带血管腓骨移植及游离股前外侧皮瓣再造跟骨一例并文献复习

足跟大部分缺损是一种临床上少见的足部损伤,难以维持正常的足部功能,治疗相对困难.既往报道中对足跟再造的方法和原则介绍较多[1-6],而手术中的技巧和术中、术后所遇到的困难及处理方法鲜有报道.我科使用带血管腓骨移植及游离股前外侧皮瓣再造跟骨治疗足跟大部分缺损1例,并对治疗中的得失作一总结分析并文献复习.     

带血管蒂腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复创伤性骨髓炎所致骨缺损

目的探讨带血管蒂腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复创伤性骨髓炎所致骨缺损的临床应用。方法采用带血管蒂腓骨骨皮瓣移植治疗创伤性骨髓炎所致骨缺损患者20例。随访观察患者骨及软组织缺损愈合和功能恢复情况。结果 20例患者术后随访12~24个月,创面术后2周均1期愈合,X线示移植腓骨约3~4个月愈合,患肢关节功能保留完好,骨髓炎病灶消除,无复发,移植腓骨12~18个月胫骨化。结论采用带血管蒂腓骨骨皮瓣移植是治疗创伤性骨髓炎所致软组织及骨缺损的一种有效方法。     

血管化游离腓骨皮瓣修复下颌移植骨骨坏死一例

2004年1月我们应用血管化游离腓骨皮瓣修复下颌骨移植骨坏死感染1例，取得了良好的临床效果。     

吻合血管髂骨皮瓣及带蒂腓骨皮瓣联合应用再造足一例

患者 男，28岁。因机器绞伤致左足组织缺损性畸形7个月，于1994年9月22日入院。检查：左足背皮肤瘢痕增生、凹陷畸形，面积约4cm×7cm，足底皮肤正常，各足趾血运正常，感觉存在，受瘢痕组织影响向近端移位，及向腓侧偏斜，呈漂浮状态，不能穿鞋，行走时严重跛行；X线显示Ⅱ-Ⅴ跖骨，Ⅱ、Ⅲ楔骨，骰骨缺如，趾骨影响近端移位。于1994年11月10日施行带旋髂深动、静脉髂骨皮瓣移植，及带蒂腓骨皮瓣转位进行足再造。     

腓骨骨皮瓣组合股前外侧皮瓣修复小腿复合组织缺损

目的 探讨腓骨骨皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣组合移植修复严重小腿软组织缺损并骨缺损的临床效果.方法 应用腓骨骨皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣串联或并联组合移植,修复严重小腿软组织缺损并骨缺损36例.新鲜无菌创面10例,晚期感染创面26例.创面面积25 cm×18 cm～45 cm×13 cm,平均36 cm×16 cm,股前外侧皮瓣切取范围12 cm×13 cm～32 cm×18 cm,腓骨骨皮瓣切取范围2.0 cm×1.5 cm～18.0 cm×16.0 cm,腓骨切取长度10～24 cm.并联移植30例,串联移植6例,急诊手术5例,亚急诊手术5例,择期手术26例.结果 36例全部成功,35例获得随访,随访时间1～3年.术后发生动脉危象1例,静脉危象2例.移植组织全部成活34例,2例并联腓骨皮瓣部分坏死,行皮片移植后愈合.修复创面一期愈合32例,二期愈合4例,愈合时间12～28d,腓骨移植骨愈合时间3～6个月.应用Enneking评分23～28分,平均26分,供区无功能障碍.结论 腓骨骨皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣组合移植修复小腿软组织缺损并骨缺损可使复杂创面修复一期完成,虽难度大风险高,但仍是一种理想的治疗方法.     

腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复肢体复合组织缺损

目的总结腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复肢体外伤性复合组织缺损的临床修复效果。方法依照患者肢体复合组织缺失情况及全身状况,采用腓骨骨皮瓣移植进行修复,其中男9例,女3例。年龄12～45岁。胫骨缺损伴腓骨骨折2例,单纯胫骨缺损2例,桡骨缺损2例,尺骨缺损3例,跟骨缺损1例,第1跖骨缺损2例;骨缺损长度4.2～10.6cm,平均7.8cm;皮肤缺损10.0cm×4.5cm～27.0cm×15.0cm。合并胫前和(或)胫后动脉损伤2例,胫后神经损伤2例,腓总神经损伤1例。一期修复4例,延期修复8例。骨皮瓣游离移植手术9例,推移手术2例,逆行移位手术1例。4例于术后3～6个月行二期肌腱移位动力重建术。行腕、踝关节融合术各1例。结果术后出现静脉危象及腓总神经牵拉性损伤各1例,经探查、大隐静脉移植等对症治疗,12例骨皮瓣全部成活。术后随访6～24个月,移植腓骨与受区断端均达骨性愈合,肢体功能均得到良好恢复。供区未出现膝及踝关节运动障碍。结论采用急诊或延期的腓骨骨皮瓣移植手术,可较好地修复肢体长管状骨干和软组织复合组织缺损。应注意受区移植腓骨皮瓣术后的感觉功能重建。     

