共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 374 毫秒
1.
Jürgen Dressnandt Uwe Jürgens 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1992,89(3):549-559
Summary In 11 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), the brain stem was systematically explored with electrical brain stimulation for sites affecting the acoustic structure of ongoing vocalization. Vocalization was elicited by electrical stimulation of different brain structures. A severe deterioration of the acoustical structure of vocalization was obtained during stimulation of the caudoventral part of the periaqueductal grey, lateral parabrachial area, corticobulbar tract, nucl. ambiguus and surrounding reticular formation, facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, solitary tract nucleus and along the fibres crossing the midline at the level of the hypoglossal nucleus. It is suggested that these structures are part of, or at least have direct access to, the motor coordination mechanism of phonation. Complete inhibition of phonation was obtained from the raphe and raphe-near reticular formation.Abbreviations Ab
nucl ambiguus
- APt
area praetectalis
- BC
brachium conjunctivum
- BP
brachium pontis
- Cb
cerebellum
- CC
corpus callosum
- Cd
nucl. caudatus
- Cf
nucl. cuneiformis
- Cel
nucl. centralis lateralis
- Cl
claustrum
- CM
centrum medianum
- Cn
nucl. cuneatus
- Co
nucl. cochlearis
- CoI
colliculus inferior
- CoS
colliculus superior
- CP
commissura posterior
- CPf
cortex piriformis
- CRf
corpus restiforme
- CSL
nucl. centralis superior lateralis thalami
- CT
corpus trapezoideum
- DBC
decussatio brachii conjunctivi
- DG
nucl. dorsalis tegmenti (Gudden)
- DLM
decussatio lemnisci medialis
- DPy
decussatio pyramidum
- DR
nucl. dorsalis raphae
- DV
nucl. dorsalis n. vagi
- DIV
decussatio n. trochlearis
- EP
epiphysis
- FC
funiculus cuneatus
- FL
funiculus lateralis
- FLM
fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
- FRM
formatio reticularis myelencephali
- FRP
formatio reticularis pontis
- FRPc
formatio reticularis pontis caudalis
- FRPo
formatio reticularis pontis oralis
- FRTM
formatio reticularis mesencephali
- FV
funiculus ventralis
- G
nucl. gracilis
- GC
substantia grisea centralis (periaqueductal grey)
- GL
nucl. geniculatus lateralis
- GM
nucl. geniculatus medialis
- GP
globus pallidus
- GPM
griseum periventriculare mesencephali
- GPo
griseum pontis
- Hip
hippocampus
- HL
nucl. habenularis lateralis
- H
habenula
- IP
nucl. interpeduncularis
- LC
locus coeruleus
- LD
nucl. lateralis dorsalis thalami
- Lim
nucl. limitans
- LLd
nucl. lemnisci lateralis, pars dorsalis
- LLv
nucl. lemnisci lateralis, pars ventrali
- LM
lemniscus medialis
- LP
nucl. lateralis posterior thalami
- MD
nucl. medialis dorsalis thalami
- MV
nucl. motorius n. trigemini
- NCS
nucl. centralis superior
- NCT
nucl. trapezoidalis
- NMV
nucl. mesencephalicus n. trigemini
- NR
nucl. ruber
- NSV
nucl. spinalisn. trigemini
- NTS
nucl. tractus solitarii
- NIII
nucl. oculomotorius
- NIV
nucl. trochlearis
- NVI
nucl. abducens
- NVII
nucl. facialis
- NXII
nucl. hypoglossus
- OI
oliva inferior
- OS
oliva superior
- P
nucl. posterior thalami
- PbL
nucl. parabrachialis lateralis
- PbM
nucl. parabrachialis medialis
- PC
depedunculus cerebri
- Pd
nucl. peripeduncularis
- Pg
nucl. parabigeminalis
- Pp
nucl. praepositus
- PuI
nucl. pulvinaris inferior
- PuL
nucl. pulvinaris lateralis
- PuM
nucl. pulvinaris medialis
- PuO
nucl. pulvinaris oralis
- Py
tractus pyramidalis
- Pv
nucl. principalis n. trigemini
- R Ab
nucl. retroambiguus
- RL
nucl. reticularis lateralis
- RTP
nucl. reticularis tegmenti pontis
- Sf
nucl. subfascicularis
- SGD
substantia grisea dorsalis
- SGV
substantia grisea ventralis
- SN
substantia nigra
- ST
stria terminalis
- St
subthalamus
- TRM
tractus retroflexus (Meynert)
- TSc
tractus spinocerebellaris
- Ves
nucl. vestibularis
- VL
nucl. ventralis lateralis
- VPI
nucl. ventralis posterior inferior
- VPL
nucl. ventralis posterior lateralis
- VPM
nucl. ventralis posterior medialis
- VR
nucl. ventralis raphae
- Zi
zona incerta
- II
tractus opticus
- VII
n. facialis 相似文献
2.
M. L. Fine 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1979,35(2):197-212
Summary Various regions in the brains of anesthetized oyster toadfish were electrically stimulated. Temporal properties of evoked sounds formed a continuum from simple to complex. One-to-one responses (one sound pulse for each stimulus pulse) and buzzes, elicited by stimulation in the caudal medulla and cervical spinal cord, were simpler than natural sounds. Natural grunts vary from individual pulses to long variable interval series of pulses called growls. Grunts were elicited by stimulation in the diencephalon, midbrain, medulla, and spinal cord. Evoked grunt pulses varied in duration from short to long and series of grunts varied from individual pulses to bursts approaching a boatwhistle, the courtship call of the male. Boatwhistles were elicited in male as well as in one female fish by stimulation in medullary and midbrain areas. Sites evoking sound production appeared to be part of an integrated system so that boatwhistles and grunts could be evoked from a single stimulation in various parts of the brain.Abbreviations BC
brachium conjunctivum
- BV
blood vessel
- C
central canal
- CC
corpus cerebelli
- CM
corpus mamillare
- CrCb
crista cerebellaris
- DBC
decussation of the brachium conjunctivum
- DMN
dorsal motor nucleus
- DV
dec · veli (decussation of sup. 2 ° gust. n.)
