双侧强直发作的局灶相关性癫痫的电-临床症状学分析

目的分析具有双侧强直发作的局灶相关性癫痫的电-临床症状学特点。方法分析发作期脑电图(EEG)、双侧肢体强直发作特点及可靠的伴随症状(正确预测率80%)-偏转、单侧面肌强直、单侧阵挛、单侧肢体感觉异常、M2e、"4"字征。结果 24例患者81次发作,依据致痫区部位分为旁矢状面皮质癫痫组和外侧面皮质癫痫组。(1)81次发作中48次(59.3%)发作期头皮EEG具有侧向性征象,其中20次(24.7%)具有定位征象;(2)旁矢状面皮质癫痫组双侧强直出现时间为6.8s,外侧面皮质癫痫组为13s(P=0.031),双侧强直持续时间分别为13.1s和16.5s(P=0.078),前者差异具有显著性;(3)依据可靠的伴随症状,外侧面皮质癫痫组正确定侧率高于旁矢状面皮质癫痫组(72.5%vs 43.3%P=0.016),差异有统计学意义。结论局灶相关性癫痫双侧强直出现早、持续时间短特点,提示致痫区(EZ)位于或近辅助感觉运动区(SSMA)。     

局灶性癫痫继发性强直-阵挛阶段中非对称性强直的临床特征

目的分析局灶性癫痫继发强直-阵挛阶段非对称性强直的临床症状学特点。方法 28例患者54次非对称性强直发作,观察两种非对称性强直姿势—M2e和(或)"4"字征,分析其定侧意义、时间相关性及演变特点。结果 (1)100%(33/33)M2e出现在致痫区对侧,56%(19/34)"4"字征伸直侧位于致痫灶对侧;(2)定侧正确与错误的"4"字征出现时间及持续时间比较(30.3s vs 50.6s,4.6s vs 15.7s),后者差异具有显著性;(3)M2e转变为定侧正确与定侧错误"4"字征的时间分别为7.5s和15.4s,差异具有显著性。结论局灶性癫痫中M2e具有定侧意义,而"4"字征在颞叶癫痫中具有较好的定侧价值。     

难治性颞叶癫痫继发双侧强直-阵挛发作的风险因素分析

目的 探讨难治性颞叶癫痫(temporal lobe epilepsy, TLE)患者继发双侧强直-阵挛发作(bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, biTCS)的发生率和风险因素。方法 连续性收集2012年1月-2018年12月期间在我院癫痫中心接受切除性手术治疗的TLE患者数据，并回顾性分析其人口学和临床特征，采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析来确定biTCS的潜在风险因素。结果 本研究共纳入397例患者，70.0%(278/397)的患者有biTCS发生。单因素分析显示癫痫病程和MRI与TLE患者biTCS的发生有关(P<0.05),多因素Logistic回归分析显示癫痫病程(OR=1.13,95%CI 1.09～1.18,P<0.001)和发作先兆(OR=0.51,95%CI 0.31～0.85,P=0.009)是TLE患者biTCS的独立危险因素。癫痫病程预测TLE患者biTCS的受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)为0.74,截断值为9.5年(敏感性：66.5%,特异性：75.6%)。结论 大部分难治性TLE患者在病程...     

内侧额叶癫痫发作的症状学和致痫灶定位

额叶癫痫的发作起源于额叶内任一部位的癫痫源。根据癫痫起源的部位和传导程度不同,额叶发作的临床表现和EEG所见存在很大差别。根据额叶癫痫发作的临床表现和电生理特征可以将额叶内侧结构起源的癫痫发作分为辅助运动区发作、扣带回发作、前额极区发作、眶额区发作、联合性额叶内侧发作。了解内侧额叶癫痫发作的症状,是明确定位诊断的第一步,综合评估精确定位癫痫灶是手术成功的关键。     

静息态功能磁共振在局灶性皮质发育不良癫痫患者中定位致痫区的价值

目的 基于局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)、低频振幅(amplitude of low frequency fluctua-tion,ALFF)和部分性低频振幅(fractional ALFF)三项指标,探究静息态功能磁共振成像(resting—state function MRI,rs...     

VEEG在难治性癫痫术前致痫灶定位中的价值

目的 探讨视频脑电图(VEEG)、单光子发射计算断层扫描(SPECT)、正电子发射断层扫描(PET)技术在术前进行致痫灶定位中的价值.方法 175例手术治疗的难治性癫痫患者,术前全部行VEEG检查,59例行VEEG +蝶骨电极记录,46例行PET致痫灶定位,61例行SPECT定位.并与术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)的结果进行比较.结果 术前VEEG定位、VEEG+蝶骨电极记录、PET检查及SPECT检查与术中ECoG致痫灶定位符合率分别为67.42%、74.57%、54.84%和52.45%.结论 VEEG在致痫灶定位中有重要的价值;对于颞叶内侧深部癫痫而言,术前以VEEG +蝶骨电极记录定位更为准确.     

