序贯机械通气治疗AECOPD合并肺性脑病的疗效观察

目的探讨序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并肺性脑病患者中的疗效。方法对我院收治的64例AECOPD患者,将其按入院随机号分为两组,每组各32例,对照组患者给予有创机械通气,观察组给予有创-无创序贯机械通气,比较两组患者的临床治疗疗效。结果观察组患者总有效率为90.63%,对照组总有效率为71.88%,差异具有显著的统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、住RICU时间均明显短于对照组,且插管再通率、VAP发生率均显著低于对照组;住院费用明显少于对照组,(P<0.05)。结论有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗AECOPD合并肺性脑病,能显著缩短通气时间,降低VAP发生率。     

急诊无创正压通气治疗重症支气管哮喘合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效研究

目的探讨急诊无创正压通气治疗重症支气管哮喘合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法选取2012年2月—2014年2月我院急诊科收治的重症支气管哮喘合并呼吸衰竭患者48例,将其随机分为对照组和观察组,各24例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,观察组患者在常规治疗的基础上给予无创正压通气治疗,均治疗2周。比较两组患者临床疗效、治疗前后动脉血气分析指标及并发症发生率。结果观察组患者总有效率为91.7%,高于对照组的66.7%(P0.05)。治疗前两组患者PaO2、PaCO2和SpO2比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组患者PaO2和SpO2高于对照组,PaCO2低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者并发症发生率为4.2%(1/24),低于对照组的33.3%(8/24)(P0.05)。结论急诊无创正压通气治疗重症支气管哮喘合并呼吸衰竭疗效确切,可迅速改善患者的哮喘症状和缺氧状态,提高临床疗效,降低并发症发生率。     

无创正压通气间断雾化吸入在重症哮喘患者中的应用

目的对无创正压通气并经管道雾化吸入治疗重症哮喘的临床疗效进行研究。方法以95例住院治疗的重症哮喘患者为研究对象,随机分为研究组48例和对照组47例,研究组在常规治疗的基础上给予经鼻(面)罩无创正压通气并雾化吸入治疗,对照组给予单纯常规治疗,比较治疗后两组患者的临床疗效及治疗前后的血气情况。结果研究组总有效率为91.66%,明显高于对照组,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患者治疗前PH值、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2及治疗后SaO2相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而治疗后研究组PH值、PaO2及PaCO2得到了明显改善,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论无创正压通气并经管道雾化吸入治疗重症哮喘,提高了患者治疗的有效率,降低了并发症的发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗危重肺心病呼吸衰竭的疗效比较

目的对比危重肺心病呼吸衰竭患者应用有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗的临床疗效。方法 74例危重肺心病呼吸衰竭患者按照入院时间先后顺序分为对照组和观察组,各37例。对照组采用化痰、抗感染等常规治疗,并采用有创机械通气(IPPV)治疗;观察组采用有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗。观察两组患者呼吸机相关指标及血气变化、临床疗效。结果观察组治疗有效率为91.89%(34/37),与对照组〔81.08%(30/37)〕比较差异显著(P0.05)。观察组IPPV时间和总通气时间及平均住院时间分别为(5.46±1.11)d、(8.31±1.37)d、(7.47±1.72)d,与对照组〔(8.26±1.41)d、(12.01±1.75)d、(13.01±1.95)d〕比较差异显著(P0.05);观察组再插管率和呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率分别为8.11%(3/37)、2.70%(1/37),与对照组〔18.92%(7/37)、13.51%(5/37)〕比较差异显著(P0.05)。两组患者血气分析和呼吸频率及心率均较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),但观察组优于对照组(P0.05)。结论有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗危重肺心病呼吸衰竭患者可有效改善患者临床症状,减少VAP发生,缩短住院时间,提高临床疗效。     

无创正压通气治疗急性左心衰竭应用的初步探讨

目的探讨无创正压机械通气(NIPPV)治疗急性左心衰竭临床应用的最佳时机。方法选择61例急性左心衰竭的患者,在内科常规治疗的基础上随机分为两组:治疗组在治疗初期即采用无创双水平(BiPAP)正压通气,对照组先予以面罩吸氧,2h后进行无创通气,观察治疗前及治疗后2h、8h后临床症状、生命体征、动脉血气分析等指标变化及24h后的临床疗效。结果治疗组患者在治疗2h后的各项指标、8h后的部分指标变化与同期对照组比较有显著差异,治疗24h后,治疗组总有效率93.6%;对照组总有效率80%(P<0.05)。结论急性左心衰治疗初期是应用无创正压通气的最佳时机,临床见效快,并且成功率高,可供临床选择应用。     