- e
sulcus endorhinalis
- EG
eminentia granularis
- F
forebrain
- FB
forebrain bundle
- FLL
fasciculus longitudinalis lateralis
- FLM
fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
- GL
granular layer
- H
habenula
- HC
horizontal commissure
- iaf
internal arcuate fibers
- IC
interauricular commissure
- IS
inner segment of the thalamus
- LG
gustatory lobe (input from VII, IX, and X)
- LLA
lateral line area
- LR
lateral recess of the third ventricle
- ML
molecular layer
- N III
oculomotor nerve
- N V
trigeminal nerve
- N VII
facial nerve
- N VIII
auditory nerve
- N IX
glossopharyngeal nerve
- N X
vagus nerve
- n III
oculomotor nucleus
- n IV
trochlear nucleus
- N Vm
trigeminal motor nucleus
- N VIIm
facial motor nucleus
- n VIII
auditory nucleus
- nA
nucleus ambiguus
- nAT
nucleus anterior tuberis
- nDLI
nucleus diffusus lobi inferioris
- nDTL
nucleus diffusus tori lateralis
- nG
nucleus glomerulosus
- nI
nucleus isthmi
- nIn
nucleus interpeduncularis
- nIV
nucleus internus vagi
- nLG
nucleus lateralis geniculatus
- nLR
nucleus of the lateral recess
- nLT
nucleus lateralis tuberis
- nLV
nucleus lateralis valvulae
- nMD
nucleus mesencephalicus dorsalis
- nM V
nucleus mesencephalicus V
- nPGc
nucleus praeglomerulosus pars medialis commissuralis
- nPGl
nucleus praeglomerulosus pars lateralis
- nPGm
nucleus praeglomerulosus pars medialis
- nPH
nucleus posthabenularis
- nPOm
nucleus praeopticus magnocellularis
- nPOp
nucleus praeopticus parvocellularis
- nR
nucleus ruber
- nRL
nucleus reticularis lateralis
- nRM
nucleus reticularis medialis
- OB
olfactory bulb
- OT
optic tract
- OTec
optic tectum
- PC
posterior commissure
- RD V
descending trigeminal root
- RS VII
facial sensory root
- SMG
supramedullary ganglion
- SV
saccus vasculosus
- TC
transverse commissure
- TCB
tractus cerebello-bulbaris
- TGS
secondary gustatory tract
- TL
torus longitudinalis
- TLat
torus lateralis
- TMCa
tractus mesencephalicus-cerebellaris anterior
- TMCp
tractus mesencephalicus-cerebellaris posterior
- TS
torus semicircularis
- TST
tractus spinotectalis
- TTB
tractus tectobulbaris
- TVC
tractus vestibulo-cerebellaris
- V 3
third ventricle
- V 4
fourth ventricle
- VC
valvula cerebelli
- VM
midbrain ventricle
- VMN
ventral motor nucleus
- Y
sulcus ypsiliformis 相似文献
3.
Sohan L. Manocha Geoffrey H. Bourne 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1966,2(3):230-246
Summary The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase (SDA) and cytochrome oxidase (Cy. O) has been investigated in a series of sections through the pons and mesencephalon of the squirrel monkey brain. The localization of the two enzymes is very similar in the various regions and shows only slight differences. The epiphysis, however, shows moderately strong SDA and very mild Cy. O activity. Particularly strong SDA and Cy. O activity has been observed in the cell bodies of the various cranial nerve nuclei, nucleus colliculi inferioris, colliculi superioris, nuclei griseum pontis, reticularis tegmenti pontis, lemnisci lateralis pars dorsalis, geniculatum laterale and mediale, and pulvinaris. The enzyme content of the neurons and cell bodies is generally stronger compared to the neuropil which often occurs in smooth, loose, compact and reticulated forms. Any special relationship between the neurons and neuropil with regard to their enzyme content has, however, not been observed. The cranial nerves, and fibers of the brachium conjunctivum, corpus callosum, and fornix show very mild enzyme activity except those of the trapezoid complex which show moderate enzyme activity.Abbreviations Ann
Nucleus annularis
- APT
Area praetectalis
- AS
Aquaeductus Sylvii
- BC
Brachium conjunctivum
- BCI
Brachium colliculi inferioris
- BCS
Brachium colliouli superioris
- BP
Brachium pontis
- Cb
Cerebellum
- CC
Corpus callosum
- CCI
Commissura colliculi inferioris
- CCS
Commissura colliculi superioris
- Cd
Nucleus caudatus
- CHD
Commissura hippocampi —parsdorsalis
- CoI
Colliculus inferior
- CoP
Commissura posterior
- CoR
Corona radiata
- CoS
Colliculus superior
- CPf
Cortex piriformis
- CR
Cortex retrosplenialis
- DBC
Decussatio brachii conjunctivi
- DG
Nucleus dorsalis tegmentalis(Gudden)
- DR
Nucleus dorsalis raphes
- EP
Epiphysis
- F
Fornix
- FH
Fimbria hippocampi
- FLM
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
- FRPC
Formatio reticularis pontis, parscaudalis
- FRPO
Formatio reticularis pontis, parsoralis
- FRTM
Formatio reticularis tegmentimesencephali
- GC
Substantia grisea centralis
- GCd
Substantia grisea centralis, parsdorsalis
- GCv
Substantia grisea centralis, parsventralis
- GL
Corpus geniculatum laterale
- GM
Corpus geniculatum mediate
- GPO
Griseum pontis
- Hipp
Hippocampus
- HL
Nucleus habenulae lateralis
- HM
Nucleus habenulae medialis
- IP
Nucleus interpeduncularis
- LC
Nucleus locus coeruleus
- LCb
Lingula cerebelli
- Lim
Nucleus limitans thalami
- LL
Lemniscus lateralis
- LLD
Nucleus lemnisci lateralis —parsdorsalis
- LM
Lemniscus medialis
- LP
Nucleus lateralis posterior thalami
- MD
Nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami
- Mv
Nucleus motorius n. trigemini
- NCI
Nucleus colliculi inferioris
- NCS
Nucleus centralis superior tegmenti
- NCT
Nucleus trapezoideum
- NMv
Nucleus tractus mesencephalicus n.trigemini
- NR
Nucleus ruber
- NST
Nucleus supratrochlearis
- NSv
Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini
- NiiiC
Nucleus centralis n. oculomotorii
- NiiiD
Nucleus n. oculomotorii — pars dor-salis
- NiiiV
Nucleus n. oculomotorii — pars ven-tralis
- Niv
Nucleus n. troehlearis
- nvm
Nervus trigeminus, portio major
- niv
Nervus trochlearis
- nvi
Nervus abducens
- OS
Nucleus olivaris superior
- P
Nucleus posterior thalami
- PbL
Nucleus parabrachialis lateralis
- PbM
Nucleus parabrachialis medialis
- PC
Pedunculus cerebri
- Pg
Nucleus parabigeminalis
- PUI
Nucleus pulvinaris inferior thalami
- PUL
Nucleus pulvinaris lateralis thalami
- PUM
Nucleus pulvinaris medialis thalami
- Py
Tractus pyramidalis
- Pv
Nucleus principalis n. trigemini
- R
Nucleus reticularis thalami
- RTP
Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis
- SNc
Substantia nigra — pars compacta
- SNd
Substantia nigra — pars diffusa
- Sub
Subiculum
- TCT
Tractus corticotectalis
- VR
Nucleus ventralis raphes
- III
Ventriculus tertius
- IV
Ventriculus quartus 相似文献
4.
