鱼腥草挥发油对去卵巢小鼠骨质疏松的预防作用及机制研究

目的评价鱼腥草挥发油对去卵巢小鼠骨质疏松的预防作用并探讨其作用机制。方法 SPF级雌性ICR小鼠50只,随机分为假手术组,模型组,阳性对照(己烯雌酚)组,鱼腥草挥发油低、高剂量组,每组10只。切除小鼠双侧卵巢制作骨质疏松模型,阳性对照组按32μg/(kg·d)灌胃给予己烯雌酚,鱼腥草挥发油低、高剂量组分别按照10、20 mg/(kg·d)灌胃给予鱼腥草挥发油,假手术组、模型组灌胃给予等量生理盐水。12周后检测各组小鼠血清中碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(StrACP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,观察右侧胫骨的骨形态计量学变化,测定右侧股骨的生物力学性质。结果与模型组比较,鱼腥草挥发油组血清ALP、StrACP活性和TNF-α、IL-1β、MDA含量显著降低,SOD活性显著升高,且差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05);鱼腥草挥发油组可有效改善胫骨形态计量学静态参数与股骨生物力学,且呈剂量依赖性。己烯雌酚阳性对照组也明显改善上述指标。结论鱼腥草挥发油对去卵巢小鼠骨质疏松具有明显的预防作用,其机制可能与减轻炎症和抗过氧化损伤有关。     

辣椒素对高脂血症豚鼠肝脏胆固醇和甘油三脂的影响

目的探讨辣椒素对实验性高脂血症豚鼠肝脏胆固醇(TC)和甘油三脂(TG)的影响。方法 48只豚鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、辣椒素高剂量组(10 mg/kg)、中剂量(5 mg/kg组)、低剂量组(2.5 mg/kg)、辛伐他汀组(1.5 mg/kg)。除正常对照组给药予普通饲料外,其余各组给予高脂饲料,造模同时给药,正常对照组每日灌胃给予等体积的生理盐水,其余灌胃给予相应剂量的药物,1次/d,共14周。实验14周末,处死动物,取肝脏检测其中TC、TG含量。结果模型组豚鼠肝脏TC、TG含量均高于正常对照组(P<0.01),给予辣椒素后,豚鼠肝脏TC、TG含量均有不同程度下降,明显低与模型组(P<0.05或0.01)。结论辣椒素能显著降低实验性高脂血症豚鼠肝脏TC、TG含量,对肝脏有保护作用。     

鱼腥草素钠对急性哮喘模型小鼠炎症的影响及机制研究

目的 观察鱼腥草素钠对急性哮喘模型小鼠的抗炎作用,并探讨作用机制。方法 建立卵白蛋白（OVA）诱导小鼠急性哮喘模型,将造模小鼠随机分为模型组,鱼腥草素钠低、高剂量（10、25 mg/kg）组,每组8只,另取正常小鼠8只作为对照组,ig给药2周,对照组与模型组给予等体积生理盐水。采用小鼠肺功能仪器检测小鼠气道高反应性;ELISA法检测血清中特异性OVA-IgE、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、单核细胞趋化因子-1（MCP-1）浓度;实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测肺组织中Toll样受体-4（TLR-4）、髓样分化因子88（MyD88）、转铁蛋白6（TRF6）mRNA的表达水平;HE染色后,光镜观察肺组织病理变化。结果 与模型组比较,10、25 mg/kg鱼腥草素钠组小鼠在乙酰甲胆碱激发浓度气道高反应值、血清OVE-IgE水平、血清IL-4和MCP浓度均显著降低,具有统计学差异（P<0.05、0.01）;与模型组比较,10 mg/kg鱼腥草素钠组肺组织MyD88、TRF6 mRNA表达和25 mg/kg鱼腥草素钠组肺组织TLR-4、MyD88、TRF6 mRNA表达显著降低,具有统计学差异（P<0.05、0.01）。HE染色显示,鱼腥草素钠显著改善模型小鼠的肺组织结构紊乱、肺泡塌陷、支气管周围大量炎症细胞浸润、管腔内有大量分泌物等症状。结论 鱼腥草素钠能显著抑制急性哮喘模型小鼠的炎症,机制可能与调节TLR4-NF-κB信号通路有关。     