股前外侧游离皮瓣移植

作者采用游离股前外侧皮瓣移植治疗严重瘢痕挛缩畸形、深部溃疡等。结果显示４６例中４５例存活,有效率９７．８％。作者认为该皮瓣供区隐蔽,解剖方便,血管恒定,且切取后不会对供区造成外形上的影响,是一种理想的供瓣区。但在静脉曲张性溃疡及伴有心血管疾患病例应慎用。     

游离移植股前外侧皮瓣修复胫前骨外露组织缺损

目的探讨应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复胫前较大面积骨外露创面的临床疗效。方法应用股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复胫前软组织缺损导致骨外露创面8例,创面面积为11 cm×7 cm～14 cm×9 cm,皮瓣切取面积12 cm×8 cm～15 cm×10 cm。结果术后无血管危象发生,移植皮瓣全部成活。8例均获随访,时间1～24个月。皮瓣生长良好,外形满意,弹性好,创面完全修复稳定。结论股前外侧皮瓣血管蒂恒定,直径粗,切取面积大,效果可靠,是修复胫前较大面积骨外露创面的理想皮瓣之一。     

带血管蒂游离腓骨骨皮瓣联合外固定架治疗胫骨复合组织缺损

目的 研究采用健侧带血管蒂游离腓骨骨皮瓣联合外固定架治疗创伤致胫骨复合组织缺损的手术方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析自2017-07—2021-07采用带血管蒂游离腓骨骨皮瓣联合外固定架治疗的12例胫骨粉碎性骨折合并骨缺损患者,均为GustiloⅢ型开放性骨折,经彻底清创、去除坏死骨与采用外固定架固定后,二期采用健侧带血管蒂游离腓骨骨皮瓣治疗创伤后患侧胫骨大段复合组织缺损。按照下肢力线将带血管蒂游离腓骨骨皮瓣远近端插入胫骨髓腔,在远近端置入螺钉或内固定物固定。结果 12例均获得随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均16.1个月。皮瓣全部存活,术后3.0～3.5个月出现骨痂,术后10个月移植腓骨大部愈合,腓骨完全胫骨化为术后12～16个月。随访期间所有患者腓骨完全胫骨化,未发现移植腓骨骨折。2例皮瓣出现静脉危象,行急诊手术取出血管内血栓后存活。1例皮瓣周围组织出现少量坏死,取腹部皮肤组织二期植皮后存活。末次随访时4例参照Enneking肢体功能评定系统,功能评价平均28分,其中肢体术后平均功能恢复程度为97%,外形满意、负重及行走均无明显影响;5例为术后18～24个月取出钢板内固定或克氏针内固定...     

臂外侧骨皮瓣联合第二足趾移植再造拇指

目的 介绍臂外侧骨皮瓣联合第二足趾移植再造拇指的临床效果.方法 对V度以上拇指缺损,选用带肱骨的臂外侧复合组织瓣和第二足趾联合移植再造拇指13例,按照中华医学会手外科学会拇、手指再造功能评定试用标准评定其功能. 结果 术后随访12个月～3年,13例皮瓣及移植的足趾全部成活,功能佳. 结论 带肱骨的臂外侧复合组织瓣加第二足趾联合移植是V度以上拇指缺损再造的良好方法.     

Reconstruction of complex thoraco-abdominal defects with extended anterolateral thigh flap

Background:

The reconstruction of complex thoraco-abdominal defects following tumour ablative procedures has evolved over the years from the use of pedicle flaps to free flaps. The free extended anterolateral thigh flap is a good choice to cover large defects in one stage.

Materials and Methods:

From 2004 to 2009, five patients with complex defects of the thoracic and abdominal wall following tumour ablation were reconstructed in one stage and were studied. The commonest tumour was chondrosarcoma. The skeletal component was reconstructed with methylmethacrylate bone cement and polypropylene mesh and the soft tissue with free extended anterolateral thigh flap. The flaps were anastomosed with internal mammary vessels. The donor sites of the flaps were covered with split-skin graft.

Result:

All the flaps survived well. One flap required re-exploration for venous congestion and was successfully salvaged. Two flaps had post operative wound infection and were managed conservatively. All flap donor sites developed hyper-pigmentation, contour deformity and cobble stone appearance.

Conclusion:

Single-stage reconstruction of the complex defects of the thoraco-abdominal region is feasible with extended anterolateral thigh flap and can be adopted as the first procedure of choice.     

Reconstruction of foot and ankle defects with a superthin innervated anterolateral thigh perforator flap

Background: An anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap can be thinned to an extent to which it is vascularised only by the subdermal plexus. This study presents an innervated flap thinning technique and its application for dorsal foot and ankle resurfacing.

Methods: A superthin innervated ALT perforator flap was used to repair the dorsal foot and ankle of 12 patients. The perforators were classified according to their variations in the adipose layer, and the corresponding microdissection technique was then applied. The branch of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and its accompanying vessels were adopted to construct a sensory flap.