颞叶癫痫发作间期PET-CT与VEEG检查对致癫灶的诊断价值比较

目的 比较分析颞叶癫痫发作间期正电子发射计算机断层显像（PET-CT）和视频脑电图（VEEG）检查对致癫灶的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2018年3月手术治疗的80例单侧颞叶癫痫的临床资料。另选取同期健康体检者30例作为对照。术前进行PET-CT和VEEG监测定位致痫灶,以术中监测结果为定位致痫灶的金标准。利用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评价PET-CT放射性分布不对称指数（AI）对颞叶癫痫致癫灶的诊断价值。结果 PET-CT、VEEG确定致癫灶的灵敏度分别为88.73%、47.89%,特异度分别为88.89%、66.67%。颞叶癫痫发作间期病灶侧AI显著高于非病灶侧（P<0.05）,同时也显著高于健康体检者颞叶内侧AI（P<0.05）及颞叶外侧AI（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示,AI=0.153诊断颞叶癫痫致癫灶的曲线下面积为0.730,95%置信区间在0.544~0.916。结论 颞叶癫痫发作间期PET-CT脑显像定位准确率优于VEEG,对手术治疗准确定位有很高的应用价值,且AI为0.153时诊断癫痫灶的效果最好。     

非下丘脑性发笑性癫痫发作的定位定侧分析

目的 分析发笑性癫痫发作患者的临床特点,以确定癫痫病灶位置,为手术治疗提供参考.方法 回顾性分析本院就诊10例发笑癫痫发作患者的临床特点,包括发作的特点、影像学的特征以及手术治疗结果等.结果 10例患者均接受手术治疗,其中8例完成分期颅内电极埋置.术后8例达到Engle Ⅰ级缓解,1为Ⅱ级,另外1例术后发作无明显改变.结论 非下丘脑病损所致发笑样癫痫发作者若不伴有情感症状出现,病灶多在额叶,并以辅助运动区为常见,伴有情感症状者多定位于颞叶.同时,发笑症状在发作过程的早期或者单独出现者定位很可能位于右侧大脑半球,反之,在晚期出现应考虑在左侧大脑半球的定位.     

Lateralizing signs during seizures in focal epilepsy

This article reviews lateralizing semiological signs during epileptic seizures with respect to prediction of the side of the epileptogenic zone and, therefore, presurgical diagnostic value. The lateralizing significance of semiological signs and symptoms can frequently be concluded from knowledge of the cortical representation. Visual, auditory, painful, and autonomic auras, as well as ictal motor manifestations, e.g., version, clonic and tonic activity, unilateral epileptic spasms, dystonic posturing and unilateral automatisms, automatisms with preserved responsiveness, ictal spitting and vomiting, emotional facial asymmetry, unilateral eye blinking, ictal nystagmus, and akinesia, have been shown to have lateralizing value. Furthermore, ictal language manifestations and postictal features, such as Todd's palsy, postictal aphasia, postictal nosewiping, postictal memory dysfunction, as well as peri-ictal water drinking, peri-ictal headache, and ipsilateral tongue biting, are reviewed. Knowledge and recognition of semiological lateralizing signs during seizures is an important component of the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy surgery candidates and adds further information to video/EEG monitoring, neuroimaging, functional mapping, and neuropsychological evaluation.     

Lateralizing value of Todd's palsy in patients with epilepsy

The authors retrospectively investigated the value of Todd's palsy (TP) in lateralizing the hemisphere of seizure onset in patients admitted for video-EEG monitoring in a tertiary epilepsy center. In 29 patients, a postictal hemiparesis was observed. TP always occurred contralateral to the epileptogenic hemisphere in 27 patients (93%). In the remaining two patients, the seizure onset could not be lateralized. In some patients, TP occurred after a seizure without focal motor features or secondary generalization.     

Lateralizing value of postictal automatisms in temporal lobe epilepsy

PURPOSE: To describe clinical characteristics and lateralizing value of postictal automatisms in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS: One hundred and ninety-three videotaped seizures of 55 consecutive patients with refractory TLE and postoperatively seizure-free outcome were analyzed. Ictal as well as postictal (manual, oral and speech) automatisms were monitored. RESULTS: Thirty-four (62%) of the 55 patients showed PA at least once during their seizures. Postictal automatism was observed in 70 (36%) attacks as manual (21%), oral (13%) or speech (9%) automatisms. Fifteen seizures contained a combination of two different postictal automatisms. The presence of postictal oral automatisms did not lateralize the seizure onset zone (p=0.834). Speech automatisms (repetitive verbal behavior) occurred more frequently after left-sided seizures (p=0.002). Postictal unilateral manual automatism showed no lateralizing value occurring by the ipsilateral hand in 10 and the contralateral upper limb in 6 seizures (p=0.454). CONCLUSION: : Postictal automatism is a relatively frequent phenomenon in TLE. Postictal speech automatism lateralizes the seizure onset zone to the left hemisphere. Our observation can help the presurgical evaluation of TLE because verbal perseveration frequently occurs spontaneously, even in seizures without appropriate postictal language testing.     

