HPLC法测定阿奇霉素颗粒中的基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯

目的 建立阿奇霉素颗粒中基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯的高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定方法。方法 采用Waters XBridge C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以磷酸盐缓冲液（2.2 g·L^-1无水磷酸氢二钾溶液,用稀磷酸调节pH值至8.9）为流动相A;甲醇-乙腈（25∶75）为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱,体积流量为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为225 nm,柱温为60℃,进样量为50 μL。进行专属性、线性关系、定量限和检测限、精密度、重复性、回收率、稳定性、耐用性试验。结果 空白溶剂、空白辅料、混合溶液中邻近对甲苯磺酸乙酯的杂质L均不干扰对甲苯磺酸乙酯检测;对甲苯磺酸乙酯质量浓度在0.05～0.20 μg·mL^-1（R²＝0.999 9）与峰面积呈良好线性关系;检测限为0.016 7 μg·mL^-1,定量限为0.050 0 μg·mL^-1;平均回收率为95.76%～96.48%,RSD为0.42%～1.53%;精密度、重复性、稳定性、耐用性均符合要求。3批样品中均未检出对甲苯磺酸乙酯。结论 建立的方法专属性强、灵敏度高、特异性强、准确度高,可用于阿奇霉素颗粒中基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯的限度控制与检测。     

HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质

目的 建立HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质的方法。方法 色谱柱为NUCLEOSIL 100-3 C₁₈（4.6 mm×150 mm,3 μm）,以甲醇-水-冰醋酸（770：225：5）为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温为25℃,检测波长为355 nm。结果 异维A酸峰与杂质H、I、维A酸、强制降解杂质峰分离良好;异维A酸、杂质H、I和维A酸的线性范围分别为0.000 545 5~21.82 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,0.002 856~7.14 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）,0.002 789~6.97 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、0.017 07~22.76 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）;检测限分别为0.27,0.60,0.65,5.50 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.55,2.85,2.80,17.00 ng·mL^-1;杂质H、I和维A酸的平均回收率分别为101.57%,102.02%,101.03%,RSD分别为0.5%,0.8%,1.5%。结论 建立的HPLC方法准确、专属性强,可用于异维A酸有关物质的测定。     

GC-MS测定碳酸司维拉姆中环氧氯丙烷的残留量

目的 建立气相色谱-质谱联用法测定碳酸司维拉姆中环氧氯丙烷残留量的方法,以满足原料药质量标准中的限度要求。方法 采用DB-17MS毛细管柱（30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm）;进样口温度为200℃;离子源温度为230℃;MS四极杆温度为150℃;载气为氦气;柱流量为1.0 mL·min^-1;程序升温;分流比为10：1;定量离子m/z 57。结果 在0.087~0.260 μg·mL^-1内环氧氯丙烷浓度与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系,定量限为0.045 μg·mL^-1,检测限为0.017 μg·mL^-1;平均加样回收率为98.4%。结论 该方法简单快速,专属性强,准确度好,灵敏度高,可以满足碳酸司维拉姆原料药标准中的限度要求。     

气相色谱法测定异环磷酰胺原料药中3种有关物质

目的 建立气相色谱（GC）法测定异环磷酰胺原料药中3种有关物质（起始物料3-氨基丙醇、杂质D和杂质F）。方法 采用HP-55% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane色谱柱（30 m×320 μm，0.25 μm）；采用程序升温的方式，起始柱温50℃，保持2 min后以每分钟5℃的速率升温至180℃，再以每分钟20℃的速率升温至260℃；进样口温度为380℃；检测器温度为380℃；分流比5∶1。结果 起始物料峰、杂质D、杂质F与周围峰分离度分别为2.6、3.0、1.6；异环磷酰胺起始物料3-氨基丙醇在39.80～199.0 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 1），杂质D在39.48～197.4 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 1），杂质F在2.000～20.000 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）； 3-氨基丙醇和杂质D的检测限分别为9.95、9.87 μg·mL^-1，杂质F因色谱柱柱效降低且进样量过大未能进行检测限测定；3-氨基丙醇、杂质D、杂质F的定量限分别为19.90、19.74、2.000 μg·mL^-1；起始物料、杂质D和杂质F回收率均在90.09%～115.90%，回收率RSD分别为4.8%、7.2%、2.3%。结论 该方法的专属性、精密度、线性关系良好，准确可靠，符合异环磷酰胺中3种有关物质的检测要求。     