Gillie DJ Pace AJ Coakley RJ Koller BH Barker PM 《American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology》2001,25(1):14-20
Chloride (Cl(-)) movement across fetal lung epithelia is thought to be mediated by the sodium-potassium-2-Cl(-) cotransporter NKCC1. We studied the role of NKCC1 in Cl(-) and liquid secretion in late-gestation NKCC-null (-/-) and littermate control fetal mouse lung. NKCC -/- mice had decreased lung water compared with littermate controls (wet/dry: control, 8.01 +/- 0.09; NKCC -/-, 7.06 +/- 0.14). Liquid secretion by 17-d NKCC -/- distal lung explants was similar to control explants. Bumetanide inhibited basal liquid secretion in control but not NKCC -/- explants (expansion over 48 h: control, 35 +/- 4%; NKCC -/- 46 +/- 7%). Treatment with 4,4'-diisothiocyanto-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) decreased liquid secretion in both control and NKCC -/- explants. Basal transepithelial potential difference (PD) of control tracheal explants was higher than that of NKCC -/- (control, -13.7 +/- 0.5 mV; NKCC -/-, -11.6 +/- 0.6 mV). Amiloride (10(-)(4) M) inhibited basal PD to the same extent in control and NKCC -/- mice. Terbutaline-stimulated hyperpolarization was less in NKCC -/- than in control tracheas (DeltaPD: control, -10.8 +/- 1.33 mV; NKCC -/-, -6.1 +/- 0.7 mV) and was inhibited by DIDS and acetazolamide in NKCC -/- but not wild-type explants. We conclude that NKCC is rate-limiting for transcellular Cl(-) transport, and that alternative anion transport mechanisms can sustain liquid production at near-normal levels in the fetal NKCC -/- mouse lung. 相似文献
5.
T. Sakumoto M. Tohyama K. Satoh Y. Kimoto T. Kinugasa O. Tanizawa K. Kurachi N. Shimizu 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1978,31(1):81-94
Summary Attempts were made to determine the afferent projections to the anterior hypothalamus including the preoptic area from the lower brain stem by means of the horseradish peroxidase method combined with monoamine oxidase staining to identify noradrenaline (NA) neurons. In addition to this technique, a histofluorescence analysis was performed. NA fibers in the medial part of the anterior hypothalamus were mainly supplied by A1 and A2 NA neuron groups, while the lateral part and periventricular zone received NA terminals from both pontine and medulla oblongata NA neuron groups. Furthermore, the present study indicated that there were direct projections to the anterior hypothalamus from non-noradrenergic neurons in the lower brain stem: nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, cells in the mesencephalic and pontine central gray matter, nuclei parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, cells around fasciculus longitudinalis medialis.Abbreviations CA
Commissura anterior
- CO
Chiasma opticum
- DP
Decussatio pyramidum
- DPCS
Decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum
- F
Columna fornicis
- FLM
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
- FMT
Fasciculus mamillothalamicus
- GCM
Griseum centrale mesencephali
- GCP
Griseum centrale pontis
- LL
Lemniscus lateralis
- LM
Lemniscus medialis
- PCM
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
- PCS
Pedunculus cerebellaris superior
- TO
Tractus opticus
- TS
Tractus solitarius
- TVme
Tractus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini
- V
Ventriculus tertius
- VTS
Tractus spinalis nervi trigemini
- am
nucleus ambiguus
- B
Barrington nucleus
- com
nucleus commissuralis
- cp
nucleus caudatus putamen
- cs
nucleus centralis superior
- ct
nucleus corporis trapezoidei
- cu
nucleus cuneatus
- dX
nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi
- Gd
nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (von Gudden)
- gr
nucleus gracilis
- Gv
nucleus tegmentalis ventralis (von Gudden)
- ha
nucleus hypothalamicus anterior
- hl
nucleus hypothalamicus lateralis
- hpe
nucleus periventricularis (hypothalami)
- hvm
nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
- lc
nucleus locus coeruleus
- oi
nucleus olivaris inferior
- p
nucleus pontis
- pa
nucleus paraventricularis
- pbl
nucleus parabrachialis lateralis
- pbm
nucleus parabrachialis medialis
- ph
nucleus praepositus hypoglossi
- pol
nucleus preopticus lateralis
- pom
nucleus preopticus medialis
- pop
nucleus preopticus periventricularis
- rd
nucleus raphe dorsalis
- re
nucleus reuniens
- rl
nucleus reticularis lateralis
- rm
nucleus raphe magnus
- ro
nucleus raphe obscrus
- sc
nucleus suprachiasmaticus
- so
nucleus supraopticus
- st
nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis
- td
nucleus tractus diagonalis (Broca)
- ts
nucleus tractus solitarii
- Vme
nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini
- Vmo
nucleus motorius nervi trigemini
- Vts
nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini
- XII
nucleus nervi hypoglossi 相似文献
6.
