微生物-肠-脑轴与孤独症谱系障碍研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）是一种严重神经发育性障碍，是遗传因素和环境因素共同作用的 结果。近年来，越来越多的证据支持肠道内的微生物通过肠-脑轴影响脑发育，并产生相应的行为表现 型。肠道微生物失调和ASD的关系也日益受到重视，可能参与了部分ASD的发生与发展。现综述微生物- 肠-脑轴与ASD 间的关系。     

常见精神障碍的脑肠轴机制研究进展和临床干预

人体肠道拥有大量且种类丰富的微生物群,在机体的多项生理过程中扮演着重要角色。已有研究发现肠道微生物通过脑-肠轴机制可以作用于脑疾病的发生。本文目的是通过对肠道微生物在精神分裂症、双相情感障碍及抑郁症中的作用机制进行述评,为精神障碍的预防与治疗提供新的思路。     

肠道微生物与精神分裂症发病机制相关研究进展北大核心CSCD

精神分裂症是由遗传因素和环境因素共同作用导致的一种慢性精神疾病,其具体病因和发病机制尚不清楚。近年来,微生物-肠-脑轴在精神分裂症中的作用越来越受学界关注。研究表明精神分裂症肠道微生物菌群结构具有多样性,并且肠道微生物可通过免疫炎症反应、代谢通路、神经传导、肠道内分泌系统等多种途径与大脑进行双向信息交流,影响情绪、认知和社交行为。基于此,我们就肠道微生物与精神分裂症发病机制的相关研究作一综述,为探究精神分裂症的病因学、诊断、治疗和预防提供新思路。     

基于脑-肠轴探讨多糖调控肠道菌群参与抑郁症的研究进展

抑郁症是一种具有高发病率、高复发率、高自杀率特点的慢性心境障碍。多糖在生物体 肠道中具有维持菌群失衡、肠道屏障完整性的重要功能，在肠道菌群的稳态调节中具有重要的作用，且 在生物体生命活动过程中占有重要地位。肠道菌群可以通过脑 - 肠轴影响抑郁症的发生发展。本文综 述肠道菌群与多糖的相互作用、肠道菌群在脑 - 肠轴中的作用，探讨多糖调控肠道菌群在抑郁症发病机 制中的作用，以期为防治抑郁症提供参考依据。     

精神分裂症患者的肠-脑轴研究进展

本文目的是探讨肠道微生物、肠-脑轴与精神分裂症的关系,为精神分裂症的治疗开辟新思路。精神分裂症发病机制目前尚未完全阐明,有假说及研究发现,精神分裂症的发生和发展均与病原微生物有关,特别是人体神经系统的肠-脑轴在其中扮演了重要角色。肠道微生物群通过释放和分泌功能性神经递质,影响中枢神经系统的相关神经递质水平,从而改变宿主的情绪、行为和精神状态。本文对近年来关于微生物、肠-脑轴与精神分裂症的研究进展进行综述,讨论肠道细菌与宿主之间的关系。     

肠道微生物参与帕金森病发生发展的研究进展

帕金森病是一种由多种因素导致的临床综合征,主要表现为多巴胺能神经元丢失和α-突触核蛋白异常聚集两方面。肠道微生物异常代谢产物可作为炎症因子通过循环途径进入大脑引起线粒体功能障碍,导致多巴胺神经元丢失,也可作为信号因子通过脑-肠-微生物组轴损伤中枢神经系统,并造成α-突触核蛋白错误折叠。本文综述了肠道微生物及其代谢产物在帕金森病中的临床应用和研究进展,以期为帕金森病患者的治疗提供新的思路。     

肠道菌群与脑卒中后抑郁潜在机制的研究进展

<正>脑卒中是全世界最常见的神经系统疾病之一,脑卒中后抑郁(Post-stroke depression,PSD)是脑卒中后常见的神经心理并发症之一。在脑卒中后5 y内,大约有1/3的脑卒中幸存者患有PSD^[1],且由于精神疾病相关的病耻感、较低的治疗寻求率使得患病率可能被低估。PSD与脑卒中患者身体和认知恢复、神经功能结果和生活质量的改善密切相关,抑郁和卒中之间存在双向关系:脑卒中造成PSD,而抑郁增加了脑卒中和脑卒中后死亡风险。     

肠道微生物-大脑轴与孤独症谱系障碍北大核心CSCD

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患病率不断攀升,且预后差,致残率高,给家庭和社会带来巨大的经济负担,已成为全世界备受关注的疾病之一。目前该病病因尚不明确,治疗主要为教育训练。由于缺乏针对性强的精准治疗方法,治疗效果差强人意。近年来的数项研究证实,与典型发育的对照组(typical development children)相比,ASD患者肠道微生物有改变,存在肠道菌群失调,9%~91%的ASD患儿有胃肠道疾病症状,约半数伴有腹泻或便秘。若干研究证实了益生菌通过改善肠道菌群治疗ASD的疗效,益生菌既可缓解其胃肠道症状,也可改善部分行为问题,我们将就ASD的病因和发病机制以及目前ASD治疗方面的进展进行综述。     

阿尔茨海默病连续谱演进过程中MGB轴通信机制的研究进展

<正>阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种退行性脑部疾病,个体大脑中参与学习、记忆和日常生活等机体基本功能的神经元随着疾病的演变渐进性受损或被破坏,最终可诱发肺部感染或器官衰竭而危及性命^[1]。据统计,现阶段AD患者人均年耗经济成本达25213美元^[2],预计2050年全球痴呆症患者年耗经济费用累计将高达9.12万亿美元^[3]。随着人类寿命的延长和老龄化程度的加剧,AD患者数量逐年增加,巨额成本的消耗,     

Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the brain-gut axis.

