急性心肌梗死患者血浆N-末端脑钠钛前体、D-二聚体水平与GRACE危险评分的关系尹燕平 苗立夫(清华大学第一附属医院心脏中心 北京 100016)

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者,血浆N-末端脑钠钛前体(NT-proBNP)、D-二聚体水平与GRACE危险评分的关系。方法：收集2011年1月至12月,在我院心脏中心住院的AMI患者132例,入院后即刻测定血浆NT-proBNP、D-二聚体浓度,计算GRACE危险评分。同时收集120例冠脉造影结果呈阴性的对照者血浆NT-proBNP、D-二聚体指标,与AMI组进行比较。以GRACE危险评分差异分为低危(<109分)、中危(109～140分)、高危(>140分)3组,分析不同组别间血浆NT-proBNP、D-二聚体水平的变化。分析NT-proBNP、D-二聚体水平与GRACE危险评分的相关性。结果：AMI组患者的血浆NT-proBNP、D-二聚体水平[(3190.72±6834.36)ng/l、(0.31±0.28) mg/l]均高于对照组[(104.99±64.76)ng/l、(0.12±0.06) mg/l],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。低危、中危、高危3组[NT-proBNP水平分别为(251.78±314.36)ng/l、(2132.72±5444.9)ng/l、(5870.53±8847.22) ng/l,D-聚体水平分别为(0.12±0.08)mg/l、(0.29±0.29)mg/l、(0.40±0.31)mg/l]之间NT-proBNP、D-二聚体水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NT-proBNP、D-二聚体水平随GRACE危险评分升高而升高,呈正相关(相关系数分别为r=0.571,r=0.446,P<0.05)。 结论：血浆NT-proBNP、D-二聚体水平可帮助判断AMI的危险程度。     

BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖和不同血钾水平对急性心肌梗死预后的影响

目的：探讨BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖和不同血钾水平对急性心肌梗死预后的影响。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,2013年1月到2017年1月选择在我院急诊住院的140例急性心肌梗死患者作为病例组,同期选择在我院进行体检的健康人140例作为对照组,两组都进行BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖、血钾的检测,记录病例组的冠脉病变评分情况,并进行相关性分析。结果：观察组的BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖和血钾值分别为354.45±65.39pg/ml、0.75±0.21μg/mL、5.33±0.44g/L、6.64±1.11mmol/L和3.22±1.09mmol/L,对照组分别为63.22±34.11pg/ml、0.26±1.19μg/mL、2.78±0.51g/L、4.59±0.98mmol/L和4.99±0.38mmol/L,组间对比差异都有统计学意义(P<0.05)。急性心肌梗死患者中冠状动脉单支病变74例,多支病变66例,平均病变支数为1.67±0.45支,平均冠脉病变积分为284.22±45.20分;Spearman秩相关分析法显示冠脉病变积分与BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖呈现明显正相关性(P<0.05),与血钾呈现明显负相关性(P<0.05);logistic回归分析分析显示BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖、血钾都为影响冠脉病变积分的主要危险因素(P<0.05)。结论：BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖和血钾在急性心肌梗死中都处于异常表达状况,能有效反映患者的冠脉病变预后情况,对急性心肌梗死诊断及预估预后具有重要的临床意义。     

青年急性心肌梗死患者脂蛋白(a)水平的变化及其意义

目的:探讨脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]水平在青年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者中的变化及其与凝血指标的关系。方法:对32例青年AMI患者、30例青年冠心病(CHD)患者及36例正常对照者进行冠状动脉(冠脉)造影术,并检测其血中Lp(a)、D-二聚体(D-D)、纤溶酶原活性(Pig)、抗凝血酶原(AT-Ⅲ)及组织纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)的水平。结果:①AMI组和CHD组Lp(a)明显高于正常对照组[(230±60)和(190±20):(110±20)mg/L,P<0.05],但前两组之间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);②高Lp(a)血症患者AMI的发生率明显高于血清Lp(a)正常的患者(47％:15％,P<0.01);③AMI组D-D明显高于CHD组和正常对照组(12±5):(4±3)mg/L和(2±1)mg/L,P<0.01);④冠脉多支病变者Lp(a)的水平明显高于单支病变者(P<0.01)。结论:青年AMI患者中存在Lp(a)水平增高,并与D-D水平及冠脉病变支数呈正相关。     