双水平正压无创机械通气治疗重症支气管哮喘的临床观察

目的探讨双水平正压无创机械通气治疗重症支气管哮喘的临床效果。方法将69例重症支气管哮喘患者随机分为观察组35例和对照组34例,对照组采用传统治疗方法,观察组采用无创机械通气模式和基础治疗。比较两组实施治疗前、治疗3 d后患者的临床症状、体征及动脉血气指标（PaCO₂、PaO₂、SaO₂）变化。结果观察组临床症状的改善情况、需要气管插管的病例数和血气分析结果（PaCO₂、PaO₂、SaO₂）明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论重症支气管哮喘患者在常规治疗的基础上加用无创机械通气治疗,可有效改善患者的临床症状,安全有效,减少患者痛苦。     

无创正压通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺病临床疗效观察

目的探讨双水平气道正压(BiPAP)无创通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)的临床疗效。方法老年COPD患者180例随机分为观察组89例和对照组91例。观察组每天在常规治疗基础上给予BiPAP通气治疗,对照组仅行常规治疗。于治疗48 h后比较两组总有效率、呼吸频率(RR)和心率(HR)、动脉血气分析和肺功能检查结果。结果观察组总有效率、RR和HR、动脉血气分析和肺功能检查结果与对照组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论 BiPAP无创通气能明显改善老年COPD患者临床症状。     

内科急诊呼吸衰竭患者机械通气的临床疗效

目的探讨内科急诊呼吸衰竭患者机械通气的临床疗效及其安全性。方法随机选取我院2012年2月—2013年1月收治的呼吸衰竭患者100例,将患者按照抽签法随机分为对照组与观察组,各50例。对照组采用传统无创正压通气,观察组采用有创正压机械通气。观察两组患者的临床疗效及治疗期间并发症发生情况。结果观察组总有效率为86.0%(43/50),低于对照组的62.0%(31/50)(P0.05);对照组患者并发症发生率为12.0%(6/12),与观察组的16.0%(8/50)比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.933,P0.05)。结论内科急诊呼吸衰竭患者采用有创正压机械通气进行治疗疗效确切,且安全性尚可。     

无创双水平正压通气联合常规疗法对重症支气管哮喘动脉血气指标及最高峰流速的影响

目的观察无创双水平正压通气联合常规疗法对重症支气管哮喘动脉血气指标及最高峰流速的影响,优化临床治疗效果。方法将60例符合入组标准的重症支气管哮喘患者按随机数字表分为观察组30例和对照组30例,对照组患者给予氧疗及常规药物治疗,观察组组在对照组的基础上再无创双水平正压通气支持治疗,两组均治疗3d,比较治疗前后进行动脉血气指标及最高峰流速的差异,计算动脉血气指标及最高峰流速的改善值,记录患者住院时间。结果观察组和对照组治疗后动脉血氧分压PaO2、血氧饱和度SaO2、最高峰流速PEF较治疗前明显升高(均P<0.05),动脉二氧化碳分压PaCO2较治疗前明显降低(均P<0.05),观察组治疗后动脉血氧分压PaO2、血氧饱和度SaO2、最高峰流速PEF明显高于对照组(均P<0.05),动脉二氧化碳分压PaCO2低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组和对照组总有效率分别为93.33%比60%,差异具有统计学意义,χ2=9.755,P<0.05,住院时间分别为7.26±2.43d比10.26±2.87d,差异具有统计学意义,t=3.354,P<0.05。结论早期应用无创双水平正压通气能够改善重症支气管哮喘患者缺氧伴二氧化碳潴留的病理状态,更快的纠正患者酸中毒,减少患者住院天数,避免病情进一步恶化而需要气管插管上有创通气治疗具有积极的临床价值,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

双水平无创正压通气在重度支气管哮喘患儿中的应用研究

目的探讨双水平无创正压通气在儿童重度支气管哮喘治疗中的临床疗效和价值。方法将60例重度支气管哮喘患儿分成观察组和对照组各30例;两组均给予常规药物治疗,对照组给予鼻导管吸氧,观察组给予双水平无创正压通气。比较两组患儿治疗前和治疗后1 h、4 h的血气分析指标（pH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2）的变化。结果治疗后,观察组血气分析指标、PEF值的改善均较对照组明显（P〈0.05）;观察组症状消失时间和住院时间明显短于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论常规治疗结合双水平无创正压通气应用于儿童重度支气管哮喘,可以显著改善患儿的临床症状,减少住院时间。     

Patient transitions relevant to individuals requiring ongoing ventilatory assistance: A Delphi study

BACKGROUND:

Various terms, including ‘prolonged mechanical ventilation’ (PMV) and ‘long-term mechanical ventilation’ (LTMV), are used interchangeably to distinguish patient cohorts requiring ventilation, making comparisons and timing of clinical decision making problematic.