X. -B. Liu E. G. Jones G. W. Huntley M. Molinari 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1989,78(3):479-488
Summary Immunocytochemistry of fetal and adult monkey thalamus reveals a dense concentration of tachykinin immunoreactive fibers and terminals in the dorsolateral part of the VPM nucleus in which the contralateral side of the head, face and mouth is represented. The immunoreactive fibers enter the VPM nucleus from the thalamic fasciculus and electron microscopy reveals that they form large terminals resembling those of lemniscal axons and terminating in VPM on dendrites of relay neurons and on presynaptic dendrites of interneurons. Double labeling strategies involving immunostaining for tachykinins after retrograde labeling of brainstem neurons projecting to the VPM failed to reveal the origin of the fibers. The brainstem trigeminal nuclei, however, are regarded as the most likely sources of the VPM-projecting, tachykinin positive fibers.Abbreviations AB
ambiguus nucleus
- AN
abducens nucleus
- C
cuneate nucleus
- CD
dorsal cochlear nucleus
- CL
central lateral nucleus
- CM
centre médian nucleus
- D
dendrite
- DR
dorsal raphe
- DV
dorsal vagal nucleus
- EC
external cuneate nucleus
- FM
medial longitudinal fasciculus
- FN
facial nucleus
- G
gracile nucleus
- Gc
gigantocellular reticular formation
- HN
hypoglossal nucleus
- ICP
inferior cerebellar peduncle
- IO
inferior olivary complex
- LC
locus coeruleus
- LL
lateral lemniscus
- LM
medial lemniscus
- M5
motor trigeminal nucleus
- NS
solitary nucleus
- OS
superior olivary complex
- P
dendritic protrusion
- Pb
parabrachial nucleus
- Pc
parvocellular reticular formation
- PLa
anterior pulvinar nucleus
- Pp
prepositus hypoglossi nucleus
- Ps
presynaptic region
- Py
pyramidal tract
- P5
principal sensory trigeminal nucleus
- R
reticular nucleus
- RF
reticular formation
- RL
lateral reticular nucleus
- S5
spinal trigeminal nucleus
- T
terminal
- T5
spinal trigeminal tract
- VL
lateral vestibular nucleus
- VM
medial vestibular nucleus
- VMb
basal ventral medial nucleus
- VPI
ventral posterior inferior nucleus
- VPL
ventral posterior lateral nucleus
- VPM
ventral posterior medial nucleus
- VR
ventral raphe
- VS
superior vestibular nucleus
- VSp
spinal vestibular nucleus
- ZI
zona incerta
- 5
trigeminal nerve
- 6
abducens nerve
- 7
facial nerve 相似文献
7.
G. Holstege L. Meiners K. Tan 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1985,58(2):379-391
Summary Injections of HRP in the nucleus raphe magnus and adjoining medial reticular formation in the cat resulted in many labeled neurons in the lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but not in the medial part of this nucleus. HRP injections in the nucleus raphe pallidus and in the C2 segment of the spinal cord did not result in labeled neurons in the BNST. Injections of 3H-leucine in the BNST resulted in many labeled fibers in the brain stem. Labeled fiber bundles descended by way of the medial forebrain bundle and the central tegmental field to the lateral tegmental field of pons and medulla. Dense BNST projections could be observed to the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the PAG (except its dorsolateral part), the cuneiform nucleus, the nucleus raphe dorsalis, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus subcoeruleus, the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, the lateral tegmental field of caudal pons and medulla and the nucleus raphe magnus and adjoining medial reticular formation. Furthermore many labeled fibers were present in the solitary nucleus, and in especially the peripheral parts of the dorsal vagal nucleus. Finally some fibers could be traced in the marginal layer of the rostral part of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus. These projections appear to be virtually identical to the ones derived from the medial part of the central nucleus of the amygdala (Hopkins and Holstege 1978). The possibility that the BNST and the medial and central amygdaloid nuclei must be considered as one anatomical entity is discussed.Abbreviations AA
anterior amygdaloid nucleus
- AC
anterior commissure
- ACN
nucleus of the anterior commissure
- ACO
cortical amygdaloid nucleus
- AL
lateral amygdaloid nucleus
- AM
medial amygdaloid nucleus
- APN
anterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus
- AQ
cerebral aqueduct
- BC
brachium conjunctivum
- BIC
brachium of the inferior colliculus
- BL
basolateral amygdaloid nucleus
- BNSTL
lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- BNSTM
medial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- BP
brachium pontis
- CA
central nucleus of the amygdala
- Cd
caudate nucleus
- CI
inferior colliculus
- CL
claustrum
- CN
cochlear nucleus
- CP
posterior commissure
- CR
corpus restiforme
- CSN
superior central nucleus
- CTF
central tegmental field
- CU
cuneate nucleus
- D
nucleus of Darkschewitsch
- EC
external cuneate nucleus
- F
fornix
- G
gracile nucleus
- GP
globus pallidus
- HL
lateral habenular nucleus
- IC
interstitial nucleus of Cajal
- ICA
internal capsule
- IO
inferior olive
- IP
interpeduncular nucleus
- LC
locus coeruleus
- LGN
lateral geniculate nucleus
- LP
lateral posterior complex
- LRN
lateral reticular nucleus
- MGN
medial geniculate nucleus
- MLF
medial longitudinal fascicle
- NAdg
dorsal group of nucleus ambiguus
- NPC
nucleus of the posterior commissure
- nV
trigeminal nerve
- nVII
facial nerve
- OC
optic chiasm
- OR
optic radiation
- OT
optic tract
- P
pyramidal tract
- PAG
periaqueductal grey
- PC
cerebral peduncle
- PO
posterior complex of the thalamus
- POA
preoptic area
- prV
principal trigeminal nucleus
- PTA
pretectal area
- Pu
putamen
- PUL
pulvinar nucleus
- R
red nucleus
- RF
reticular formation
- RM
nucleus raphe magnus
- RP
nucleus raphe pallidus
- RST
rubrospinal tract
- S
solitary nucleus
- SC
suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SCN
nucleus subcoeruleus
- SI
substantia innominata
- SM
stria medullaris
- SN
substantia nigra
- SO
superior olive
- SOL
solitary nucleus
- SON
supraoptic nucleus
- spV
spinal trigeminal nucleus
- spVcd
spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis
- ST
stria terminalis
- TRF
retroflex tract
- VC
vestibular complex
- VTA
ventral tegmental area of Tsai
- III
oculomotor nucleus
- Vm
motor trigeminal nucleus
- VI
abducens nucleus
- VII
facial nucleus
- Xd
dorsal vagal nucleus
- XII
hypoglossal nucleus 相似文献
8.
Ultrastructural observations on adultProteocephalus tidswelli revealed a marked microtrichial polymorphism. Structural and dimensional variations of microtriches between different regions of the strobila and scolex, as well as within the same region, were observed. The authors suggest that microtriches are involved in a diversity of functions, and possible functional activities are discussed.Abbreviations A
Apical organ
- B
Base of microthrix
- BL
Blade-like microthrix
- BP
Baseplate
- C
Cytoplasmic core
- D
Disc bodies
- DC
Distal cytoplasm
- FL
Filamentous microthrix
- G
Gravid segments
- GBL
Giant blade-like microthrix
- GC
Granular cytoplasm
- GX
Glycocalyx
- IM
Immature segments
- M
Matrix
- MA
Mature segments
- MF
Microfilaments
- N
Neck
- PL
Peg-like microthrix
- PM
Plasma membrane
- R
Rostellum
- S
Sucker
- SH
Shaft of microthrix
- SL
Spine-like microthrix
- ST
Strap-like structures
- T
Thick-walled tube 相似文献
9.
