甲状腺围术期甲状旁腺素与术后低钙血症的关系

目的探讨甲状腺围术期血清甲状旁腺素(PTH)的变化规律及其与甲状腺术后低钙血症(PHC)的相关关系。方法 2007年1月至2008年6月甲状腺手术患者322例,分别于术前1d、术中切除腺体后15min、术后第1天、术后第4天测定血清PTH及血清钙。结果甲状腺术后PTH比术前明显下降;PHC组的术中PTH明显低于正常血钙组的术中PTH;术中PTH低于正常值下限的患者PHC的发生率高于术中PTH正常的患者,差异均有统计学意义。结论甲状腺手术会影响甲状旁腺分泌PTH水平,术中PTH低于正常值下限可作为早期预测PHC的重要指标。     

甲状腺机能亢进术后甲状旁腺功能低下31例

甲状腺机能亢进（甲亢）术后出现甲状旁腺功能低下是较为常见的并发症,我院1996年1月-2007年12月实施甲亢手术326例,术后出现甲状旁腺功能低下31例,经治疗恢复良好,报告如下。     

双侧甲状腺切除术后甲状旁腺功能减退临床因素分析及防治

目的:探讨双侧甲状腺切除术后患者甲状旁腺功能减退与各临床因素的关系,总结术后甲状旁腺功能减退的预防和治疗。方法:2011年1—12月行双侧甲状腺手术患者193例,所有患者于术后第1、2天检测血钙及甲状旁腺素(PTH),术后1、3、6个月随访血钙和PTH。术后PTH低于正常值患者予口服碳酸钙和维生素D。结果:193例患者中25例(13.0%)出现甲状旁腺功能减退,其中19例(9.8%)为暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退,6例(3.1%)为永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。不同年龄、性别患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。甲状腺恶性肿瘤、术中行淋巴结清除患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率(24.7%、20.9%)高于良性肿瘤、未行淋巴结清除患者(5.2%、8.7%,P<0.01、P<0.05)。术中有甲状旁腺误切患者与无误切患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率差异无统计学意义(24.0%vs 11.3%,P=0.08)。永久性甲状旁腺功能减退患者中行颈淋巴结清除者100%(6/6)、甲状旁腺误切者83.3%(5/6),两者比例均高于暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退患者(P<0.05、P<0.01)。25例甲状旁腺功能减退患者补充碳酸钙和维生素D后1例出现低钙血症。结论:甲状旁腺功能减退与患者的年龄、性别无关,与患者手术范围有关,颈淋巴结清除和甲状旁腺误切更易导致永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。术后选择性补充碳酸钙和维生素D可以有效减少低钙血症的发生。     

甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺显露及功能保护的临床研究

目的 探讨甲状腺术中直视下甲状旁腺的显露与定位、术中保护甲状旁腺及其血供的方法 .方法 对我院甲状腺手术患者行术中直视下显露并原位保护甲状旁腺及其血供,并观察术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生情况.结果 259例甲状腺手术中有12例未找到明确的甲状旁腺.术中见上甲状旁腺共242枚,其中221枚(91.32%)位置恒定于甲状腺背面甲状软骨下缘水平;确切显露61枚上甲状旁腺的血管,其中42枚(68.85%)由甲状腺下动脉上行支供血.下甲状旁腺共426枚,位置变异较大,212枚(49.77%)位于甲状腺背面下1/3部分,106枚(24.88%)位于甲状腺侧叶最下端近甲状腺下动脉入腺体处;确切显露128枚下甲状旁腺的血管,其中103枚(80.47%)的血供来自甲状腺下动脉或最下动脉的分支.术后发生低钙血症者27例,其中一侧叶全切除者1例(二次手术患者),一侧叶全切加对侧叶次全切除者3例,甲状腺全切除者4例,甲状腺全切加中央组颈淋巴结清扫者7例,甲状腺全切加一侧颈淋巴结清扫者11例,甲状腺全切加双侧颈淋巴结清扫者1例.无一例发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下.结论 甲状旁腺血供来源与其位置有密切关系.甲状腺术中完全可以直视下显露和保护甲状旁腺.预防术后甲状旁腺功能减退的关键是术中精细解剖,尽量原位保护甲状旁腺及其血供或行必要的甲状旁腺自体移植.     