Previous reports have indicated that vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) are found only in central neurons. We show that neurons in the gut, which also contain glutamate and markers of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, display VGLUT2 immunoreactivity in several species, including humans. Glutamatergic (VGLUT2-immunoreactive) varicosities, which often co-stored choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, were apposed to a subset of nerve cell bodies in the submucosal and myenteric plexus. Retrograde tracing with FluoroGold demonstrated that VGLUT2 is found in nodose and dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating the stomach. Thus, VGLUT2 is found in intrinsic and extrinsic primary afferent neurons, which suggests that glutamate is as primary afferent neurotransmitter that transfers information from the mucosa to the enteric plexuses and brain.     

Interaction between oestrogen and oxytocin on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity

In addition to its role in reproduction, oxytocin has central actions modulating behavioural and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses during late pregnancy and lactation. The hypothesis that ovarian hormones modulate the effects of oxytocin on HPA axis activity was studied in 7-day ovariectomised rats receiving oestradiol with or without progesterone replacement and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) minipump infusion of oxytocin (100 ng/h). In an initial experiment, i.c.v. oxytocin had no effect on basal or restraint-stimulated plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone concentrations or hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA expression with low oestradiol replacement alone but it had a stimulatory effect in the presence of low oestradiol and progesterone. To investigate further whether oestradiol modulates central actions of oxytocin, rats received low dioestrous (low), pro-oestrous (medium) or pregnancy (high) oestradiol replacement levels, yielding plasma concentrations of < 5, 17.3 +/- 4.5 and 258 +/- 32 pg/ml, respectively, with or without i.c.v. oxytocin. Oestradiol caused dose-dependent increases in basal plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations but decreased the ACTH response to restraint stress. In parallel to the changes in basal plasma ACTH, high oestrogen increased basal CRF hnRNA, CRF mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA in the pituitary gland, while decreasing restraint stress-stimulated levels. Intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin reduced basal and stress-stimulated plasma ACTH, hypothalamic CRF hnRNA (30 min), CRF mRNA and pituitary POMC mRNA (4 h) levels parallel to the increases induced by elevating plasma oestradiol. The present study demonstrates the converse effects of oestradiol on basal and restraint stress-stimulated basal HPA axis activity, and that the ability of central oxytocin to inhibit HPA axis activity depends on the levels of circulating oestradiol.     

肠道菌群与孤独症谱系障碍免疫失衡的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍是一种神经发育障碍性疾病,主要表现为缺乏社会交流和互动能力,同时伴有重复刻板行为。近年来研究发现孤独症谱系障碍患者常可伴有胃肠功能异常,同时国内外部分研究发现孤独症谱系障碍患者肠道菌群构成与健康儿童相比发生了显著变化。但其具体机制仍不明确,甚至出现了相反的结论。该文通过回顾相关文献资料,从微生物―肠―脑轴角度出发,着重从肠道代谢产物异常、免疫失衡及神经发育角度对肠道菌群介导的免疫失衡在孤独症谱系障碍发病机制中的作用进行综述。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2023, 50(4): 65-70]     

Cannabinoid signalling regulates inflammation and energy balance: the importance of the brain-gut axis

Energy balance is controlled by centres of the brain which receive important inputs from the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, mediated by many different signalling molecules. Obesity occurs when control of energy intake is not matched by the degree of energy expenditure. Obesity is not only a state of disordered energy balance it is also characterized by systemic inflammation. Systemic inflammation is triggered by the leakage of bacterial lipopolysaccharide through changes in intestinal permeability. The endocannabinoid system, consisting of the cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoid ligands and their biosynthetic and degradative enzymes, plays vital roles in the control of energy balance, the control of intestinal permeability and immunity. In this review we will discuss how the endocannabinoid system, intestinal microbiota and the brain-gut axis are involved in the regulation of energy balance and the development of obesity-associated systemic inflammation. Through direct and indirect actions throughout the body, the endocannabinoid system controls the development of obesity and its inflammatory complications.     

抑郁症动物模型与肠道菌群研究进展

抑郁症发病率逐年增加,其产生机制主要有单胺类神经递质假说、单胺受体假说、神经内分泌假说和脑源性神经营养因子假说.目前,多数的抑郁症模型既能模拟临床中抑郁症患者的行为特征,还能模拟患者脑内神经递质的相关变化.近年来的研究发现,肠道菌群对机体的影响跨越神经、内分泌、免疫等系统并与抑郁症的发病具有相关性,抑郁症与肠道菌群关系...