儿童胫骨结节骨骺骨折

目的 探讨儿童胫骨结节骨骺骨折的特点、治疗及预后.方法 1995年1月至2007年12月,胫骨结节骨骺骨折患儿28例,其中资料完整者25例,男23例,女2例;年龄12～16岁.平均13.5岁;左侧10例,右侧15例,均为单侧受累.损伤方式:打篮球时受伤10例,跳跃时受伤7例,踢足球时受伤8例.根据Ogden分型标准,1A型1例,1B型4例,2A型5例,2B型7例,3A型4例,3B型4例.除1例1A型患儿骨折采用闭合复位长腿石膏前后托固定外,余24例均采用切开复位拉力螺钉内固定.结果 所有患儿均获得随访,随访时间14个月～7年,平均43个月.术后3个月患儿膝关节活动范围0°～140°,术后6个月恢复伤前运动水平.按照Mosier临床评价标准,结果均为优.所有病例手术切口均一期愈合,均未发生胫前间室综合征.骨折愈合时间2～5个月,平均3个月,伸膝装置序列正常,无一例患儿发生切口感染、内固定物失效或肢体畸形.结论 儿童胫骨结节骨骺骨折是一种不常见的特殊类型的骺损伤.在伸膝装置突然加速或减速的运动中,当髌韧带的牵拉力超过胫骨结节骨骺、周围软骨膜以及邻近骨膜的结合力时,就会发生胫骨结节的骨骺骨折.该骨折多见于13～16岁的男性患儿,单侧发病为主;可采用拉力螺钉内固定治疗,术后患儿膝关节功能正常.     

Isolated avulsion of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee.

Of fourteen isolated avulsion fracutres of the posterior tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament, one was undisplaced and five were minimally displaced. These six were treated conservatively, but four of the five displaced avulsion fractures progressed to non-union and significant functional disability. Eight displaced avulsion injuries were treated by open reduction. In four knees the fragment was sutured back to its origin on the posterior superior aspect of the tibia, and three of the these united. In two knees the fragment was large enough to fix with a screw and union ensued. There was excellent functional capacity in five of the six that united. The other two displaced fractures, treated three and seven months after injury, had open reduction and the fragments were sutured to the tibia in an advanced position. Union was obtained in both with good functional capacity.     

经皮闭合穿针治疗新鲜掌板撕脱骨折

目的 总结利用经皮闭合穿针治疗新鲜掌板撕脱骨折的经验,为临床治疗掌板撕脱骨折提供可靠、有效的治疗方法.方法 2002-2007年,对6例掌板撕脱骨折的患者,在局部麻醉下经皮闭合穿针内固定方法进行治疗.6例均为近侧指间关节中节指骨基底撕脱骨折.受伤至手术的时间为1～8d,平均3.5d.结果 术后随访时间为3个月至5年3个月,平均1年5个月.6例患者均于术后6～8周(平均6.8周)达到骨折愈合.患指经功能锻炼后,术后均无静息痛,近侧指间关节屈曲为78°～100°(平均83.5°),伸直0°～-10°(平均-6.5°).结论 经皮(屈曲阻挡,Flexion blocking)闭合穿针内固定是一种治疗手指近侧指间关节掌板撕脱骨折可靠、有效的方法.     

Femoral Neck Fractures in Children: A Follow-Up Study of 19 Cases

Abstract   We studied 20 fractures of the neck of femur in 19 patients under the age of 16 years that were treated in the period from 1998 to 2004. There were nine boys and ten girls with an average age of 11 years. There was one case of Delbet type I (transepiphyseal separation). Thirteen cases were of Delbet type II (transcervical) fractures, four cases were of type III (cervicotrochanteric), and two patients had old fractures (one Delbet type II and one type III). Fourteen fractures were displaced. In our study group, 11 patients were treated surgically by internal fixation while the remaining were treated conservatively by traction followed by hip spica cast application. Mean follow-up was 24 months (range 1–5 years). Avascular necrosis occurred in nine cases (45%). Other complications included coxa vara in two, nonunion in two, postoperative infection in one, and refracture in one. The amount of displacement of the fracture and the quality of reduction and fixation influenced the occurrence of complications such as avascular necrosis and nonunion.     