胱抑素C水平与冠心病的相关性研究

目的了解胱抑素C水平与冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系。方法选择疑诊冠心病且行选择性冠状动脉造影的冠心病患者114例(冠心病组).根据临床病史和冠状动脉造影结果分为2组:急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronarysyndromes,ACS)组73例,稳定性心绞痛(stable angina pectoris,SAP)组41例;另选择非冠心病(冠状动脉造影阴性)患者38例作为对照组。采用Gensini评分系统对冠状动脉病变程度进行评分。应用免疫比浊法测定血清胱抑素C水平。分析血清胱抑素C水平与冠状动脉病变严重程度及病变支数的相互关系。结果 ACS组和SAP组血清胱抑素C水平明显高于对照组[(2.2±3.5)mg/L vs(1.6±4.1)mg/L vs(0.7±2.9)mg/L,P<0.01].且ACS组血清胱抑素C水平明显高于SAP组(P<0.05)。Gcnsini积分≥30分患者血清胱抑素C水平明显高于Gensini积分<30分患者[(2.6±2.7)mg/L vs(1.8±5.2)mg/L,P<0.01]。3支病变患者血清胱抑紊C水平和Gensini积分较单支病变和双支病变患者明显增高[(2.8±1.8)mg/L vs(1.9±3.4)mg/L vs(2.1±4.1)mg/L;(49±16)分v5(17±9)分vs(28±1 8)分,P<0.05,P<0.01];双支病变患者Gensin积分较单支病变患者明显增高(P<0.01);而单支病变与双支病变患者血清胱抑素C水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血清胱抑素C水平与冠状动脉病变严重程度Gensini积分呈正相关(r=0.673,P<0.01)。结论胱抑素C水平与冠状动脉病变严重程度及病变支数显著相关,胱抑素C水平可以作为评价冠状动脉病变严重程度的一个指标。     

早发和老年急性心肌梗死发病特点的比较

目的:探讨早发急性心肌梗死(AMI)冠状动脉病变特点及其相关危险因素。方法:临床确诊为AMI的患者136例,根据年龄分为早发AMI组(男性<55岁,女性<65岁)55例,老年AMI组(男性≥55岁,女性≥65岁)81例,并进行危险因素、临床、生化及冠状动脉病变特点回顾分析,观察两组是否存在显著差异。结果:与老年AMI组相比,早发AMI组中男性、吸烟、冠心病家族史的比例显著升高(P<0.05或0.01)。临床生化检验显示,与老年AMI组比较,早发AMI组的血清总胆固醇[(4.28±1.03)mmol/L比(4.87±1.41)mmol/L]、甘油三酯[(1.22±0.66)mmol/L比(1.74±1.07)mmol/L]和载脂蛋白B[(0.80±0.18)g/L比(1.04±0.34)g/L]水平显著升高(P<0.05或0.01)。冠脉造影显示早发AMI组单支病变比例(27.3%)显著高于老年AMI组(11.1%)。早发AMI组冠脉病变程度Gensini积分显著低于老年AMI组[(58.70±27.11)分比(75.19±41.37)分,P<0.05]。结论:与老年急性心肌梗死患者比较,早发急性心肌梗死患者最常见的特征是男性,有吸烟、冠心病家族史者更多,血脂水平显著升高;且单支冠脉病变比例较高,冠脉狭窄程度显著较轻。     

糖化血红蛋白和C-反应蛋白与冠状动脉病变的相关性

目的探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度与血清糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平之间的关系及其临床意义。方法 293例患者按照冠状动脉造影结果分为冠心病组及非冠心病组。冠心病组根据冠状动脉病变支数分为单支病变组、双支病变组、多支病变组,并根据Gensini积分对冠状动脉病变程度进行评分并分级,分析糖化血红蛋白及C-反应蛋白水平与冠状动脉病变的相关性。结果冠心病组血清CRP及HbA1c水平明显高于非冠心病组[(4.93±8.05)mg/L vs(2.21±2.70)mg/L,(5.73±1.28)%vs(5.28±0.78)%],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。年龄、低密度脂蛋白、CRP及HbA1c与冠心病密切相关(OR=1.05～2.36,均P<0.05)。冠心病组CRP及HbA1c水平与Gensini积分呈正相关(r=0.12～0.15,均P<0.05)。结论 CRP及HbA1c联合检测对冠状动脉病变程度有较高的预测价值。     

急性心肌梗死患者血脑钠肽、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖水平对预后的影响

目的:探讨血脑钠肽(BNP)、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖和血K~+水平对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者预后的影响。方法:回顾性选择140例AMI患者作为病例组;选择同期健康体检者140例作为对照组;选择同期稳定型冠心病患者140例作为冠心病组,检测3组患者血BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖、血K~+水平,记录病例组的冠脉病变评分情况,并进行相关性分析。结果:病例组血BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖和血K~+水平高于对照组(均P0.05)。AMI患者中冠状动脉单支病变74例,多支病变66例,平均病变支数(1.7±0.5)支,平均冠脉病变积分(284.2±45.2)分;Spearman秩相关分析法显示冠脉病变积分与血BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖呈现明显正相关(P0.05),与血K~+呈现明显负相关(P0.05);logistic回归分析显示血BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖、血K~+为影响冠脉病变积分的主要危险因素(均P0.05)。结论:联合检测血BNP、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血糖和血K~+水平能有效反映AMI患者的冠脉病变预后情况。     