Summary The retinal projections of two species of flatfish (Scophthalmus maximus, Scophthalmidae; Platichthys flesus, Pleuronectidae) were investigated by autoradiography and by a HRP technique. Contralateral projections to five hypothalamic centres (area optica preoptica ventralis, nucleus opticus preopticus parvocellularis posterior pars lateralis, n. suprachiasmaticus, n. opticus hypothalami ventromedialis and area optica hypothalami posterior), thirteen thalamo-pretectal centres (nucleus opticus dorsolateralis (partes medialis, ventralis and lateralis), n. opticus ventrolateralis, n. opticus commissurae posterioris (partes dorsalis and ventralis), n. opticus accessorius, n. geniculatus lateralis mesencephali, nn. opticus pretectalis dorsalis, medialis and ventralis and n. corticalis), three layers of the optic tectum (stratum opticum pars externa, stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, stratum album centrale), and a single target in the tegmentum (n. opticus tegmenti mesencephali dorsalis), were identified in both species. Interspecific variation of the contralateral visual projections is relatively small. Ipsilateral visual projections of fibres which recross the midline in the minor and transverse commissures were also identified; in S. maximus this ipsilateral contingent is poorly developed and concerns principally hypothalamic structures, while in P. flesus the ipsilateral projections are considerably more extensive and involve both hypothalamic and thalamo-pretectal primary visual centres. No differences in the projections from the fixed and from the migrated eye were observed in either species. The findings are discussed in the general context of the existing literature on the visual projections of teleosts, in an attempt to characterize the primary visual system of the Pleuronectiformes in an evolutionary context.List of Abbreviations AOHp
Area optica hypothalami posterior
- AOPv
Area optica preoptica ventralis
- CER
Cerebellum
- Com. H
Commissura horizontalis
- Com. M
Commissura minor
- Com. T
Commissura transversalis
- Cp
Commissura posterioris
- FDtro
Fasciculus dorsalis tractus optici
- FHtro
Fasciculus hypothalami tractus optici
- FOCM
Fasciculus opticus commissurae minor
- FOCT
Fasciculus opticus commissurae transversalis
- FOHpv
Fasciculus opticus hypothalami posterior pars ventralis
- FVLtro
Fasciculus ventrolateralis tractus optici
- FVLtroi
Fasciculus ventrolateralis optici ipsilateralis
- FVMtro
Fasciculus ventromedialis tractus optici
- FVMtroi
Fasciculus ventromedialis tractus optici ipsilateralis
- FVtro
Fasciculus ventralis tractus optici
- Hyp
Hypophysis cerebri
- IS
Interlobular sulcus
- LO
Lobus opticus
- LOd
Lobus opticus dorsalis
- LOv
Lobus opticus ventralis
- LON
left optic nerve
- NC
Nucleus corticalis
- NDLi
Nucleus diffusus lobi inferioris
- NDM
Nucleus dorsomedialis
- NE
Nucleus entopeduncularis
- NG
Nucleus glomerulosus
- NGL
Nucleus geniculatus lateralis
- NGLM
Nucleus geniculatus lateralis mesencephali
- NOA
Nucleus opticus accessorius
- NOCPpd
Nucleus opticus commissurae posterions pars dorsalis
- NOCPpv
Nucleus opticus commissurae posterioris pars ventralis
- NODL
Nucleus opticus dorsolateralis
- NODLpl
Nucleus opticus dorsolateralis pars lateralis
- NODLpm
Nucleus opticus dorsolateralis pars medialis
- NODLpv
Nucleus opticus dorsolateralis pars ventralis
- NOHvl
Nucleus opticus hypothalamicus ventrolateralis
- NOPd
Nucleus opticus pretectalis dorsalis
- NOPL
Nucleus opticus pretectalis lateralis
- NOPm
Nucleus opticus pretectalis medialis
- NOPPpl
Nucleus opticus preopticus parvocellularis posterior pars lateralis
- NOPv
Nucleus opticus pretectalis ventralis
- NOTMd
Nucleus opticus tegmenti mesencephali dorsalis
- NOTMdl
Nucleus opticus tegmenti mesencephali dorsalis pars lateralis
- NOTMdm
Nucleus opticus tegmenti mesencephali dorsalis pars medialis
- NOVL
Nucleus opticus ventrolateralis
- NPG
Nucleus preglomerulosus
- NPMg
Nucleus preopticus magnocellularis
- NPP
Nucleus preopticus parvocellularis posterior
- NPPa
Nucleus preopticus parvocellularis anterior
- NPs
Nucleus pretectalis superficialis
- NRL
Nucleus recessus lateralis
- NSC
Nucleus suprachiasmaticus
- NVM
Nucleus ventromedialis
- RON
right optic nerve
- sac
stratum album centrale
- sfgs
stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale
- sfpv
stratum fibrosum periventriculare
- sgc
stratum griseum centrale
- sgpv
stratum griseum periventriculare
- sm
stratum marginale
- soe
stratum opticum pars externa
- soi
stratum opticum pars interna
- SV
saccus vascularis
- Tel
telencephalon
- TL
Torus longitudinalis
- TM
Tegmentum mesencephali
- TO
Tectum opticum
- TROA
Tractus opticus accessorius
- TROdm
Tractus opticus dorsomedialis
- TROdmd
Tractus opticus dorsomedialis dorsalis
- TROdme
Tractus opticus dorsomedialis pars externa
- TROdmi
Tractus opticus dorsomedialis pars interna
- TROdmv
Tractus opticus dorsomedialis ventralis
- TROdmvd
Tractus opticus dorsomedialis ventralis pars dorsalis
- TROdmvv
Tractus opticus dorsomedialis ventralis pars ventralis
- TROM
Tractus opticus marginalis
- TROvl
Tractus opticus ventrolateralis
- TROvld
Tractus opticus ventrolateralis dorsalis
- TROvle
Tractus opticus ventrolateralis pars externa
- TROvli
Tractus opticus ventrolateralis pars interna
- TROvldd
Tractus opticus ventrolateralis dorsalis pars dorsalis
- TROvldv
Tractus opticus ventrolateralis dorsalis pars ventralis
- TROvlv
Tractus opticus ventrolateralis pars ventralis
- TS
Torus semicircularis
- v
ventricle
- VC
Valvula cerebelli
- I
Nervus olfactorius
- II
Nervus opticus
- V
Nervus trigeminus
- VII
Nervus facialis
- VIII
Nervus octavolateralis
- IX
Nervus glossopharyngeus
- X
Nervus vagus 相似文献
10.