伴撕脱性骨折的踝关节"Logsplitter"损伤未行下胫腓联合螺钉固定的疗效

目的探讨"Logsplitter"损伤伴Tillaux-Chaput骨折/Wagstaffe-Lefort骨折与Volkmann骨折未行下胫腓螺钉固定的疗效。方法回顾性分析新疆医科大学第六附属医院骨科自2015年1月至2018年12月采用切开复位内固定治疗的16例踝关节"Logsplitter"损伤伴Tillaux-Chaput骨折/Wagstaffe-Lefort骨折的患者资料。男11例,女5例;年龄27~56岁,平均36.4岁;开放性损伤2例(根据Anderson-Gustilo分型:Ⅱ型1例,ⅢA型1例),闭合性损伤14例;骨折AO/OTA分型均为44-C型。根据Lauge-Hansen分型:旋前外展型9例,旋前外旋型3例,旋后外旋型4例。采用外侧单一切口,复位腓骨骨折后用接骨板固定,Tillaux-Chaput骨折/Wagstaffe-Lefort骨折采用螺钉或克氏针固定,Volkmann骨折用螺钉固定。术后采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)的踝-后足评分、肌肉骨骼功能(SMFA)障碍指数、肌肉骨骼功能困扰指数评价踝关节功能。结果所有患者术后随访8~27个月,平均21.3个月。X线片示所有骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间12~18周,平均14.8周。末次随访时13例均行走正常,3例轻度不适。AOFAS的踝-后足评分为86~100分(平均96.3分),其中优12例,良3例,差1例。SMFA障碍指数为8~17分(平均15.9分),SMFA困扰指数为3~9分(平均6.5分)。结论"Logsplitter"损伤伴Tillaux-Chaput骨折/Wagstaffe-Lefort骨折与Volkmann骨折时,术中固定Tillaux-Chaput骨折块或Wagstaffe-Lefort骨折及Volkmann骨折重建下胫腓水平稳定"环",未行下胫腓螺钉固定,可以获得满意的疗效。     

带锁髓内钉治疗新鲜四肢长骨干骨折1224例疗效分析

目的总结带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干、股骨干、股骨髁上、胫骨干和转子间骨折的疗效。方法自1996年10月至2004年6月间使用带锁髓内钉治疗的有完整资料的新鲜四肢骨折1224例,男778例,女446例;平均年龄39岁(16￣92岁)。骨折位于肱骨干92例,股骨转子间210例,股骨干488例,股骨髁上92例,胫骨342例。闭合骨折按AO分型:A型642例;B型364例;C型218例。开放骨折15例(GustiloⅠ型8例,GustiloⅡ型7例)。受伤至手术时间平均为8d(3h￣33d)。闭合复位1203例,切开复位23例;扩髓409例,非扩髓815例。结果平均随访时间为24个月(6￣70个月)。1204例骨折愈合,愈合率为98.2%,平均愈合时间为5个月(3￣12个月)。骨折不愈合22例,其中肱骨4例,股骨8例,股骨髁上4例,胫骨6例,总不愈合率为1.8%。术后无急性感染发生,3例发生晚期深部感染,总感染率为0.2%。术中16例发生严重骨折劈裂,4例为肱骨逆行髓内钉固定,4例Gamma钉固定,9例为股骨逆行髓内钉固定,占1.3%。6例发生医原性神经损伤,占0.4%。股骨髓内钉主钉断裂1例,锁钉断裂9例(0.6%)。晚期髓内钉末端骨折3例,占0.2%。53例主诉髓内钉尾端部位不适,占4.3%。结论闭合复位带锁髓内钉治疗骨干骨折在骨折愈合率、感染率、出血量、功能恢复情况和早期活动方面均较满意,是治疗骨干骨折较好的方法,但     

Arthroscopic management of avulsion fractures of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament: A novel technique and mid-term outcomes