甲状腺外科手术中甲状旁腺功能保护

<正>近年来,对甲状腺手术带来的副损伤关注越来越多。但是对如何避免喉返神经损伤的关注较多,而对如何避免甲状旁腺损伤的关注较少。可能部分医师存在侥幸心理,因为大多数人有4个甲状旁腺,手术中误切1个或2个并不会造成永久性甲状旁腺功能减退,而且内科治疗中关于钙剂补充的药物也已经很成熟。但事实上,永久性甲状旁腺功能减退给病人带来的损伤和痛苦,在某种意义上超过了喉返神经损伤。人体中钙离子在维持和调整心肌功能、肌     

不同甲状腺手术方式对甲状旁腺功能及血钙的影响

探讨甲状腺手术不同术式及切除范围对患者术后甲状旁腺功能及血钙水平的影响.回顾性分析2015年1月—2020年1月354例行甲状腺手术治疗患者的临床资料.依据其所接受的术式进行分组:行单侧甲状腺切除术共123例(A组);行甲状腺单侧腺叶+峡部切除+同侧中央区淋巴结清除119例(B组);行甲状腺全部切除+双侧中央区淋巴结清...     

全甲状腺切除术后甲状旁腺的功能监测

目的 评估全甲状腺切除术后甲状旁腺功能减退症发生情况,探索早期预测术后低钙血症的方法.方法 对124例患者(甲状腺癌46例、结节性甲状腺肿78例)行全甲状腺切除术,恶性患者加行淋巴结清扫术,术前、术后1 h、1 d、2 d检测血钙和血PTH,观察术后甲状旁腺功能减退症发生情况,并用受试者工作特征曲线研究低钙血症早期预测指标.结果 58例发生术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退症(46.8%),甲状腺癌组22例(47.8%),结节性甲状腺肿组36例(46.2%),两组之间无明显差异(λ2=0.033,P=0.857);1例发生永久性甲状旁腺功能减退症(0.8%),发生在甲状腺癌组.术后90例(72.6%)出现血钙下降,58例(46.8%)出现血PTH下降,40例(32.3%)出现低钙症状.甲状腺癌组术后血钙(F=21.358,P=0.000)、血PTH(F=18.253,P=0.000)下降程度重于结节性甲状腺肿组,术后1 h血PTH下降百分比可很好的预测有临床症状的低钙血症(曲线下面积为0.933),以PTH下降76.6%作为分界点,此时预测有临床症状的低钙血症的敏感性为89.7%,特异性为87.9%. 结论全甲状腺切除术加行淋巴结清扫会加重术后血钙、血PTH下降程度但不会增加甲状旁腺功能减退症发生率;术后1 h血PTH下降百分比可预测低钙血症的发生.     

甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能低下的恢复和治疗

甲状旁腺功能低下引起的低钙血症是甲状腺手术后的常见并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量。手术因素、术后处理以及患者和疾病自身因素与术后低血钙发生密切有关。促进术后甲状旁腺功能的恢复对防止永久性甲状旁腺功能低下具有重要意义。补充钙剂和维生素D制剂是治疗术后低血钙的主要方法,同时应注意防治长期使用钙剂导致的并发症。甲状旁腺激素替代治疗将来有望成为治疗甲状旁腺功能低下的重要方法。     

甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺误切和术后低钙血症

目的分析常见甲状腺手术时甲状旁腺误切和术后患者发现低钙血症之间的关系。方法回顾性分析126例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,其中双侧腺叶大部切除术18例,一侧或双侧腺叶全切术74例和六区清扫术34例。结果 126例患者中,共有25例（19.8%）病理证实存在旁腺误切,有30例（23.8%）术后出现低钙血症,25例（19.8%）出现低钙临床表现,经治疗后症状在2 d内消失。低钙血症的发生（23.8%）和旁腺误切（19.8%）之间是相关的（r=0.87,P=0.0333）。随访6个月,低钙血症消失时间平均为4.25（1-12）周,没有患者出现永久性低钙血症。六区清扫术的总体旁腺误切率为41.2%（14/34）,高于大部切除术的5.6%（1/18）（P〈0.01）,亦高于腺叶全切除术的13.5%（10/74）（P=0.0013）。结论甲状腺腺叶切除及六区清扫术后短暂的低钙血症是比较常见的并发症;旁腺误切可以导致术后低钙血症的发生;六区清扫术有很高的旁腺误切风险。     

Prediction of Permanent Hypoparathyroidism after Total Thyroidectomy

Background

Hypoparathyroidism is a common complication with thyroid surgery. The ability to predict a high risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism is important for individual prognosis and follow-up.

Methods

Permanent hypoparathyroidism, defined as continuing need for vitamin D medication at 1-year post-operatively, was investigated in patients after total thyroidectomy. Blood levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured intra-operatively, the day after surgery and at 1 month post-operatively. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the risk of vitamin D treatment at last follow-up, calculated as odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Patients were followed until cessation of vitamin D and/or calcium medication, until death, loss to follow-up, or end of follow-up, whichever came first.