OBJECTIVE:

To develop expert, consensus-based criteria associated with care transitions to distinguish cohorts of ventilated patients.

METHODS:

A four-round (R), web-based Delphi study with consensus defined as >70% was performed. In R1, participants listed, using free text, criteria perceived to should and should not define seven transitions. Transitions comprised: T1 – acute ventilation to PMV; T2 – PMV to LTMV; T3 – PMV or LTMV to acute ventilation (reverse transition); T4 – institutional to community care; T5 – no ventilation to requiring LTMV; T6 – pediatric to adult LTMV; and T7 – active treatment to end-of-life care. Subsequent Rs sought consensus.

RESULTS:

Experts from intensive care (n=14), long-term care (n=14) and home ventilation (n=10), representing a variety of professional groups and geographical areas, completed all Rs. Consensus was reached on 14 of 20 statements defining T1 and 21 of 25 for T2. ‘Physiological stability’ had the highest consensus (97% and 100%, respectively). ‘Duration of ventilation’ did not achieve consensus. Consensus was achieved on 13 of 18 statements for T3 and 23 of 25 statements for T4. T4 statements reaching 100% consensus included: ‘informed choice’, ‘patient stability’, ‘informal caregiver support’, ‘caregiver knowledge’, ‘environment modification’, ‘supportive network’ and ‘access to interprofessional care’. Consensus was achieved for 15 of 17 T5, 16 of 20 T6 and 21 of 24 T7 items.

CONCLUSION:

Criteria to consider during key care transitions for ventilator-assisted individuals were identified. Such information will assist in furthering the consistency of clinical care plans, research trials and health care resource allocation.     

家庭机械通气8例报告

目的了解家庭无创机械通气的疗效。方法对我院2002年以来接受家庭机械通气的8例病人进行定期随访,并将临床资料进行回顾分析。结果8例病人病情进一步好转,门诊次数减少,生活质量明显提高。结论家庭机械通气有明显疗效,有条件时应积极推广使用。     

Effect on respiratory function of pressure support ventilation versus synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants

Our objective was to compare the effects of pressure support ventilation and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation on respiratory function in preterm babies. Twenty preterm infants (mean gestational age, 29 weeks; mean weight at study, 1,354 g) were evaluated. Patients received two repeated cycles of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, alternated with pressure support ventilation, for a total of four alternated phases, each phase lasting 4 hr. Spontaneous respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, and mean airway pressure were recorded hourly. The tidal volume released by the ventilator was limited to 6 ml/kg. During the two pressure support ventilation phases, a statistically significant reduction of respiratory rate and a significant increase of tidal and minute volume were noted, as compared to the two synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation periods. Mean airway pressure significantly increased only after the first shift from synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation to pressure support ventilation. The changes of minute volume and respiratory rate observed during pressure support ventilation did not persist after the return to synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. In conclusion, pressure support ventilation, as compared to synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, seemed to improve respiratory function in preterm infants.     

Built‐in software in children on long‐term ventilation in real life practice

Information gathered with built‐in software (BIS) on new ventilators allow clinicians to access long‐term noninvasive ventilation (LTNIV) data. Nevertheless, few evidence are available in literature that highlight potential strengths and disadvantages of using BIS in pediatrics. We aim to evaluate the use of BIS in a cohort of 90 children on LTNIV in our unit, focusing mainly on adherence, air leaks, and residual sleep events. We found that caregivers' perception of ventilator use is independent from objective adherence (P = .137). Furthermore, we failed to find any predictors of adherence. As regards air leaks, we found that pre‐scholars' (0‐6 years old) total air leaks are lower than teenagers' (more than 12 years old) (P < .05). Multiple regressive analysis showed that age at the beginning of therapy is a predictor of total air leaks: prescholars are associated with lower values (P < .05), while scholars (6‐12 years old) are associated with higher values (P < .05). Finally, we explored the validity of BIS automatic scoring of sleep events (AHI_BIS) as compared with the manual scoring of polygraphy (AHI_PG). AHI_BIS is within a range of 3.98 from AHI_PG in 95% of cases, with a 64% of sensitivity and a 67% of specificity in identifying a pathological state. The disagreement between the two methods seems to increase for high AHI values. In conclusion, data gathered by BIS are a useful support tool for the clinician in assessing the course of LTNIV. However, clinicians must be aware of the several limitations of built‐in software, especially in pediatrics.     