PurposeThis study assessed the outcomes of arthroscopic management of avulsion fractures of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), with holding of the PCL with two ''cinch knots''.Methods15 patients with avulsion fractures of the tibial attachment of the PCL were treated with arthroscopic reduction and fixation with holding of the PCL with two ''cinch knots''. All patients were males with mean age of 28 (range, 15–44) years. Patients were assessed by the Lysholm Tegner knee scale and IKDC (International knee documentation committee) objective grade.ResultsThe mean follow-up period was 40 (range, 12–60) months. Mean postoperative flexion was 134.7° (range, 120–150). Mean Lysholm score was 90.27 (range, 67–99). Lysholm score was excellent in seven (46.7%) patients, good in six (40%) patients, fair in two (13.3%) patients, and none of the patients was poor. 11 (73.3%) patients had IKDC grade A, and four (26.7%) patients had IKDC grade B due to residual grade 1+ posterior drawer. Current Tegner activity level remained the same in nine (60%) patients, decreased one level in three (20%) patients, and decreased two levels in three (20%) patients as compared to the preinjury level. There wasn't any vascular or nerve complications.ConclusionArthroscopic treatment of PCL tibial avulsion fractures with the cinch knot technique has many advantages, and it proved to be safe and effective. The technique is simple and easy to be reproduced. Early results are promising to encourage surgeons to make this novel technique.Level of evidenceTherapeutic study, prospective case series with no comparison group, Level IV.     

Avulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity in late adolescence

Between January 1982 and May 1985, eight patients with avulsion fractures of tibial tuberosity were seen at the University of South Alabama Medical Center. All were boys, average age, 15 years 8 months. Six of eight had a positive history of Osgood-Schlatter disease. Seven patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation, one had closed reduction and cast. Followup ranged from 5 months to 3.5 years, averaging 19.5 months. All, except one who had lateral meniscectomy, regained practically full ROM and reported no pain or limitation of activities. No patient developed genu recurvatum deformity or leg length discrepancy due to the injury. Open reduction and internal fixation is the treatment of choice in displaced intra-articular fractures. Lateral parapatellar incision is a more direct approach to this fracture and is less likely to injure the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve.     

桡骨头复杂骨折手术疗效分析

目的研究分析切开复位内固定治疗桡骨头复杂骨折的效果。方法方法2003年3月至2008年6月,我院收治桡骨头复杂骨折共35例,其中男性21例,女性14例;平均年龄32.5岁(18～62岁);受伤至手术平均时间为5.5 d(2～15 d);伴发其他部位损伤11例,包括同侧肱骨小头骨折2例,同侧尺骨近段粉碎性骨折1例,同侧尺骨鹰嘴撕脱性骨折2例,冠状突骨折6例(Regan-Morrey分型Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型1例,需要手术处理3例);根据Mason-Johnston分型,Ⅲ型26例,Ⅳ型9例。采用Kocher切口经肘肌与尺侧腕伸肌之间进入,显露旋后肌保护桡神经深支,骨折复位后以微型钢板结合克氏针固定,探查并修补外尺侧副韧带,部分桡骨颈骨缺损取用肱骨外髁植骨。对伴有冠状突骨折需要手术患者采用前内侧Z形切口复位固定,探查并修补内侧副韧带。对2例配合使用肘关节外固定支架固定,1例术后给予外固定支具保护。结果术后平均随访时间12.6个月(7～24个月),骨折均获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间5.5个月(3.5～6.5个月)。2例内外侧副韧带附着处出现骨化现象。根据Broberg-Morrey评分进行评定,Mason-JohnstonⅢ型26例中优8例,良14例,可3例,差1例,优良率为85%;Ⅳ型9例中优1例,良3例,可3例,差2例,优良率仅为44%(其中1例优者配合用了外固定支架)。Ⅲ型组疗效明显优于Ⅳ型组,两者差异有统计学意义(P=0.03)。结论对桡骨头复杂骨折,尤其是Ⅲ型患者,应采取切开复位内固定治疗,并对伴有的肘关节韧带损伤进行修补,适时进行植骨术,可取得较为满意的疗效;不应行一期桡骨头切除。对少数Ⅳ型骨折,可采取肘关节外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗或延期桡骨头切除术,但具体疗效还有待进一步观察。     