泡桐花挥发油抗支气管哮喘变应性炎症的实验研究

目的通过豚鼠哮喘模型研究泡桐花挥发油抗哮喘气道变应性炎症的作用。方法以卵蛋白致敏豚鼠为动物模型,灌胃途径予以泡桐花挥发油大、小剂量,观察各组豚鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中炎性细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)、嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子(Eotaxin)的改变。结果泡桐花挥发油大剂量[1.2g/(kg.d)]及小剂量[0.6g/(kg.d)]均可不同程度地抑制BALF中的EOS和炎性细胞总数及气道Eotaxin的过度表达。结论泡桐花挥发油可能通过抑制哮喘动物气道中EOS的趋化、聚集而具有一定的抗哮喘气道变应性炎症的作用。     

加味止嗽散有效部位群对过敏性哮喘豚鼠作用的实验研究

目的:观察加味止嗽散有效部位群(MZC)对过敏性哮喘豚鼠血液和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中嗜酸粒细胞(Eos),内皮素1(ET-1)一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响和对肺组织结构的影响。方法:采用Wright染色法计血液和BALF中Eos的数目。采用放射免疫法和硝酸还原酶法分别测定哮喘豚鼠血清和BALF中ET-1NO的含量。光镜和电镜下观察豚鼠肺组织。结果:哮喘模型组豚鼠体内的Eos,ET1,NO的量明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),肺组织病理学和超微结构发生明显改变。与哮喘模型组比较,MZC治疗组剂量依赖性地降低豚鼠血液和BALF中Eos,ET-1NO的含量(P<0.05或P<0.01)和减轻肺组织病理改变。结论:MZC平喘作用机制可能与其减少哮喘豚鼠体内Eos数量,降低ET-1NO含量和减轻肺组织结构损伤有关。     

母牛分枝杆菌菌苗对哮喘豚鼠的免疫调节作用

目的研究母牛分枝杆菌菌苗对哮喘豚鼠的免疫调节作用。方法30只豚鼠随机分为生理盐水组、哮喘组及母牛分枝杆菌菌苗组。用卵白蛋白建立哮喘模型,母牛分枝杆菌菌苗组每只豚鼠在卵白蛋白致敏前10d肌注22.5μg母牛分枝杆菌菌苗。检测豚鼠肺组织IL4、IL5及IFNγmRNA表达,测定血清总IgE、卵白蛋白特异性IgE含量。结果母牛分枝杆菌菌苗组豚鼠肺组织IL4mRNA表达(OD值0.060±0.018)低于哮喘组(0.111±0.025,P<0.05)、IL5mRNA表达(0.052±0.006)低于哮喘组(0.106±0.030,P<0.05)、IFNγmRNA表达(0.127±0.051)高于哮喘组(0.041±0.018,P<0.05);血清总IgE(1.85±0.48)kU·L-1、卵白蛋白特异性IgE(0.59±0.07)kU·L-1均低于哮喘组对应的(3.75±0.60)kU·L-1和(1.40±0.17)kU·L-1(P均<0.05)。结论母牛分枝杆菌菌苗能够调节哮喘豚鼠肺组织Th1/Th2免疫反应并降低血清IgE含量。     