Results: The flap thickness before defatting, which was measured immediately after flap elevation, ranged from 25–45?mm. The average flap thickness after defatting was 4.55?mm (range =?3–6?mm). A total of 11 flaps completely survived, and one flap presented superficial necrosis within a small area (2?cm ×2?cm) in the distal part of the flap. No further flap revision or defatting procedures were required for these patients during an average follow-up period of 16.5 months (range =?10–24 months). In the transferred flap, protective sensibility existed in all cases, and the static two-point discrimination was 13–16?mm.

Conclusions: The superthin innervated ALT perforator flap may be considered as an ideal strategy for foot and ankle reconstruction.     

Monitoring a free anterolateral thigh flap for pharyngeal reconstruction

Aim: To describe a novel way of monitoring a buried fasciocutaneous anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap used for pharyngeal reconstruction. Methods: A tubed ALT flap was used to reconstruct a circumferential pharyngeal defect following resection of a carcinoma. An island of skin based on a separate perforator and externalized through the neck incision was used to monitor the flap. It was removed as a bedside procedure on the fifth postoperative day. Results: The externalized skin island allowed easy monitoring of the buried tubed free‐flap used to reconstruct the pharynx. Simple clinical parameters such as temperature, colour and capillary refill were used to monitor the flap instead of more complex and invasive methods. Conclusion: When feasible, a second skin island based on a separate set of perforator vessels provides an easy, safe and simple method of monitoring a buried free‐flap.     

Flow-through anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction as a salvage procedure

The anterolateral thigh flap is a very suitable flap to serve as a flow-through flap. It has a large, long pedicle and a large size skin island that can provide adequate soft tissue coverage. One-stage coverage and revascularisation can be achieved using the concept of flow-through circulation. The case presented describes a patient who suffered a major crush injury to the lower leg due to an accident with a fork-lift truck that led to an avascular lower leg. The anterolateral thigh flap was used as flow-through flap and amputation was avoided.     

Pedicled anterolateral thigh flap for contralateral groin composite defect

Pedicled anterolateral thigh flap has been well described for ipsilateral groin defects. Its versatility depends on the intact femoral vessels. When the external iliac and the femoral vessels are absent, especially secondary to wide surgical tumour ablations in the groin region, ipsilateral ALT flap is not an option. Free flaps also are difficult because of lack of recipient vessels. We report a case of composite groin defect following wide resection of recurrent liposarcoma along with encased vessels which was covered with a pedicled anterolateral thigh flap from the opposite thigh. The technique of lengthening the vascular pedicle and medializing the pedicle, to effectively increase its reach to the contralateral anterior superior iliac spine without vascular compromise, is described.     

A systematic review of anterolateral thigh flap donor site morbidity

PURPOSE:

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is widely used in reconstruction. Its advantage over other flaps is its purported minimal donor site morbidity. The present systematic review summarizes the types of complications and their incidence with this flap. A secondary objective is to delineate factors that influence these complications and make recommendations to avoid them.

METHOD:

Two independent assessors undertook a systematic review of the literature using multiple databases. All patients with ALT flap reconstruction for any defect were included. Donor site complications including lateral thigh paresthesia, musculoskeletal dysfunction, hypertrophic scarring, wound breakdown, infection, donor site pain, seroma, hematoma, compartment syndrome and muscle necrosis were extracted from identified articles and tabulated. Based on the number of pooled events and the number of cases performed, an incidence rate was calculated.

RESULTS:

Forty-two relevant articles were identified that included 2324 flaps. Of the 2324 flaps, the majority were fasciocutaneous (n=737), and 1303 of the flaps were used in head and neck reconstruction. The incidence of complications were: lateral thigh paresthesia (24.0%); musculoskeletal dysfunction (4.8%); hypertrophic scarring or wound dehiscence (4.8%); donor site pain (3.3%); seroma (2.4%); infection (2.2%); hematoma (0.7%); compartment syndrome (0.09%); and partial muscle necrosis (0.09%).

CONCLUSION:

Lateral thigh paresthesia is the most common complication. Severe complications such as compartment syndrome and muscle necrosis can occur, but are rare. Preservation of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, femoral motor nerve branches and deep fascia decreases the risk of complications. The degree of vastus lateralis disruption did not show a significant impact on musculoskeletal dysfunction.     

First web-space reconstruction by the anterolateral thigh flap

Four patients with severe contracture of the first web space were treated with an anterolateral thigh perforator flap. The flap size ranged from 10 to 13 cm in length and from 7 to 8 cm in width. The donor site was closed directly and thinning of the flap was performed in all cases. All flaps survived and there were no re-explorations. Web space opening was maintained over the follow-up period. There was an average postoperative increase of the angle of the first web space of 61 degrees. The thinned anterolateral thigh flap provides a pliable vascularized tissue for resurfacing the skin after release of severe contracture of the first web space and represents a reliable alternative to other flaps.