盐酸右美托咪定用于机械通气患者撤机拔管的疗效分析

目的探讨盐酸右美托咪定用于机械通气撤机拔管的临床疗效。方法 40例机械通气患者为研究对象,随机分为盐酸右美托咪定和咪达唑仑组。观察两组患者镇静效果,呼吸、血氧饱和度、动脉血二氧化碳分压、动脉血氧分压等相关生理指标变化,停药后撤机时间、拔管的时间。结果两组Ramsay镇静评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);盐酸右美托咪定镇静起效时间和镇静解除时间均显著快于咪达唑仑组(P0.05)。与咪达唑仑组比较,右美托咪定组停药后撤机、拔管时间显著缩短(P0.05)。结论盐酸右美托咪定用于机械通气患者镇静效果良好;镇静起效时间和镇静解除时间要快,安全性更高;并且应用盐酸右美托咪定较咪达唑仑能缩短撤机和拔管时间。     

有创与无创通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭疗效分析

目的分析有创与无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭治疗中的效果。方法COPD并呼吸衰竭使用机械辅助通气的患者108例,无创（FMMV）组62例,有创（ETMV）组46例,比较两组患者治疗前后的动脉血气变化及疗效相关指标。结果机械通气4h后,ETMV组的PH、PaCO2、PaO2均明显改善（P〈0．05）,FMMV组仅PaO2明显改善（P〈0．05）,PH、PaCO2 12h后才出现明显改善（P〈0．05）。ETMV组的机械通气时间短于FMMV组（t=2．086,P〈0．05）,两组总住院时间及治疗成功率无明显差别（P〉0．05）。结论在治疗COPD并呼吸衰竭时,ETMV能更快地改善血气指标,机械通气时间短于FMMV;FMMV可使部分患者避免气管插管;两种方法治疗的患者在总住院时间、治疗成功率方面无明显差别。     

影响患者机械通气时间的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响患者机械通气时间的危险因素。方法随机选取在我院使用机械通气治疗的患者63例,根据患者使用机械通气时间的长短分为短期通气组(42例)和长期通气组(21例),分析影响两组机械通气时间的危险因素。结果两组患者浅快呼吸指数、PaCO2、体温、白细胞数、白蛋白等指标均存在明显差异(P0.05),胸片感染像长期通气组明显多于短期通气组,APACHEⅡ评分、腹胀发生率、并发症(相关性肺炎等)的发生率长期通气组明显高于短期通气组(P0.05)。结论胸片感染像、低白蛋白、APACHEⅡ评分、并发症、腹胀是影响机械通气时间长短的独立危险因素。     

Proximal high-frequency jet ventilation of the newborn

During a 14-month period 11 preterm infants were treated with high-frequency jet ventilation for severe respiratory failure that had been unresponsive to conventional mechanical ventilation. Primary indications included intractable air leaks (pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumothorax, or both), congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and progressive pneumonia. The Sechrist 990 HFV respirator, a solenoid-driven, pulse-generated high frequency jet ventilator, was used. This device delivers a volume of gas at a controlled pressure to a jet located in the patient connector proximal to a standard single lumen endotracheal tube. The ventilator was operated in tandem with a Sechrist IV-100B ventilator to provide a sigh effect and to improve humidification. Although only 3 of 11 patients survived, 9 displayed short-term benefits from HFJV with significant reduction in mean airway pressure and improvement in mean arterial blood pressure, and no concomitant adverse effects on oxygenation or ventilation. Preliminary results suggest short-term benefits of HFJV in infants who have severe respiratory failure that is unresponsive to conventional mechanical ventilation.     

无创呼吸机在有创通气治疗脱机中的应用观察

目的探讨无创呼吸机在有创通气治疗脱机中的应用。方法将25例患者分为治疗组(11例)和对照组(14例),治疗组在序贯脱机过程中,采取先给予无创呼吸机治疗,再拔管。对照组在脱机过程中使用常规脱机顺序,即先拔管,再给予无创呼吸机通气治疗。结果两组脱机成功率、无创呼吸机使用时间、拔管后血气分析结果均有明显差异(P<0.01)。结论采用先给予无创呼吸机通气,再拔管的方法,可以提高有创通气治疗的脱机成功率。