11.
Miwa T Zhou L Tudoran R Lambris JD Madaio MP Nangaku M Molina H Song WC 《Molecular immunology》2007,44(1-3):139-146
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) are two membrane-anchored complement regulatory proteins in rodent. Although both proteins are broadly distributed and exert complement regulation at the same steps of the complement cascade, DAF knockout mice are viable whereas Crry knockout mice die in utero as a result of maternal complement attack. The latter outcome has prevented the dissection of overlapping functions of DAF and Crry in adult mouse tissues in vivo. By crossing female DAF(-/-)/Crry(-/-)/C3(-/-) mice with male DAF(-/-)/Crry(+/-)/C3(+/-) mice, we circumvented maternal complement attack during fetal development and generated viable DAF(-/-)/Crry(-/-)/C3(+/-) mice to address the consequence of DAF/Crry double deficiency. DAF(-/-)/Crry(-/-)/C3(+/-) mice were born at the expected frequency and survived to adulthood. However, they were found to have greatly reduced systemic complement activity due, at least in part, to spontaneous C3 activation and consumption. Plasma C3 proteins in DAF(-/-)/Crry(-/-)/C3(+/-) mice were 30% of that of wild-type mice, and serum complement activity, as assessed by zymosan and immune complex C3 opsonization assays, was 90% reduced in DAF(-/-)/Crry(-/-)/C3(+/-) mice. Remarkably, despite greatly reduced systemic complement activity, DAF(-/-)/Crry(-/-)/C3(+/-) mice developed more severe proteinuria after induction of nephrotoxic serum nephritis as compared with DAF(-/-)/Crry(+/-)/C3(+/-) and DAF(-/-)/Crry(-/-)/C3(-/-) littermate controls. The results highlight the critical and overlapping role of Crry and DAF in vivo in preventing complement activation and tissue injury. 相似文献
12.
Summary Light and electron microscope studies on the Sarcocystis of Rattus fuscipes showed that sarcocysts of two types occurred in this rat. These types could be distinguished from each other on the morphology of their cyst walls, on the size and micromorphology of their zoites, as well as by the changes they induced in the host cell. On the basis of these differences, it was concluded that the two sarcocyst types belonged to distinct Sarcocystis species. The possible life histories of the infections occurring in the rats were considered.Abbreviations A
Amylopectin
- C
Conoid
- CF
Connected Tissue Fibres
- CP
Capillary
- CW
Cyst Wall
- DC
Daughter Cell
- DCA
Daughter Cell Anlagen
- E
Erythrocyte
- FE
Fibrillar Elements
- GA
Golgi Adjunct
- GO
Golgi Apparatus
- GS
Ground Substance
- HC
Host Cell
- HCN
Host Cell Nucleus
- I
Invagination
- M
Metrocyte
- ME
Merozoite
- MI
Mitochondrion
- MIH
Host Cell Mitochondrion
- MN
Micronemes
- N
Nucleus
- NE
Nucleus of Endothelial Cell
- NR
Neck Region
- NU
Nucleolus
- OG
Osmiophilic Granules
- P
Papilla
- PI
Pellicular Invagination
- PR
Projections
- PW
Primary Wall
- RH
Rhoptries
- S
Septum
- SP
Sarcoplasm
- TS
Thread-like Structures
- Z
Zoites
Visiting DAAD Research Fellow from the Department of Parasitology, University of Queensland, AustraliaSupported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 相似文献
13.
Sakurai C Ohta M Kanai S Uematsu H Funakoshi A Miyasaka K 《The journal of physiological sciences : JPS》2006,56(6):441-447
Cholecystokinin receptors (CCK-Rs) have been classified into two subtypes: CCK-AR (1R) and -BR (2R). We generated CCK-AR(-/-), CCK-BR(-/-), and CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice and found that the gastric emptying of a liquid meal was increased in CCK-BR(-/-) and AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type and CCK-AR(-/-) mice. Given that enhanced gastric emptying leads to eating, food intake after overnight fasting was examined, as was the effect of CCK-8S on food intake. Male mice 6-8 months of age were deprived of food for 16 h with free access to water, after which they were injected intraperitoneally (0.1 ml/mouse) with either vehicle or CCK-8 (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 nmol/mouse), and their food intake was monitored for 4 h. CCK-8S inhibited food intake in wild-type and CCK-BR(-/-) mice, but not in CCK-AR(-/-) or AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, we observed a lower food intake in CCK-AR(-/-)BR (-/-) mice treated with vehicle than in mice of the other genotypes. To examine the mechanism of decrease in food intake in CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice, the involvement of ghrelin was determined in wild-type and CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice. Fasting plasma ghrelin levels were significantly lower in CCK-AR (-/-)BR(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice, and no increase in response to fasting was observed in CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice. An administration of acyl-ghrelin produced a small increase in food intake in CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice, but not to the levels of wild-type mice. In conclusion, CCK-AR(-/-)BR(-/-) mice showed lower food intake as well as lower response to exogenous ghrelin, and a lower plasma ghrelin level after fasting, though which receptor is more important is unknown. 相似文献
14.
Summary
Sarcocystis cysts from muscles of monkeys (baboon, tamarin and rhesus monkey) were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The differences in the morphology of the cyst wall and parasites clearly indicate that the three monkey species examined were each parasitized by at least a specific Sarcocystis species being not identical with S. nesbitti or S. kortei. The large numbers of cysts found within the muscle fibres point out the important role that have these monkeys as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of Sarcocystis species, where the final hosts are still unknown.Abbreviations A
Polysaccharide granules
- B
Vesicle-like invagination of the primary cyst wall
- C
Conoid
- CH
Chamber-like hollow in the interior of the cyst
- CO
Constriction
- CR
Chromosomal material
- ER
Endoplasmic reticulum
- F
Filaments of myosin
- FI
Filamentous elements
- G
Golgi apparatus
- GS
Ground substance
- HC
Host cell
- IM
Inner complex of the pellicle
- L
lipid
- MC
Metrocyte
- ME
Merozoite
- MI
Mitochondrion
- MN
Micronemes
- MP
Micropore
- MV
Multivesicular body
- N
Nucleus
- NH
Nucleus of the host cell
- NU
Nucleolus
- OM
Outer membrane of the pellicle
- P
Polar ring
- PA
Papilla-like processes
- PC
Posterior conus
- PE
Pellicle
- PH
Primary cyst wall
- PP
Posterior polar ring
- R
Rhoptry
- SE
Septum
- ST
Subpellicular microtubules
- V
Vacuole
- Z
Z-line of a sarcomere
Supported by DFG 相似文献
15.
