injury scale (AIS) > or = 4.13. The patients underwent arteriography and arterial embolization including arteria hepatica embolization in 4 patients, arteria renalis embolization in 2 and pelvic arteria retroperitoneal embolization in 7. Once abbreviated operation finished, the patients were sent to ICU for resuscitation. Twenty-four cases underwent definitive operation within 48 hours after initial operation, 5 underwent definitive operation within 72 hours after initial operation, 2 cases underwent definitive operation postponed to 96 hours after initial operation for secondary operation to control bleeding because of abdominal cavity hemorrhea. Two cases underwent urgent laparotomy and decompression because of abdominal compartment syndrome and 2 cases underwent secondary operation because of intestinal fistulae (1 case of small intestinal fistula and 1 colon fistula) and gangrene of gallbladder. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients survived, with a survival rate of 75.68%, and 9 died (4 died within 24 hours and 5 died 3-9 days after injury). The trauma deaths at the early stage were caused by severe primary injuries resulting in failure of respiration and circulation, while mortality at the later stage was caused by multiple organ failure. CONCLUSIONS: Damage control surgery is important for the treatment against severe thoracic and abdominal injuries. It is suggested that the surgeon should select the reasonable auxiliary examination before operation, and take the proper time to perform damage control and definitive surgery.     

后腹腔镜下选择性肾动脉栓塞与肾动脉阻断行肾错构瘤剜切除术的比较

目的比较后腹腔镜下选择性肾动脉栓塞与肾动脉阻断行肾错构瘤剜切除术的安全性及有效性。 方法分析我院2010年1月至2015年12月行腹腔镜下肾错构瘤切除患者的临床资料,共163例,其中选择性肾动脉栓塞后肿瘤吸引及剜除33例,肾动脉阻断肿瘤切除130例,术中行冰冻检查27例,比较两种术式在手术时间、术中出血、术后出血、住院时间等方面的差异。 结果所有病例一期在腹腔镜下完成肿瘤切除,介入后肿瘤剜除或吸出33例,术中出血（ml）、手术时间（min）、术后住院时间（d）和费用（万元）分别为：（41±13）、（47±15）、（3.50±0.24）、（1.63±0.29）;动脉阻断组130例,相应指标分别为：（83±23）、（103±22）、（4.50±0.31）、（1.23±0.35）,术后出血7例,栓塞止血3例,两组比较,介入组优势明显,差异显著（P<0.05）。术后病理诊断透明细胞癌5例（3.1%）,术前、术后总肾功能差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,随访期间均无肿瘤复发。 结论肾错构瘤选择性肾动脉栓塞后腹腔镜下切除,可以有效降低手术难度、缩短手术时间、减少术中及术后出血风险,有条件的医疗机构值得借鉴。     

Pelvic fractures: epidemiology and predictors of associated abdominal injuries and outcomes

BACKGROUND: Pelvic fractures are often associated with major intraabdominal injuries or severe bleeding from the fracture site. OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of pelvic fractures and identify important risk factors for associated abdominal injuries, bleeding, need for angiographic embolization, and death. METHODS: Trauma registry study on pelvic fractures from blunt trauma. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify risk factors of severe pelvic fractures, associated abdominal injuries, need for major blood transfusion, therapeutic embolization, and death from pelvic fracture. Adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were derived. RESULTS: There were 16,630 trauma registry patients with blunt trauma, of whom 1,545 (9.3%) had a pelvic fracture. The incidence of abdominal injuries was 16.5%, and the most common injured organs were the liver (6.1%) and the bladder and urethra (5.8%). In severe pelvic fractures (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] > or =4), the incidence of associated intraabdominal injuries was 30.7%, and the most commonly injured organs were the bladder and urethra (14.6%). Among the risk factors studied, motor vehicle crash is the only notable risk factor negatively associated with severe pelvic fracture. Major risk factors for associated liver injury were motor vehicle crash and pelvis AIS > or = 4. Risk factors of major blood loss were age > 16 years, pelvic AIS > or =4, angiographic embolization, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 25. Age> 55 years was the only predictor for associated aortic injury. Factors associated with therapeutic angiographic embolization were pelvic AIS > or =4 and ISS > 25. The overall mortality was 13.5%, but only 0.8% died as a direct result of pelvic fracture. The only pronounced risk factor associated with mortality was ISS>25. CONCLUSIONS: Some epidemiological variables are important risk factors of severity of pelvic fractures, presence of associated abdominal injuries, blood loss, and need of angiography. These risk factors can help in selecting the most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.     