Unilateral external fixator in the treatment of lower third humeral shaft fractures

Lowerthirdhumeralshaftfracturesareoftenmanifestedbyoblique,spiralorcomminutedfractureswithahighincidenceofcomplicatingradialnerveinjury.Thispartofhumerusisirregularanatomicallyandneartheelbowjoint.Soitisdifficult toselectproperinternalfixationinstrumentswhile exploringradialnervethroughanterolateralapproach,whichaddsdifficultyinthetreatmentofthiskindof fractures.Inrecent6yearsweusedunilateralexternal fixatorstotreatsuchkindoffracturesinourdepartment andsatisfactoryresultswereachieved.METHOD…     

Bilateral plate fixation for type C distal humerus fractures: experience at a single institution

Type C fractures of the distal humerus are difficult to treat and typically require open anatomical reduction and internal fixation. Here we describe our experience treating patients with type C distal humerus fractures using a trans-olecranon approach with bilateral plate fixation. Fifty-six patients (30 males, 26 females; mean age 49.8 years) were treated over a period of six years. Thirteen fractures were open and 43 closed; all were caused by falls or traffic accidents. All operations were performed successfully with no intraoperative complications. Mean duration of follow-up was 30 months (range 6–70). Mean duration of fracture healing was 2.8 months (range 2–4). Forty-seven out of 56 patients (84%) suffered no postoperative complications. One patient exhibited symptoms of ulnar nerve injury following surgery (nine exhibited symptoms before and after surgery). Two patients had mild cubitus varus deformities, four delayed olecranon osteotomy site healing, and two heterotopic ossifications. In summary, complications were minimal and outcomes satisfactory in patients with type C distal humerus fractures who underwent bilateral plate fixation via a trans-olecranon approach.     

Comminuted simultaneous bilateral tibial tubercle avulsion fractures: a case report

A 16-year-old male had simultaneous bilateral tibial tubercle avulsion fractures after making a sudden stop while running at full speed. The left knee injury (type V) was minimally displaced, was treated conservatively with closed reduction, and the patient recovered uneventfully. The right tibial tubercle injury was unusual. The tuberosity and anterior aspect of the proximal epiphysis remained as one, but there was severe intra-articular comminution posterior to the displaced tubercle fragment. The right knee injury (type III) required open reduction and internal fixation to reduce the apophyseal fragment and 2 intra-articular displaced fragments. The patient's recovery was complicated by a severe, persistent flexion deformity on the right side. Eventually, the patient required manipulation under anaesthesia, extensive continuous passive mobilisation and a turnbuckle extension splint. A residual 5-degree flexion deformity remained at 16 months post-injury. This case highlights the importance of identifying any intra-articular fragments, their careful anatomical reduction, and aggressive mobilisation when treating tibial tubercle avulsion fractures.     

Malunited forearm fractures in children

From 1971 to 1986, 80 skeletally immature patients with severe diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures were treated at Orlando Regional Medical Center. Greenstick, Monteggia, and Galeazzi fractures were excluded. Seventy-nine fractures were managed by closed means. When anatomic reduction could not be obtained, the best position was accepted. There were 47 patients with malunions of whom 39 returned for follow-up evaluation greater than 2 years after injury. They form the basis of this study. There were no delayed unions or nonunions in the entire group. Average follow-up in the group reported was 5 years 9 months (range 2 years to 13 years 10 months). All patients were satisfied with their functional and cosmetic results regardless of age, angulation, complete displacement, or loss of radial bow at time of union. Only nine patients had loss of motion. By our criteria, 36 patients (92%) had good or excellent results, with 32 excellent and four good results. Three patients (8%) had fair results, and there were no poor results. Age at time of injury did not correlate with recovery of motion. Distal fractures were found to have a better prognosis than proximal fractures. Based on the results of this study, closed reduction is the treatment of choice for skeletally immature patients with diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna.     

