绝经后性激素变化在糖尿病发病中的作用

测定绝经后妇女2型糖尿病患及相应对照的血清雌二醇（E2）、孕酮（P）、促卵泡刺激素（FSH）、促黄体生成素（LH）及睾酮（T）水平。结果显示：绝经后妇女2型糖尿病组E2水平明显低于对照组,而FSH、LH、T水平显高于对照组。提示：雌激素水平过低及雄激素水平过高可能是绝经后妇女2型糖尿病发病的危险因子。     

绝经后性激素变化在糖尿病发病中的作用

测定绝经后妇女2型糖尿病患者及相应对照者的血清雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)、促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)及睾酮(T)水平.结果显示绝经后妇女2型糖尿病组E2水平明显低于对照组,而FSH、LH、T水平显著高于对照组.提示雌激素水平过低及雄激素水平过高可能是绝经后妇女2型糖尿病发病的危险因子.     

绝经后2型糖尿病性激素变化与微血管并发症关系的探讨

目的探讨绝经后2型糖尿病女患者血清性激素水平变化与微血管并发症的关系。方法测定29例绝经后妇女2型糖尿病合并微血管并发症（A组）、26例2型糖尿病未合并微血管并发症（B组）和25例绝经后正常妇女（C组）的血清雌二醇（E2）、促卵泡刺激素（FSH）、促黄体生成素（LH）和睾酮（T）的水平。结果绝经后妇女2型糖尿病有微血管并发症者E2及E2／T较正常绝经后妇女显著降低,T显著增高。结论绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者性激素失调可能是其微血管并发症发生或促成因素之一。     

绝经后冠心病患者性激素和血脂变化与护理干预的思考

目的探讨绝经后女性冠心病（CHD）患者性激素和血脂的关系。方法比较30例绝经后CHD患者和30例绝经后正常女性的雌二醇（E2）、睾酮（T）、孕酮（P）、促卵泡激素（FSH）、促黄体生成素（LH）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TGh）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）。结果绝经后冠心病患者E2显著降低，T、P、FSH、LH无明显差别。线性相关分析显示E2与TC、TGH、LDL呈显著负相关，而与HDL呈显著正相关。结论雌激素水平与血脂谱异常有关，提示绝经后女性CHD患者与性激素水平有关。健康教育等干预措施有利于患者控制CHD风险。     

老年2型糖尿病患者性激素的变化

目的研究老年糖尿病患者性激素的变化。方法选择88例年龄≥60岁正常老年人为对照组及67例年龄≥60岁确诊为2型糖尿病的患者,测定睾酮（T）、黄体生成素（LH）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、雌二醇（E2）的水平。结果男性糖尿病组LH、FSH、T、E2水平无差别（P〉0.05）;女性糖尿病组E2水平低于女性对照组（P〈0.05）,T、LH、FSH无差异（P〉0.05）。结论老年2型糖尿病患者存在性激素的紊乱。     

老年人9种性激素的化学发光免疫分析

目的 探讨9种性激素在老年人中的变化。方法 应用全自动微粒子化学发光免疫分析对180例老年人进行血清促黄体生成激素（LH）、促卵泡生成激素（FSH）、雌二醇（E2）、泌乳素（PRL）、孕酮（P）、17α-羟基孕酮（17α-OHP）、睾酮（T）、硫酸去氢表雄酮（DHEA-S）、雄烯二酮（如）等9种性激素含量测定。结果 绝经妇女的性激素水平较之育龄妇女有明显差别（P〈0．001）。除LH和FSH呈高水平外，其他激素均明显低下。其中27例（59．4％）的E2接近零。成人男性组的E2、P、PRL和A2较女性为低，T、DHEA-S则高于女性；FSH、LH、17α-OHP近似女性女性卵泡期水平。老年男性组性激素水平与成年男性组比较略有差异。结论 健康妇女绝经后性激素水平有显著的变化，老年男性与成年男性之间性激素水平略有差别。本研究提供了老年人9种性激素正常参考值。     

四物汤对老龄雌性大鼠性激素水平的影响

目的探讨自然衰老的机理及四物汤对老年女性延缓衰老的作用和意义。方法选择老年对照组、四物汤组、维生素E组、成年对照组大鼠各10只,采用放射免疫法检测各组大鼠血清中促卵泡生成素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、雌二醇（E2）和睾酮（T）的含量。结果四物汤能升高老年雌性大鼠T、E2水平,降低FSH、LH水平（P〈0.05或0.01）。结论四物汤可通过调节老龄雌性大鼠性激素水平而起到延缓衰老的作用。     

前列腺癌患者性激素与促性腺激素的变化

目的 探讨性激素和促性腺激素对前列腺癌的影响。方法对1996-01-01-2005-12-31解放军总医院内分泌科测定53例确诊未治的前列腺癌患者性激素：睾酮（T）、雌二醇（E2）与促性腺激素，包括黄体生成素（LH）、卵泡刺激素（FSH），同时测定了253名正常对照者的性激素与促性腺激素。结果前列腺癌组总睾酮和反映游离睾酮的指标睾酮分泌指数（TSI）以及FSH均低于正常对照组，且均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。E2、LH两组比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论（1）前列腺癌患者处于低雄激素水平。（2）当睾酮（正常为15nmol/L）或睾酮分泌指数（正常为4、0）低于诊断标准时，前列腺癌的发病率可能升高。     

辛基酚对子代雄性大鼠性腺和血清中性激素的影响

目的观察辛基酚（octylphenol,OP）对子代雄性大鼠性腺及血清性激素的影响。方法母体连续灌胃染毒OP至哺乳结束,测定子代雄性大鼠性腺重量及血清性激素水平。结果OP可导致子代大鼠睾丸重量下降（F=2.796,P〈0.05）,附睾重量下降（F=8.831,P〈0.01）;血清睾酮（T）、促黄体生成素（FSH）、滤泡刺激素（LH）水平同溶剂对照组相比较明显降低（F分别为5.426,7.031和6.385,P〈0.01）。结论OP对子代雄性大鼠性腺具有明显的损伤,且使其分泌T,FSH,LH的能力明显下降。     

152例不孕症患者血清性激素6项检测分析

目的分析不孕症患者血清性激素6项检测结果。方法选取我院2012年7月~2014年5月收治的不孕症患者152例作为研究对象,作为研究组,选取同期我院收治的体检健康的患者140名作为对照组,对两组患者的血清性激素6项结果进行分析。结果两组的睾酮(T)、孕酮(PRGE)、雌二醇(E2)指标结果,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),促卵泡生成素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、泌乳素(PRL)指标结果,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 FSH、LH、PRL指标水平变化可以为临床不孕症女性的诊断提供重要的临床依据。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.