Lateralizing value of memory tests in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy

Our aim was to test the lateralizing value of a neuropsychological battery including several memory tests on a large sample of consecutive patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) evaluated for epilepsy surgery. We studied 73 right-handed patients (56% males, mean age 35.3 +/- 11.2 years, 49% left TLE) aged 16 years or older with normal IQ who underwent a preoperative neuropsychological assessment including several memory tests and were seizure-free after at least 1 year of follow-up. Forty-seven had TLE due to hippocampal sclerosis, whilst 26 had TLE secondary to tumors or other lesions. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and discriminant function analysis were used to evaluate the lateralization value of selected tests and of the battery as a whole, respectively. In patients with TLE secondary to tumors or other lesions, no test showed significant lateralizing value. In patients with TLE due to hippocampal sclerosis, the immediate (P < 0.01) and delayed (P < 0.001) Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) displayed substantial discriminatory ability. The battery as a whole correctly classified 82% of patients with respect to side of epileptogenesis. Our findings suggest that a non-invasive, relatively short and unexpensive neuropsychological battery based on memory tests may profitably complement other well-established diagnostic procedures such as video-EEG or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), at least in patients with drug-resistant TLE due to hippocampal sclerosis.     

Lateralizing value of unilateral motor and somatosensory manifestations in frontal lobe seizures

PURPOSE: To evaluate the lateralizing value of unilateral somatosensory aura, unilateral tonic posturing, head version, non-forced head turning, ictal cloni, dystonic posturing, and postictal nose wiping in seizures originating in the frontal lobe. METHODS: We included patients who had consecutively undergone presurgical evaluation with ictal video-EEG monitoring at our institution, had had resective epilepsy surgery involving the frontal lobe, and had remained seizure-free >1 year after operation. Twenty-seven patients aged 1-42 years (mean 18) met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen patients had right-sided, 12 patients had left-sided epileptogenic regions. Seizures recorded during EEG-video monitoring were re-evaluated by two investigators in order to identify lateralization signs in frontal lobe seizures. One of the investigators was blind to patients' clinical data. RESULTS: We analyzed 153 seizures of 27 patients. The most common unilateral phenomenon was the unilateral tonic posturing occurring in 48% of all the patients and in 25% of all seizures. Somatosensory aura and head version appeared exclusively contralateral whereas clonus occurred in 92% and unilateral tonic posturing in 89% of seizures contralateral to the epileptogenic region. Ictal non-forced head turning and postictal nose wiping showed no lateralizing significance. Dystonic posturing did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: Somatosensory aura, head version, ictal cloni, and tonic posturing are reliable lateralizing signs in frontal seizures. These signs may help in identifying the epileptogenic region during presurgical evaluation of patients suffering from frontal lobe epilepsy.     

Lateralizing value of behavioral arrest in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

Analysis of ictal semiology is essential to presurgical evaluation of patients with epilepsy. To assess the localizing value of behavioral arrest in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we analyzed 107 video/EEG monitoring-documented seizures of 107 adult patients with TLE for a set of defined seizure phenomena with respect to frequency and sequence of occurrence in relation to epileptogenic (mesial vs extramesial, left vs right) origin. Behavioral arrest was observed more frequently in left-sided temporal seizures: 25.7% of left-sided mesial seizures and 25.0% of left-sided extramesial seizures exhibited behavioral arrest, whereas only 3.4% of right-sided mesial seizures and 10.5% of right-sided extramesial seizures were associated with behavioral arrest. In addition, occurence of behavioral arrest within the sequence of seizure phenomena was remarkably consistent, being observed mainly as the first apparent feature of seizure onset. Thus, behavioral arrest is a valuable early indicator of a left-sided temporal epileptogenic focus in adult patients with TLE.     

Detection of convulsive seizures using surface electromyography

Bilateral (generalized) tonic–clonic seizures (TCS) increase the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), especially when patients are unattended. In sleep, TCS often remain unnoticed, which can result in suboptimal treatment decisions. There is a need for automated detection of these major epileptic seizures, using wearable devices. Quantitative surface electromyography (EMG) changes are specific for TCS and characterized by a dynamic evolution of low‐ and high‐frequency signal components. Algorithms targeting increase in high‐frequency EMG signals constitute biomarkers of TCS; they can be used both for seizure detection and for differentiating TCS from convulsive nonepileptic seizures. Two large‐scale, blinded, prospective studies demonstrated the accuracy of wearable EMG devices for detecting TCS with high sensitivity (76%‐100%). The rate of false alarms (0.7‐2.5/24 h) needs further improvement. This article summarizes the pathophysiology of muscle activation during convulsive seizures and reviews the published evidence on the accuracy of EMG‐based seizure detection.