J. Cornwall J. D. Cooper O. T. Phillipson 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1990,80(1):157-171
Summary Afferent pathways to the rostral reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt) in the rat were studied using anterograde and retrograde lectin tracing techniques, with sensitive immunocytochemical methods. The analysis was carried out to further investigate previously described subregions of the reticular thalamic nucleus, which are related to subdivisions of the dorsal thalamus, in the paraventricular and midline nuclei and three segments of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Cortical inputs to the rostral reticular nucleus were found from lamina VI of cingulate, orbital and infralimbic cortex. These projected with a clear topography to lateral, intermediate and medial reticular nucleus respectively. Thalamic inputs were found from lateral and central segments of the mediodorsal nucleus to the lateral and intermediate rostral reticular nucleus respectively and heavy paraventricular thalamic inputs were found to the medial reticular nucleus. In the basal forebrain, afferents were found from the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, ventral pallidum and medial globus pallidus. Brainstem projections were identified from ventrolateral periaqueductal grey and adjacent sites in the mesencephalic reticular formation, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, medial pretectum and ventral tegmental area. The results suggest a general similarity in the organisation of some brainstem Rt afferents in rat and cat, but also show previously unsuspected inputs. Furthermore, there appear to be at least two functional subdivisions of rostral Rt which is reflected by their connections with cortex and thalamus. The studies also extend recent findings that the ventral striatum, via inputs from the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, is included in the circuitry of the rostral Rt, providing further evidence that basal ganglia may function in concert with Rt. Evidence is also outlined with regard to the possibility that rostral Rt plays a significant role in visuomotor functions.Abbreviations ac
anterior commissure
- aca
anterior commissure, anterior
- Acb
accumbens nucleus
- AI
agranular insular cortex
- AM
anteromedial thalamic nucleus
- AV
anteroventral thalamic nucleus
- BST
bed nucleus of stria terminalis
- Cg
cingulate cortex
- CG
central gray
- CL
centrolateral thalamic nucleus
- CM
central medial thalamic nucleus
- CPu
caudate putamen
- DR
dorsal raphe nucleus
- DTg
dorsal tegmental nucleus
- EP
entopeduncular nucleus
- f
fornix
- Fr2
Frontal cortex, area 2
- G
gelatinosus thalamic nucleus
- GP
globus pallidus
- Hb
habenula
- HDB
horizontal limb of diagonal band
- IAM
interanterodorsal thalamic nucleus
- ic
internal capsule
- INC
interstitial nucleus of Cajal
- IF
interfascicular nucleus
- IL
infralimbic cortex
- IP
interpeduncular nucleus
- LC
locus coeruleus
- LDTg
laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
- LH
lateral hypothalamus
- LHb
lateral habenular nucleus
- ll
lateral lemniscus
- LO
lateral orbital cortex
- LPB
lateral parabrachial nucleus
- MD
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
- MDL
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral segment
- Me5
mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
- MHb
medial habenular nucleus
- mlf
medial longitudinal fasciculus
- MnR
median raphe nucleus
- MO
medial orbital cortex
- mt
mammillothalamic tract
- OPT
olivary pretectal nucleus
- pc
posterior commissure
- PC
paracentral thalamic nucleus
- PF
parafascicular thalamic nucleus
- PPTg
pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
- PrC
precommissural nucleus
- PT
paratenial thalamic nucleus
- PV
paraventricular thalamic nucleus
- PVA
paraventricular thalamic nucleus, anterior
- R
red nucleus
- Re
reuniens thalamic nucleus
- RRF
retrorubral field
- Rt
reticular thalamic nucleus
- Scp
superior cerebellar peduncle
- SI
substantia innominata
- sm
stria medullaris
- SNR
substantia nigra, reticular
- st
stria terminalis
- TT
tenia tecta
- VL
ventrolateral thalamic nucleus
- VO
ventral orbital cortex
- VP
ventral pallidum
- VPL
ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus
- VTA
ventral tegmental area
- 3
oculomotor nucleus
- 3V
3rd ventricle
- 4
trochlear nucleus 相似文献
16.
Contralateral corticofugal projections from the lateral,suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri in the cat
Dr. N. Berman B. R. Payne 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1982,47(2):234-238
Summary Contralateral corticofugal projections were investigated following multiple injections of a mixture of tritiated leucine and proline into the lateral, postlateral, suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri of adult cats. Transported label was found in several Contralateral subcortical regions. These included the claustrum, caudate-putamen, thalamic intralaminar nuclei, pretectum, and the superior and inferior colliculi. These results show that the crossed corticofugal projections are common in the cat and are more extensive than has been previously reported.Abbreviations AC
Anterior Commissure
- AM
Anteromedial Nucleus
- AV
Anteroventral Nucleus
- Cd
Caudate
- CeM
Central Medial Nucleus
- CL
Central Lateral Nucleus
- Cl
Claustrum
- CM
Centromedian Nucleus
- GP
Globus Pallidus
- IC
Inferior Colliculus
- LD
Laterodorsal Nucleus
- LGd
Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Geniculate complex
- LP
Lateral Posterior Nucleus
- MD
Mediodorsal Nucleus
- MG
Principal Nucleus of the Medial Geniculate complex
- OT
Optic Tract
- Pa
Anterior Pretectal Nucleus
- Pl
Pulvinar Nucleus
- Put
Putamen
- Re
Reuniens Nucleus
- RN
Red Nucleus
- SC
Superior Colliculus
- SN
Substantia Nigra
- TRC
Tegmental Reticular Nucleus, central division
- VA
Ventral Anterior Nucleus of thalamus
- VB
Ventrobasal Complex of thalamus
- 3
Oculomotor Nucleus 相似文献
17.
目的:预测人Izumo蛋白的二级结构及B细胞抗原表位.方法:以人Izumo基因序列为基础,按Chou-Fasman和Gamier-Robson方法预测其编码蛋白的二级结构,采用Karplus-Schulz方法预测Izumo蛋白骨架区的柔韧性;按Kyte-Doolittle方法预测其亲水性、Emini方法预测蛋白质表面可能性及Jameson-Wolf方法预测抗原性指数.结果:Chou-Fasman及Gamier-Robson两种方法预测的结果均表明,Izumo蛋白含较多的α螺旋,蛋白第6~17、30~40、88~99、103~120、153~160、173~188、249~260、283~297、334~338和339~346区段可能是α螺旋中心,第21~25、198~200、245~248和320~323区段可能是β折叠中心.用Kyte-Doolittle、Emini和Jameson-wolf方法分别对Izumo蛋白B细胞抗原表位进行预测结果表明,蛋白质第36~42、62~66、94~99、118~122、129~132、151~154、161~164、173~177、205~208、212~216、256~265、271~276、283~288、314~318和336~350区段附近很可能为B细胞表位优势区域.结论:该研究结果有助于确定Izumo蛋白的B细胞优势表位及发挥免疫避孕的活性部位. 相似文献
18.