氧化樟脑注射液对急性哮喘小鼠气道重塑

目的观察氧化樟脑注射液对近交系(inbred mice)BALB/C小鼠气道重塑的影响。方法将健康雌性BALC/C小鼠48只随机分为6组:阴性对照组(the control group,CON)、急性哮喘模型组(the acute asthma model group,AM)、地塞米松组(the dexamethasone group,DE)、氧化樟脑高剂量组(the vitacamphorae Injection high dose,HD)、氧化樟脑中剂量组(the vitacamphorae injection middle dose group,MD)和氧化樟脑低剂量组(the vitacamphorae injection low dose,LD),每组8只,采用经典方法腹腔注射卵清蛋白(ovabumin,OVA)致敏,同时OVA雾化激发2周建立急性哮喘小鼠模型,氧化樟脑注射液干预组和地塞米松干预组每天雾化吸入前1 h皮下注射,阴性对照组和急性哮喘模型组给予等量生理盐水。观察小鼠的一般状态,并检测血清中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)活力,观察肺组织的病理学改变,利用Western blot方法测定肺组织中转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)的蛋白表达水平。结果氧化樟脑注射液高中剂量能够明显降低卵清蛋白(ovabumin,OVA)诱导的哮喘小鼠血清中MDA的含量(P<0.05),增加SOD和GSHPX的活力(P<0.05)。并且可以抑制肺组织炎症反应和TGF-β1的蛋白表达水平(P<0.05)。结论氧化樟脑注射液具有抑制气道重塑的作用,其机制可能是通过增强模型小鼠的抗氧化能力并且抑制肺组织炎症因子的表达有关。     

麻辛平喘汤对哮喘豚鼠肺组织中IL-5 mRNA表达影响的实验研究

目的研究麻辛平喘汤对哮喘豚鼠肺组织中IL-5 mRNA表达的影响。方法将56只符合实验标准的豚鼠随机分为7组,采用卵蛋白(OVA)腹腔注射致敏与雾化吸入激发的方法建立豚鼠哮喘模型。2周后处死豚鼠,取肺组织,采用RT-PCR法检测IL-5 mRNA的表达情况。结果麻辛平喘汤高、中、低剂量组及正常对照组肺组织IL-5 mRNA表达量较低,与模型对照组相比差异有高度统计意义(P0.01)。高剂量组的IL-5 mRNA表达与正常对照组之间差异无统计意义(P0.05)。结论麻辛平喘汤可以从基因水平上调控IL-5 mRNA转录。     

白三烯受体拮抗剂对哮喘模型肺组织VEGF表达水平的影响

目的　探讨白三烯受体拮抗剂对哮喘模型肺组织血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)表达的影响及其对哮喘模型气道重塑的预防和治疗作用 ,提供哮喘防治新途径的可靠实验依据。方法　 10 8只健康雄性豚鼠随机分为 3组 :哮喘发作组、治疗组、对照组 ,每组 36只。以卵蛋白 (OVA)致敏和激发建立豚鼠哮喘模型。肺组织病理切片以SP法免疫组化标记VEGF ,图像分析VEGF表达水平。结果　OVA激发后 4周 ,哮喘发作组肺组织VEGF表达水平显著高于治疗组及对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,白三烯受体拮抗剂治疗哮喘使肺组织VEGF的表达水平降低。结论　白三烯受体拮抗剂可以降低哮喘豚鼠肺组织VEGF表达水平 ,从而减少血管增生 ,延缓哮喘气道重塑的发生。     

槲皮素对哮喘大鼠白介素5和白介素6表达的影响

目的研究槲皮素对大鼠哮喘模型白介素(IL)-5和IL-6表达的影响,探讨其治疗哮喘的机制。方法 48只大鼠随机分为6组,分别为正常对照组(对照组),哮喘模型组(模型组),地塞米松组及槲皮素低、中、高剂量组,建立大鼠鸡卵白蛋白哮喘模型,ELISA法检测各组BALF和肺组织匀浆中IL-5和IL-6表达水平。结果模型组BALF和肺组织匀浆中IL-5和IL-6较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。槲皮素中、高剂量组及地塞米松组大鼠哮喘症状明显减轻,BALF和肺组织匀浆中IL-5和IL-6表达明显降低,与哮喘组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论槲皮素抑制哮喘大鼠IL-5和IL-6的表达,可能是其治疗哮喘的机制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.