重型颅脑损伤脑疝去骨瓣减压的手术指征及预后因素研究

目的:重型颅脑损伤脑疝去骨瓣减压的手术指征及预后因素研究。方法:收集2013-12-2015-11在我院住院治疗的重型颅脑外伤合并脑疝的患者65例,分析患者行去骨瓣减压术的手术指征,利用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析影响患者预后的危险因素。结果:65例患者中47例(72.31%)行去瓣膜减压术,18例(27.69%)患者保留骨瓣;其中双侧瞳孔散大的患者19例(29.23%)、GCS评分≤6分的患者40例(61.54%)、硬膜下血肿的患者36例(55.38%)行去瓣膜减压术的比例较高,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);根据GOS分级,患者术后预后不良(GOSⅠ~Ⅱ级)者29例(44.62%),预后良好(GOSⅢ~Ⅵ级)者36例(55.38%);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:合并伤(OR=4.768,95%CI=2.769~8.127)、双侧瞳孔散大(OR=2.632,95%CI=1.625~6.545)、GCS评分≤6分(OR=3.545,95%CI=2.230~10.714)、术前CT基底池形态异常(OR=2.771,95%CI=1.698~12.532)是影响患者发生不良预后的主要危险因素(P0.05)。结论:重型颅脑损伤瞳孔散大的脑疝患者,CT显示脑挫裂伤、出血、脑水肿等占位效应明显(中线移位、基底池受压),ICP进行性升高、30mmHg持续30min的重型颅脑损伤患者,以及进行性意识障碍的急性颅脑创伤患者,CT显示脑挫裂伤、出血、脑水肿等占位效应明显(中线移位、基底池受压)、经渗透脱水利尿药物等一线治疗方案颅高压无法控制的患者是去骨瓣减压的手术指征。其中双侧瞳孔散大、GCS评分≤6分、硬膜下血肿的重型颅脑损伤脑疝患者行去瓣膜减压术的比例较高,合并伤、双侧瞳孔散大、GCS评分≤6分、术前CT基底池形态异常是影响患者发生不良预后的主要危险因素。     

重型颅脑损伤患者并发脑积水的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响重型颅脑损伤患者发生脑积水的相关因素。方法回顾性分析127例重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,采用非条件Logistic回归,对去骨瓣减压术、弥漫性蛛网膜下腔出血、脑室内出血、术前GCS评分、患者年龄、性别与发生脑积水是否相关进行分析。结果Logistic回归显示去骨瓣减压术（P=0．004）、术前蛛网膜下腔出血（P=0．011）、年龄（P=0．018）及脑室出血（P=0．003）与发生脑积水相关,具有统计学意义。结论行去骨瓣减压术治疗、术前有弥漫性蛛网膜下腔出血、高龄及有脑室内出血是重型颅脑损伤患者发生脑积水的重要危险因素。     

重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑积水的相关因素分析

目的分析重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑积水的相关因素,探讨其预防措施。方法回顾分析生存时间至少持续6个月重型颅脑损伤、采用开颅手术治疗患者的临床病例资料,入组336例患者,根据脑积水诊断标准将患者分为脑积水组53例和非脑积水组283例,统计术后脑积水发生率,分析年龄、性别、入院时GCS评分、颅内血肿位置、是否开放性颅脑损伤、是否蛛网膜下腔出血、手术时间、是否实施去骨瓣减压术、是否腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换、是否合并颅内感染、是否硬脑膜敞开对术后脑积水的影响。结果单因素分析结果显示,脑积水组和非脑积水组患者年龄、入院时GCS评分、颅内血肿位置、是否开放性颅脑损伤、是否蛛网膜下腔出血、是否实施去骨瓣减压术、是否腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换、是否合并颅内感染、是否硬脑膜敞开差异有显著性(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄(OR=1.035,95%CI:1.009～1.235)、颅内血肿位置(OR=2.306,95%CI:1.125～5.329)、开放性颅脑损伤(OR=1.542,95%CI:1.272～2.765)、蛛网膜下腔出血(OR=6.036,95%CI:1.687～16.593)、实施去骨瓣减压术(OR=2.325,95%CI:1.162～5.428)、合并颅内感染(OR=2.425,95%CI:1.027～4.398)、硬脑膜敞开(OR=1.741,95%CI:1.152～2.534)是术后并发脑积水的危险因素,腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换[OR=-1.416,95%CI:-(1.014-3.052)]是术后并发脑积水的保护因素。结论重型颅脑损伤患者术后并发脑积水的概率较高,高龄、颅内血肿位于硬膜下、开放性颅脑损伤、蛛网膜下腔出血、实施去骨瓣减压术、合并颅内感染、硬脑膜敞开的患者更易出现术后脑积水,实施腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换有利于预防术后脑积水。     

双侧开颅去骨瓣减压术治疗对冲性重型颅脑损伤的疗效观察

探讨双侧开颅去骨瓣减压术治疗对冲性重型颅脑损伤的疗效。选择我院2015年1月~2016年1月重型颅脑损伤患者进行对照试验,共60例,随机分组,各30例,对照组采用标准单侧大骨瓣开颅减压术,观察组采用改良的双侧去骨瓣开颅减压术。观察和比较两组患者的格拉斯哥预后评分（GCS）、干预后血压、颅内压、血糖、并发症发生情况。结果（1）与对照组对比,观察组干预后血压水平、血糖水平和颅内压水平明显更低（P〈0.05）。（2）与对照组对比,干预后观察组格拉斯哥预后评分（GCS）明显更高（P〈0.05）。与干预前对比,干预后两组格拉斯哥预后评分（GCS）明显升高（P〈0.05）。（3）与对照组（30%）对比,观察组并发症发生率（6.67%）明显更低（P〈0.05）。双侧开颅去骨瓣减压术治疗对冲性重型颅脑损伤的疗效显著,值得临床广泛应以及推广。     