Results

A total of 519 patients were included. The median (range) follow-up in patients unable to cease vitamin D was 2.7 (1.2–10.3) years. The rate of permanent hypoparathyroidism was 10/519, 1.9 %. Parathyroid auto-transplantation was performed in 90/519 (17.3 %) patients. None of these developed permanent hypoparathyroidism, nor did any patient with normal PTH day 1 (>1.6 pmol/l or 15 pg/ml). The adjusted risk (OR, 95 % CI) for permanent hypoparathyroidism for log PTH on day 1 was 0.25 (0.13–0.50). In patients not auto-transplanted and with unmeasurable PTH day 1 (<0.7 pmol/l or 6.6 pg/ml), 8/42 (19.2 %) developed permanent hypoparathyroidism.

Conclusions

Auto-transplantation protects against permanent hypoparathyroidism, whereas low PTH day 1 is associated with high risk.     

Hypoparathyroidism After Total Thyroidectomy: Importance of the Intraoperative Management of the Parathyroid Glands

World Journal of Surgery - Total thyroidectomy is the most common surgical procedure for the treatment of thyroid diseases. Postoperative hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism is the most frequent...     

The Association of Discolored Parathyroid Glands and Hypoparathyroidism Following Total Thyroidectomy

Background

It remains uncertain whether a parathyroid gland (PG) that appears darkened or severely bruised but still has an attached vascular pedicle should be left in situ or taken out and auto-transplanted following total thyroidectomy. Our study aimed to examine the impact of discolored PGs (DPGs) on short- and long-term hypoparathyroidism.

Methods

One hundred and three patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with 4 clearly identified PGs were analyzed. Location (superior/inferior) and color of each PG were recorded. Patients without DPG were grouped into I while those with 1–2 DPGs and ≥3 DPGs were grouped into II and III, respectively. Transient hypoparathyroidism meant adjusted Ca <2.00 mol/L 24 h after surgery and/or need for supplements. Protracted hypoparathyroidism meant a subnormal PTH at 4–6 weeks and/or supplements >6 weeks. Permanent hypoparathyroidism meant supplements ≥1 year.

Results

Relative to I, group III had greater adjusted Ca drop at postoperative 1-h (p = 0.012), 24-h (p < 0.001) and lower day-1 PTH (p = 0.015). Having ≥3 DPGs (OR 14.00, 95 % CI 1.575–124.474, p = 0.018) was an independent factor of transient hypoparathyroidism. However, permanent hypoparathyroidism rate was higher than in group I than II (p = 0.019). Eight patients (25.8 %) in group I had undetectable day-1 PTH, while none in group III had undetectable day-1 PTH. Graves’ disease/toxic goiter (OR 15.166, 95 % CI 2.594–88.661, p = 0.003) and excised gland weight (OR 1.028, 95 % CI 1.010–1.046, p = 0.003) were independent factors of ≥3 DPGs.

Conclusions

PG discoloration is associated with transient hypoparathyroidism while normal colored PG with seemingly adequate blood supply does not always imply functionally normal gland. These findings highlights the need for a real-time intraoperative method to assess PG viability.

     

Risk Factors of Hypoparathyroidism Following Total Thyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer

Background

The risk factors responsible for hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy have not been completely defined. The present study evaluated one surgeon’s personal experience of postoperative hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer and predisposing risk factors of postoperative hypoparathyroidism.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 531 consecutive total thyroidectomy cases for thyroid cancer operated by single surgeon at the Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Korea, from March 2003 to August 2006.

Results

Postoperative hypoparathyroidism occurred in 135 patients (25.4 %), 19 of whom (3.6 % of total patients) experienced permanent hypoparathyroidism. Parathyroid autotransplantation, bilateral central lymph node dissection, gross extrathyroidal extension, and the presence of parathyroid gland in the pathologic specimen were associated with postoperative hypoparathyroidism in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05, respectively). The presence of parathyroid gland in the pathologic specimen and the early period of surgeon’s practice were statistically significant risk factors for permanent hypoparathyroidism in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusions

Careful surgical technique for in situ preservation of parathyroid gland and autotransplantation of inadvertently removed parathyroid gland are important, especially in case of gross extrathyroidal extension. Adequate surgical experience is also an important factor. And routine bilateral central lymph node dissection should be done thoughtfully for its effect on postoperative hypoparathyroidism.     

Correction to: Hypoparathyroidism After Total Thyroidectomy: Importance of the Intraoperative Management of the Parathyroid Glands

World Journal of Surgery - In the original version of the article, the last three column headings in Table&nbsp;3 were mislabeled. The original article has been corrected. Following is the...     

Attenuation of Postmenopausal Bone Loss in Patients with Transient Hypoparathyroidism After Total Thyroidectomy

Background

Increased bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in patients with postsurgical permanent hypoparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism may attenuate the high-turnover bone loss in postmenopausal women. We reported previously that patients who had transient hypoparathyroidism postoperatively were at subclinical hypoparathyroid (hP) status even 5 years after surgery. We hypothesized that patients with transient hypoparathyroidism (ThP) may have altered BMD.