关节镜下复位固定治疗陈旧性胫骨髁间隆突撕脱性骨折

目的 探讨关节镜下复位固定治疗陈旧性胫骨髁间隆突撕脱性骨折的疗效及影响疗效的因素.方法 2000年1月至2006年12月,对23例有明显临床症状的陈旧性胫骨髁间隆突撕脱性骨折患者行关节镜下骨折端新鲜化、复位、内固定治疗.骨折至手术时间:3个月～8年,平均5.8个月.骨折按Meyers和McKeever分类:Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型14例.膝关节功能采用Lysholm评分标准评定:术前为(65.7±3.2)分.术后3周后在支具保护下被动伸屈膝关节,术后4周主动锻炼,并下地部分负重行走.术后6周拆除支具.结果 23例患者术后获平均14个月(6～36个月)随访,X线片示骨折复位满意,愈合良好.膝关节稳定,前抽屉试验和Lachman试验阴性,未发生骨折不愈合和关节僵硬等并发症.术后Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(94.6±2.6)分,手术前、后比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.764,P:0.0082):其中优17例,良5例,可1例,优良率为95.7%.术前9例膝关节有不同程度伸直受限者,随访时除1例仍有50°申膝受限外,其余8例患者均恢复正常.结论 关节镜下复位固定治疗陈旧性胫骨髁间隆突撕脱性骨折,具有骨折对位良好、内固定日J靠等优点,可有效重建膝关节的稳定,改善膝关节功能.     

关节镜下经套管钢丝固定治疗胫骨髁间前棘骨折的体会

目的分析关节镜下钢丝捆扎固定治疗胫骨髁间前棘骨折的临床疗效。 方法采用微创关节镜技术复位,克氏针钻孔后经套管法置入一道或两道钢丝捆扎固定治疗胫骨髁间前棘撕脱骨折20例,纳入标准为新鲜骨折,排除陈旧性骨折及复杂的胫骨平台骨折(SchatzkerⅡ型以上),男12例,女8例,年龄18～65岁,平均(38.1±2.6)岁,交通伤14例,运动伤4例,砸伤2例。依据Meyers & Mckeever和Zaricznyj分型标准,Ⅱ型6例,ⅢA型10例,ⅢB型2例,Ⅳ型2例。 结果20例病人全部得到随访,随访时间12～26月,平均(15.5±2.1)月,所有骨折均愈合,采用Lysholm评分标准进行评分,得分为82～96分,平均(91±7)分。 结论关节镜下用钢丝捆扎固定治疗胫骨髁间前棘骨折,操作简便,固定牢靠,免除了二次关节镜取手术,是一种满意的治疗方法。     

Fractures of the trapezium

The authors report a retrospective study of eight cases of trapezium fractures. There were seven male and one female patient aged 21 to 48 years. The presumed mechanism of injury was established in only four cases. Clinical trapeziometacarpal abnormality was always present. The diagnosis was made on standard radiographs in seven cases, computed tomography was used in one case. The fracture was simple, vertical and lateral in five cases, complex in one case and consisted in a lateral avulsion in two cases. An associated Bennett's fracture was present in five cases. The treatment was conservative in two cases. Internal fixation was performed in four cases (3 using a lag screw, 1 using a Kirschner wire) and transosseous reinsertion in two cases. With an average follow-up of 3 years (1 year-6 years), open reduction and internal fixation appears to be simple and to give good or excellent results.     

The effect of proximal tibial fractures on the limb axis in children

Between 1985 and 2002 we treated 38 children with 39 fractures of the proximal tibia. Fractures affecting the proximal tibial physis were excluded from this study. Mean age at the time of injury was 7.1 years (range: 2.5 to 14). Conservative treatment was followed in 34 cases and four patients underwent surgery. We examined 31 children with 32 fractures followed up for an average of 4.8 years (range: 16 months to 15 years). Twenty eight (90.3%) patients developed post-traumatic tibia valga. Deformities were observed at an average 5.3 months after injury. All the cases with fractures of the medial cortex developed valgus angulation. The mean valgus angular deformity was 5.5 degrees. There was also an average of 5.31 mm limb lengthening in 27 patients. Eleven patients with an angulation >5 degrees were reevaluated at an average of 7.4 years from the initial injury. Partial remodelling was observed in 6 patients (54.5%) and total remodelling in 3 (25%). We recommend that children with proximal metaphyseal tibial fractures should be initially treated conservatively and followed up during skeletal development, because valgus deformity tends to remodel with age.     