The role of repeat angiography in the management of pelvic fractures

BACKGROUND: Angiographic embolization has emerged as the treatment modality of choice for bleeding pelvic fractures. The purpose of this study is to identify potential indicators for ongoing pelvic hemorrhage despite initial therapeutic or non-diagnostic angiography. METHODS: The trauma registry of a Level I trauma center was used to identify patients with pelvic fractures between January 2000 and June 2002. Records were reviewed for demographics, severity of injury, hemodynamic status, initial and subsequent base deficit, blood and fluid requirements, length of stay, and mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test, and univariate and multivariate analysis, significance was assigned to p < or = 0.05. RESULTS: During the study period, 678 patients had pelvic fractures. Angiography was performed in 31 (4.6%) of these patients. Arterial hemorrhage was diagnosed initially on 16 (51.6%) patients requiring embolization. Three (18.8%) of these embolized patients required repeat angiography and embolization due to ongoing pelvic hemorrhage. Of the initial 15 patients with negative angiograms, five (33.3%) had repeat angiograms due to continued hypotension and acidosis. Four (80.0%) of these five patients were found to have arterial hemorrhage requiring embolization. Of the seven (22.6%) patients requiring repeat angiography for control of ongoing pelvic hemorrhage, three independent factors were predictive: continued or recurrent hypotension (SBP < 90), absence of intra-abdominal injury, and persistent base deficit of 10 for greater than 6 hours. The presence of all three independent predictors was associated with a 97% probability of pelvic bleeding (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Angiographic embolization is highly effective in controlling arterial bleeding associated with pelvic fractures. However, repeat angiography should be performed in patients with pelvic fractures with ongoing evidence of hemorrhage demonstrated by persistent base deficit and hypotension once other potential sources of bleeding have been excluded.     

早期肠内营养对严重腹部创伤术后免疫功能的影响

目的观察早期肠内营养（emeral nutrition，EN）对严重腹部创伤术后免疫功能的影响。方法选择40例严重腹部损伤患者作为研究对象，随机分成EN组与肠外营养（parenteral nutrition，PN）组（PN组），每组20例。EN组术后12h经造瘘管给予营养液；PN组术后按常规，营养支持共7d。两组患者分别于术前和术后第1、第8天测定补体C3、免疫球蛋白（Ig）A、IgM、IgG和CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋及CD4^＋／CD8^＋，并观察感染率的变化。结果7d后EN组补体C3、IgA、IgG、CD4^＋及CD4^＋／CD8^＋的恢复程度与PN组比较，差异有统计学意义；EN组感染率（10．0％）较PN组低。结论严重腹部创伤术后早期肠内营养有利于改善免疫功能，可降低患者术后感染率。     

Iatrogenic operative injuries of abdominal and pelvic veins: a potentially lethal complication

PURPOSE: Epidemiologic studies of vascular injuries are usually limited to those caused by trauma. The purpose of this study was to review the management and clinical outcome in patients with operative injuries to abdominal and pelvic veins. METHODS: Clinical data and outcome in all patients with iatrogenic venous injuries during abdominal and pelvic operations between 1985 and 2002 were reviewed. RESULTS: Forty patients (21 men, 19 women; mean age, 51 years [range, 27-87 years]) sustained 44 venous injuries. Injuries occurred during general (30%), colorectal (23%), orthopedic (20%), gynecologic (15%), and other (12%) operations. Factors leading to injury included oncologic resection (65%), difficult anatomic exposure (63%), previous operation (48%), recurrent tumor (28%), and radiation therapy (20%). All patients had substantial bleeding (mean, 3985 mL; range, 500-20,000 mL). Injuries were located in the inferior vena cava (n = 6), portal vein (n = 7), renal vein (n = 1), and iliac vein (n = 30). Repair was performed with venorrhaphy (64%), end-to-end anastomosis (14%), interposition graft (20%), and vessel ligation (2%). Seven patients (18%) died of injury-related causes, including multisystem organ failure (n = 4), uncontrollable bleeding (n = 2), and pulmonary embolism (n = 1). Thirteen patients (32.5%) had major injury-related complications, including repeat exploration because of bleeding (n = 6), multisystem organ failure (n = 6), and venous thrombosis (n = 4). In two patients (5%) unilateral lower extremity edema developed, with no evidence of thrombosis. There was no late graft or venous thrombosis. Variables associated with increased risk for death were massive bleeding, acidosis, hypotension, and hypothermia (P <.05). CONCLUSION: Operative injuries of abdominal and pelvic veins occur in patients undergoing oncologic resection and those with difficult anatomic exposure, owing to previous operation, recurrent tumor, or radiation therapy. Massive blood loss, acidosis, hypotension, and hypothermia are associated with increased risk for death. Repair of venous injuries offers durable results with low incidence of graft or venous thrombosis.