血清胱抑素C水平与冠心病严重程度的关系

目的通过比较不同类型冠心病患者血清胱抑素C水平,并分析血清胱抑素C水平与冠状动脉造影结果的相关性,探讨血清胱抑素C水平与冠心病临床及冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系。方法152例入选患者根据临床及造影结果分为对照组（54例）、稳定型心绞痛组（38例）、急性冠状动脉综合征组（60例）;98例冠心病患者根据冠状动脉造影结果分为单支病变组（38例）、双支病变组（22例）、三支病变组（28例）及左主干病变组（10例）;根据冠状动脉Gensini积分分为低Gensini分值组（32例）、中Gensini分值组（33例）和高Gensini分值组（33例）。采用免疫增强比浊法测定所有患者入院时血清胱抑素C水平,分析血清胱抑素C水平与冠心病严重程度之间的关系。结果急性冠状动脉综合征组血清胱抑素C水平（1.27±0.27mg/L）高于对照组（0.98±0.17mg/L）及稳定型心绞痛组（1.11±0.24mg/L）（P<0.05）,而稳定型心绞痛组与对照组比较差异无显著性（P>0.05）。单支病变组（1.18±0.27mg/L）、双支病变组（1.21±0.34mg/L）、三支病变组（1.16±0.26mg/L）、左主干病变组（1.23±0.37mg/L）血清胱抑素C水平差异无显著性（P>0.05）。Gensini积分低Gensini分值组（1.19±0.29mg/L）、中Gensini分值组（1.22±0.28mg/L）、高Gensini分值组（1.16±0.31mg/L）血清胱抑素C水平亦差异无显著性。结论血清胱抑素C水平与冠心病临床严重程度相关,而与冠状动脉病变严重程度无明显相关性。     

血浆纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体与冠心病的关系及其临床意义

目的研究血浆纤维蛋白原(FG)和D-二聚体(DD)与冠心病(CHD)的关系及其临床意义。方法分别测定18例急性心肌梗死(AMI),23例不稳定型心绞痛(UA),34例稳定型心绞痛(SA)和对照组58例的FG和DD含量,并根据冠脉造影结果将冠心病组分为单支病变组25例,两支病变组21例,三支病变组29例进行PG和DD比较。结果AMI、UA组DD、FG含量明显高于SA和对照组(P<0.01);AMI组DD明显高于UA组(P<0.05);SA组与对照组DD、FG比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);AMI组和UA组的FG比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。冠脉两、三支病变组FG和DD含量高于对照组和一支病变组,差异显著(P<0.01),三支病变组高于两支病变组(P<0.05),对照组和一支病变组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论血浆纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体的升高是冠心病事件的表现和依据,并可能与冠脉病变的严重程度相关。     

急性冠脉综合征预后与其支架术前CRP、Fib、D-二聚体水平的关系

目的:探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)预后与其支架术前C反应蛋白(CRP)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、D-二聚体水平的关系。方法:分别选择110例健康体检者(健康对照组)和110例接受冠脉支架术治疗的ACS患者(ACS组),测定两组患者CRP、Fib和D-二聚体的水平。6个月后对ACS组患者进行心血管事件评定,根据是否发生心血管事件分为事件组(35例)和非事件组两组(75例)。结果:与健康对照组比较,ACS组患者CRP[(2.02±1.17)mg/L比(11.15±3.12)mg/L]、Fib[(2.65±1.07)g/L比(4.03±1.19)g/L]、D-二聚体[(193.97±18.13)μg/L比(632.15±21.72)μg/L]的水平明显升高(P<0.05);与非事件组患者比较,事件组CRP[(9.69±3.14)mg/L比(14.28±3.32)mg/L]、Fib[(3.88±1.09)g/L比(4.36±1.23)g/L]、D-二聚体[(509.13±21.57)μg/L比(895.77±25.03)μg/L]的水平明显升高(P<0.05),直线相关分析显示,事件组患者CRP与Fib(r=0.41,P<0.05)、D-二聚体(r=0.54,P<0.01)水平呈正相关,Fib与D-二聚体亦呈正相关(r=0.39,P<0.05)。结论:急性冠脉综合征患者C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体的水平较健康体检者升高,急性冠脉综合征支架术前C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体水平越高,其预后越差。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.