Methods

A total of 140 women who underwent total thyroidectomy had BMD measurements of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and radius 3 years after surgery. At surgery, 99 patients were ≥50 years and 41 were <50 years. They were divided into three groups according to their postoperative parathyroid function: There were 80 patients in the no hP (NhP) group, 54 in the ThP group, and 6 in the permanent hP (PhP) group.

Results

Among the 99 patients aged ≥50 years, 36 ThP patients had median Z scores of the BMD in all three areas (lumbar spine, femoral neck, radius) that were significantly higher (by 1.083, 0.533, and 1.047, respectively) than those in the 60 NhP patients aged ≥50 years. The BMDs in the three PhP patients ≥50 years were higher than those in the NhP and ThP patients, but the difference did not reach significance except for in the femoral neck. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that Z scores > 0 were significantly associated only with the presence of ThP postoperatively. In the patients <50 years, the BMD values were not significantly different among the three groups except at the radius in PhP patients, which was significantly lower than those of the other patients.

Conclusions

We found that ThP was associated with increased BMD in postmenopausal women. This may be due to attenuation of the high-turnover bone loss in postmenopausal women.     

Hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy

The aim of the study is to describe the last advances (2000-2007) in the management of hypoparathyroidism secondary to total thyroidectomies. This systematic review was conducted according to recently presented guidelines on the argument. A comprehensive literature search was performed in August 2007 consulting PubMed MEDLINE for publications, matching the terms of hypoparathyroidism/ hypocalcaemia AND parathyroid glands, total thyroidectomy, thyroid surgery, postoperative complications, and risk factors. Hypoparathyroidism remains a frequent and challenging complication following total thyroidectomy. A meticulous surgical technique with an excellent anatomical knowledge of the neck compartment are mandatory to restrain its appearance. The application of lens magnification and of parathyroid glands autotransplantation (PTAT) during thyroid surgery contribute to preventing definitive hypoparathyroidism and also to decrease the postoperative incidence of transient hypocalcaemia. Consequently, the reduction of complications rate determines the decrease of the hospitalization length, costs, and patient discomfort due to a fear of clinical manifestations, and facilitates the return to work. The microsurgical approach and the PTAT are effective and easily learnable procedures, also adaptable in less favoured areas without additional cost. We believe that these performances represent a real aid in association with an operative strategy aiming always to the preservation of parathyroid glands in situ.     

腔镜甲状腺切除术并发症的原因与防治

目的探讨腔镜甲状腺切除术并发症的原因,总结防治经验。方法 2002年7月～2009年12月共完成372例经胸入路腔镜甲状腺切除术,其中24例发生并发症,发生率6.5%。术式包括单侧腺叶切除+峡部切除1例,患侧腺叶全切+峡部切除+对侧腺叶次全切除+气管前、气管旁淋巴结切除2例,患侧腺叶近全切除+峡部切除+对侧腺叶切除4例,17例行双侧腺叶次全切除术。结果并发症包括2例Ⅰ度皮肤灼伤,1例注射肾上腺素盐水3 min后胸部皮肤暂时性缺血,3例术后第1天左侧乳腺处trocar通道出血,4例暂时性声嘶,2例暂时性呛咳,3例皮下积液,7例胸部皮下组织淤血,经对症处理,22例均痊愈;2例残留甲状腺结节,患者无不适,术后B超分别随访6年1个月、5年8个月,结节大小无改变。结论腔镜甲状腺切除术安全可行,手术操作不当可能出现并发症,应不断提高腔镜技术和超声刀的使用,熟悉镜下甲状腺解剖,小心操作。     

完全腔镜甲状腺手术大出血的处理及防治

目的探讨腔镜甲状腺手术大出血(出血量300 ml)的出血规律及防治要点。方法回顾性分析2002年3月~2014年6月胸乳入路完全腔镜甲状腺手术3812例资料,共发生大出血9例(0.2%),术中出血5例(其中2例有"高气压后暂时不出血"现象),术后出血4例(术后3 h~9 d,其中2例为术后72 h后的迟发性出血)。出血量300~800 ml,平均416.7 ml。结果 9例均手术止血成功。术中出血1例中转开放手术,4例腔镜下止血;术后出血1例行开放手术,3例行腔镜手术。使用超声刀凝固、结扎缝扎套扎血管、切除渗血腺体、加压包扎等方法止血。出血部位为胸壁皮下隧道3例,颈前静脉1例,甲状腺血管3例,甲状腺腺体断面2例。无严重并发症及死亡。结论腔镜甲状腺手术大出血发生率不高,易于发现,可治可防,但其迟发性出血和"高气压后暂时不出血现象"应引起充分重视。