223例标准大骨瓣开颅手术临床分析

[目的]探讨分析大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤中的临床预后及影响因素.[方法]回顾性分析本院采用大骨瓣减压术治疗的223例重型颅脑损伤患者资料分析影响患者预后的因素.[结果]根据格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）,恢复良好（GOS 5分）62例,中残（GOS 4分）53例,重残（GOS 3分）32例,植物生存（GOS 2分）12例,死亡（GOS 1分）64例.Logistic 回归分析表明GCS评分、年龄、脑疝与否及手术减压时间是影响重型颅脑损伤预后的独立因素.伤后1.5 h内完成手术减压者预后明显优于其他患者.31例（13.9%）发生迟发性颅内血肿,其中硬膜外血肿占74.2%（23例）.[结论]重型颅脑损伤死残率高,标准大骨瓣减压术效果确切,手术减压时间是唯一可控制的影响手术预后的因素,发病后1.5 h内手术减压疗效最佳.     

阶梯减压式去骨瓣减压术对重型颅脑损伤患者神经功能及并发症的影响

目的：探讨阶梯减压式去骨瓣减压术对重型颅脑损伤患者神经功能及并发症的影响。方法：选取2016年3月~2018年3月辉县市人民医院收治的重型颅脑损伤患者86例,依据随机数字表法分成对照组和观察组,各43例。对照组行传统标准大骨瓣减压术,观察组行阶梯减压式去骨瓣减压术。比较两组神经功能、日常生活能力、并发症发生情况。结果：术后观察组神经行为认知状态检查表（NCSE）评分（69.35±6.42）分、Barthel指数（76.93±5.42）分,高于对照组（51.36±5.87）分、（68.43±6.24）分,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组术后并发症发生率为6.98%（3/43）,低于对照组的23.26%（10/43）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：重型颅脑损伤患者采用阶梯减压式去骨瓣减压术治疗,可有效促进神经功能改善,提高日常生活能力,降低并发症发生率。     

开颅减压术治疗20例颅脑损伤的临床疗效观察

将本院40例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分成对照组和治疗组各20例,对照组患者接受额颞顶部分骨瓣复位治疗,观察组患者接受大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗。观察两组患者术前术后GCS、Barthel指数评分的变化。结果观察组的GCS、Barthel指数评分改善情况明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。重型颅脑损伤患者行大骨瓣减压术能有效缓解继发性损伤,降低患者的死亡率和残疾率,明显改善预后,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

早期高压氧联合标准大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑外损伤的临床疗效

目的：观察重型颅脑外损伤采取早期高压氧联合标准大骨瓣减压术治疗的临床疗效。方法：选取2017年3月~2018年10月收治的72例重型颅脑外损伤患者为研究对象,依据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各36例。对照组行标准大骨瓣减压术,观察组在对照组基础上联合早期高压氧辅助治疗,对比两组治疗前后昏迷程度[格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）]及预后效果。结果：治疗后两组GCS评分均上升,且观察组（12.18±1.14）分高于对照组（10.46±1.31）分,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组预后良好率为94.44%,高于对照组的75.00%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：重型颅脑外损伤患者实施标准大骨瓣减压术联合高压氧治疗,可显著减轻患者昏迷程度,提高预后良好率,效果较为显著。     

小脑幕切开术联合大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效及安全性分析

目的探究小脑幕切开术联合大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2008年1月～2018年2月收治的重型颅脑损伤患者58例,按照手术方案不同分为观察组和对照组各29例。对照组行大骨瓣减压术,观察组行小脑幕切开术联合大骨瓣减压术。观察对比两组预后效果、术前术后格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分(GCS)评分和并发症发生情况。结果观察组预后良好率72.41%较对照组44.83%高(P0.05);术后1周、4周,观察组GCS评分均高于对照组(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率6.90%低于对照组27.59%(P0.05)。结论小脑幕切开术联合大骨瓣减压术可改善重型颅脑损伤患者预后,且安全性较高。     

重型颅脑损伤术后发生脑积水的相关因素分析

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤患者术后发生脑积水相关因素分析。方法:选取2010-01—2016-01期间延安大学附属医院收治的196例重型颅脑损伤患者,将其分为脑积水组(29例)和非脑积水组(167例),采用χ2检验分析比较两组患者年龄、GCS评分、硬膜下血肿、开放性颅脑损伤、脑室出血等因素,多因素Logistic回归法分析影响脑积水发生的危险因素。结果:χ2检验显示,两组患者在入院时年龄≥50岁、GCS评分3~5分、硬膜下血肿、开放性颅脑损伤、脑室出血、中线移位程度、早期去大骨瓣减压、硬膜敞开、手术时间、双侧去骨瓣减压、腰穿脑脊液置换、早期颅骨缺损修补术等方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析提示,入院时硬膜下血肿、脑室出血、中线移位程度、早期去大骨瓣减压、硬膜敞开、双侧去骨瓣减压为危险因素,腰穿脑脊液置换、早期颅骨缺损修补术为保护因素,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:重型颅脑损伤患者存在硬膜下血肿、脑室出血、中线移位程度≥12mm、早期去大骨瓣减压、硬膜敞开、双侧去骨瓣减压等情况时,要警惕术后发生脑积水的可能。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.