Gary Lynch Rebekah L. Smith Richard Robertson 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1973,17(3):221-228
Summary Ascending anterograde degeneration, as identified by the NautaGygax and Fink-Heimer methods, was traced following massive unilateral lesions placed at various levels of the brainstem reticular formation. Degenerating axons were traced through the subthalamus into the striatal complex with a few fibers reaching the deep layers of the frontal poles. In general, the distribution of this ascending tract is in agreement with results obtained with histochemical methods.Abbreviations AC
Anterior commissure
- BC
Brachium conjunctivum
- C
Cerebellum
- CG
Central gray
- C/P
Caudate/Putamen
- DBC
Decussation of the Brachium conjunctivum
- F
Fornix
- GP
Globus pallidus
- H
Hippocampus
- HI
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract
- IC
Internal capsule
- IP
Interpeduncular nucleus
- MB
Mammillary body
- MF
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- ML
Medial lemniscus
- OB
Olfactory bulb
- OT
Optic tract
- P
Pons
- PC
Posterior commissure
- RN
Red nucleus
- S
Septum
- SC
Superior colliculus
- SN
Substantia nigra
- ST
Subthalamus
- ZI
Zona incerta
Research supported by grants #MH-19793-02 and MH-22095-01 from the National Institutes of Mental Health. 相似文献
19.
Uwe Jürgens Detlev Ploog 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1970,10(5):532-554
Summary Specific vocalization types following electrical stimulation of 5940 electrode positions are studied in 39 squirrel monkeys. Except cerebellum, caudal medulla, and a few cortical areas, the sites of stimulation were distributed throughout the brain. Each vocalization elicited was tested for reproducibility at the site of stimulation and in homologue structures. All vocalizations were analyzed spectrographically and then classified for eight fundamental vocalization types.The cerebral distribution of two call types forms continuous systems extending from midbrain via diencephalon into forebrain; the remaining call types are represented in several separate areas not continuous with each other. In medulla and pons the responsive substrates for vocalization follow the course of the spinothalamic tract; in midbrain they lie within the periaqueductal gray, lateral tegmentum, and lemniscus medialis; in diencephalon they are found in the hypothalamus and midline thalamus; in forebrain, finally they are distributed over amygdala, stria terminalis, substantia innominata, preoptic region, septum, rostral hippocampus, posteromedial orbital cortex, cingulate gyrus, and rostroventral temporal cortex. Hence a close relation between limbic system and vocalization producing substrates emerges.Among the brain structures yielding vocalization the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray is assumed to be the region where the electrical stimulus interferes most directly with specific vocalization mechanisms.Besides the anatomical site of stimulation the set of stimulus parameters is important for the elicitation of vocalizations. Relations between amplitude, frequency, and duration of impulses on the one hand and type, loudness, rhythm, duration, and latency of vocalization on the other hand were tested. The influence of the stimulus set on the reaction parameters depends also on the relative position of the electrode within the effective structure. Proper manipulation of stimulus parameters often results in the disintegration of a complex stimulus response into single components.Abbreviations a
Nucl. accumbens
- aa
Area anterior amygdalae
- ab
Nucl. basalis amygdalae
- ac
Nucl. centralis amygdalae
- al
Nucl. lateralis amygdalae
- am
Nucl. medialis amygdalae
- an
Nucl. anterior thalami
- anl
Ansa lenticularis
- aq
Substantia grisea centralis
- bc
Brachium conjunctivum
- ca
Caudatum
- cc
Corpus callosum
- cen
Nucl. centralis superior (Bechterew)
- cent
Centrum medianum
- ci
Capsula interna
- cin
Cingulum
- cl
Claustrum
- coa
Commissura anterior
- coli
Colliculus inferior
- cols
Colliculus superior
- cr
Corpus restiforme
- csp
Tr. corticospinalis
- db
Fasc. diagonalis Brocae
- dbc
Decussatio brachii conjunctivi
- f
Fornix
- gc
Gyrus cinguli
- gl
Corpus geniculatum laterale
- gm
Corpus geniculatum mediale
- gr
Gyrus rectus
- gs
Gyrus subcallosus
- h
Campus Foreli
- ha
Nucl. habenularis
- hi
Tr. habenulointerpeduncularis
- hip
Hippocampus
- hya
Area hypothalamica anterior
- hyp
Area hypothalamica posterior
- hyv
Area hypothalamica ventralis
- in
Nucl. interpeduncularis
- lap
Nucl. lateralis posterior thalami
- lav
Nucl. lateralis ventralis thalami
- le
Lemniscus lateralis
- lem
Lemniscus medialis
- lm
Fasc. longitudinalis medialis
- m
Corpus mamillare
- md
Nucl. medialis dorsalis thalami
- mt
Tr mamillothalamicus
- nst
Nucl. striae terminalis
- oi
Nucl. olivaris inferior
- ol
Fasc. olfactorius (Zuckerkandl)
- os
Nucl. olivaris superior
- p
Pedunculus cerebri
- pmc
Brachium pontis
- po
Griseum pontis
- pp
Nucl. praepositus hypoglossi
- pro
Area praeoptica
- pu
Nucl. pulvinaris thalami
- put
Putamen
- re
Formatio reticularis tegmenti
- rep
Nucl. reticularis tegmenti pontis
- rl
Nucl. reticularis lateralis myelencephali
- rub
Nucl. ruber
- s
Septum
- sm
Stria medullaris
- sn
Substantia nigra
- st
Stria terminalis
- sto
Stria olfactoria lateralis
- tec
Tr. tegmentalis centralis
- trz
Corpus trapezoides
- va
Nucl. ventralis anterior
- vpl
Nucl. ventralis posterolaterali thalami
- vpm
Nucl. ventralis posteromedialis thalami
- zi
Zona incerta
- II
Tr. options
- IICh
Chiasma nervorum opticorum
- III
N. oculomotorius Nucl. nervi oculomotorii
- IV
N. and Nucl. nervi trochlearis
- VI
N. abducens
- VII
N. facialis
- VIII
N. acusticus
- IX
N. glossopharyngeus 相似文献