UPLC-QDa测定乳果糖口服溶液中乳果糖及其有关物质含量

目的 采用UPLC-QDa测定乳果糖口服溶液中乳果糖的含量及其有关物质塔格糖、果糖、半乳糖、依匹乳糖、乳糖的含量。方法 采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide（2.1 mm×100 mm，1.7 μm）色谱柱，以水（含0.1%二乙胺，500 ng·mL^-1盐酸胍）和乙腈（含0.1%二乙胺，500 ng·mL^-1盐酸胍）为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速0.6 mL·min^-1，电喷雾离子化（ESI），负极性下SIR模式采集。结果 塔格糖、果糖、依匹乳糖、乳果糖的定量限分别为0.5，0.5，0.2，0.2 μg·mL^-1，乳糖和半乳糖的检测限分别为0.2，2 μg·mL^-1；塔格糖、果糖、半乳糖、依匹乳糖、乳果糖、乳糖分别在5.1~123.2，4.9~117.8，5.4~129.8，5.2~125.0，5.0~119.9和5.0~121.2 μg·mL^-1内呈良好的线性关系，r均 ≥ 0.995；平均加样回收率均为90%~107%（n=6）；方法仪器精密度良好，峰面积RSD均<2.8%（n=5）。2个不同厂家生产的乳果糖口服溶液中乳果糖的含量和有关物质塔格糖、果糖、半乳糖、依匹乳糖、乳糖的含量均符合中国药典2015年版规定，并与中国药典方法结果基本一致。结论 该方法可用于乳果糖口服溶液中乳果糖和有关物质含量的检测分析。     

GC测定白芍总苷原料药中有机溶剂残留

目的 采用GC同时测定白芍总苷原料药中乙醇、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇3种残留溶剂。方法 检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）,色谱柱为Agilent DB-624石英毛细管柱（30 m×0.53 mm,3.0 μm）,溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）,程序升温。结果 3种残留溶剂均能完全分离,乙醇、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分别在24.60~491.98 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）,21.01~420.25 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）,23.37~467.48 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.002 37%,0.000 08%和0.000 63%。结论 该方法简单可靠,灵敏度高,可用于白芍总苷原料中的残留溶剂控制。     

依帕司他原料药有关物质的HPLC测定方法改进研究

目的 采用改进的高效液相色谱法测定依帕司他原料药有关物质。方法 采用依利特Hypersil BDS C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-pH6.5磷酸盐缓冲液（0.025 mol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄+0.025 mol·L^-1 Na₂HPO₄,用H₃PO₄调节pH至6.5）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为396 nm和280 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为20 μL。结果 依帕司他与相邻杂质能较好地分离。立体异构体杂质在浓度0.010~30 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,检测限和定量限分别为0.80,2.4 ng·mL^-1。精密度、稳定性、准确度、耐用性均符合要求。结论 该方法可用于依帕司他原料药有关物质的检查。     

HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定消疲灵颗粒中的7种成分

目的 建立同时测定消疲灵颗粒中7种成分含量的HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱方法。方法 采用Venusil MP-C₁₈色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-1%冰醋酸溶液,流速为0.9 mL·min^-1,梯度洗脱,柱温为30 ℃,进样量为10 μL。结果 牡荆素葡萄糖苷、牡荆素鼠李糖苷、牡荆素、金丝桃苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮和芒柄花素检测浓度分别在2.56~51.20 μg·mL^-1,14.87~297.40 μg·mL^-1,2.14~42.80 μg·mL^-1,3.16~63.20 μg·mL^-1,3.80~76.00 μg·mL^-1,2.14~42.80 μg·mL^-1,4.81~ 96.20 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r≥0.999 1）,平均回收率97.0%~100.0%,RSD 0.55%~1.67%,精密度和重复性良好,供试品溶液在室温条件下12 h内稳定。结论 该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于消疲灵颗粒中7种有效成分含量的同时测定。     

HPLC测定赛利司他有关物质及降解产物

目的 建立HPLC测定赛利司他有关物质的方法。方法 采用Agilent Phenyl色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以5 mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾（用10%磷酸调pH值至4.0）-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为226 nm。结果 各杂质与主峰之间的分离度良好。开环杂质（杂质A）、2-十七烷基氧-6-甲基-4氢-3,1-苯并噁嗪-4-酮（杂质B）、2-十八烷基氧-6-甲基-4氢-3,1-苯并噁嗪-4-酮（杂质C）浓度分别在0.049 5~1.981 μg·mL^-1,0.059 9~0.399 1 μg·mL^-1,0.059 6~0.397 5 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r均为0.999 9;杂质A、B、C加样回收率的平均值分别为104.2%,107.0%和107.8%,RSD分别为2.09%,1.77%和2.18%。结论 本方法简便、准确可靠,适用于赛利司他中有关物质的控制。     

GC测定丙戊酸钠缓释片的有关物质

目的 建立毛细管气相色谱法检测丙戊酸钠缓释片有关物质的方法。方法 采用聚乙二醇为固定液的HP-FFAP色谱柱（30 m×0.53 mm,1 μm）,柱温为程序升温;氮气为载气,流速为10 mL·min^-1;直接进样1.0 μL,进样口温度200℃;采用氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度250℃。结果 建立的方法专属性强,能有效分离丙戊酸钠缓释片中的10个杂质;丙戊酸在1.01~8.06 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=0.998 2,n=5）,最低检出限为0.403 μg·mL^-1。方法重复性良好,各杂质加样回收率均>90%,且RSD均<5%。结论 该方法可用于丙戊酸钠缓释片的有关物质检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.