Fractures of the coronoid process

INTRODUCTION: A retrospective study has been made of a series of 22 cases, and the classification and treatment of fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna have been discussed. MATERIAL, METHODS AND RESULTS: A report has been made of 22 cases of coronoid process fracture (18 males and four females). The mean age was 26 years (range: 19-47 years). According to the Reagan and Morrey Classification, there were 11 type I (avulsion of the tip of the bone), seven type II (a fragment of less than 50% that was detatched from the coronoid process), and four type III cases (a fragment of more than 50% that was detatched from the coronoid process). Elbow dislocation was present in 16 cases, and a radial head fracture was associated in four cases. All type I fractures were treated by immobilization of the elbow in a plaster cast for ten to 15 days, with eight excellent and three good results. In type II fractures, open reduction, internal fixation with antero-posterior lag-screw and early post-operative movement in three patients gave better results than immobilization for three weeks, which was the procedure used in four cases (after transosseous reinsertion in one case). In type III fractures, good results were obtained following open reduction and internal fixation with antero-posterior lag-screw in three patients. The result was average in the fourth case, with immobilization for four weeks. CONCLUSION: The Reagan and Morrey classification is most useful for the classification of coronoid process fractures. If there is no comminution of the detatched fragment, open reduction and internal fixation with antero-posterior lag-screw is the treatment of choice in type I and II fractures. In type I fractures, immobilization for about two weeks gives good results.     

Treatment of humeral diaphyseal fractures with Hackethal stacked nailing: a report of 33 cases.

Hackethal's technique of stacked intramedullary (IM) nailing was used to treat 43 consecutive acute fractures of the humeral diaphysis. Of these, 6 were lost to follow-up and 4 additional patients were excluded for pathologic fractures. All of the remaining 33 traumatic fractures were followed until union. The average age was 34 years. Mean operative time was 90 min. Usually four or five 2- or 3-mm IM Kirschner wires were introduced in a retrograde manner, through a posterior unicortical window under radioscopic control. Closed reductions were performed in 28 patients, and open reductions were performed in the other five. Time to follow-up averaged 3 years 5 months (range 8 months to 13 years). There were no infections. There were three nonunions (9%), and two nails in 1 patient penetrated the greater tuberosity and one nail migrated distally in another patient. This method of internal fixation is not complicated and causes minimal trauma. It provides good stability at the fracture site and permits early mobilization of patients with excellent functional results.     

Tibial spine fractures: an analysis of outcome in surgically treated type III injuries.

We analysed the outcome of open reduction and internal fixation of type III tibial spine fractures, assessing treatment and determining a treatment protocol. A total of 10 patients presented over 3 years to our institution with a mean age of 15 years (range 10-21), a male-to-female ratio of 8:2. left to right 6:4 and anterior to posterior spine fracture 9:1. Only one patient had associated meniscal injury noted at arthroscopy (no treatment required). The mode of injury was road traffic accidents four, sports injuries three and falls three. The mean follow-up was 9 months. There were seven excellent results and three good results. Those patients with good results exhibited either minimal quadriceps weakness, extensor lag (< 10 degrees) or antero-posterior laxity. This reflects the experience of other authors in dealing with these injuries in younger patients. There is widespread agreement that types I and II should be treated by plaster cast alone and that is also the policy at our institution. We recommend a routine treatment protocol in type III injuries of (1) examination under anaesthesia, (2) arthroscopy (evaluating the fracture, cruciate integrity and other associated injuries), (3) open reduction and screw fixation and (4) vigorous physiotherapy/rehabilitation of all type III fractures, as we feel this provides the best possible outcome in these injuries.