合并巨大左心室的心脏瓣膜病术后远期疗效分析

目的 研究合并巨大左心室的心脏瓣膜病行手术矫治后的远期疗效及左心室重构情况, 为临床诊治提供经验。 方法 回顾性分析武汉亚洲心脏病医院2000年1月至2010年12月收治的117例合并巨大左心室的心脏瓣膜病的住院资料及门诊、电话随访结果,男性71例,女性46例,平均年龄(54.2±17.1)岁,术前左心室舒张末直径(left ventricular diastolic diameter, LVEDD)为(76.2±7.4)mm,左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)为(41.5±8.2)%。 结果 行二尖瓣置换术48例,二尖瓣成形术11例,主动脉瓣成形术2例,主动脉瓣置换术31例,主动脉瓣二尖瓣联合瓣膜置换术25例。围手术期死亡率6.8% (8/117),室性心律失常19例(16.2%),多器官功能不全11例(9.4%),低心排血量综合征46例(39.3%)。随访时间9年-17年(中位数11年）,失去随访6例,死亡12例,存活的91例中,临床心功能I-II级85例,III级6例。术后一月时平均LVEDD为(68.4±5.4)mm,术后一年时为(60.7±8.4)mm,最近一次随访为(62.3±9.4)mm,均较术前明显降低(P均<0.05)。LVEF在术后早期为(36.5±4.7)%,较术前降低(t=3.02, P=0.005),术后一年时恢复至术前水平(43.2±7.9)%。 结论 合并巨大左心室的心脏瓣膜病手术风险高,但远期预后可,术后左心室功能基本能得到较大改善。     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的外科治疗

【摘要】目的 评价外科手术治疗肥厚梗阻性心肌病的临床疗效。方法 2010年1月～2013年10月，72例患者因肥厚梗阻性心肌病在我院行外科手术治疗，男36例、女36例，年龄13～70(46.51±13.45)岁。手术在全麻低温体外循环下完成，按常规经主动脉切口行室间隔心肌切除术，同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术4例，二尖瓣置换术8例，二尖瓣成形术2例，主动脉瓣置换术2例，主动脉瓣成形术1例，动脉导管结扎术1例，右室流出道疏通术1例，左房血栓清除1例，左心耳结扎2例，冲洗式射频消融改良迷宫术4例，术中安装永久起搏器2例。围术期心脏超声心动图(UCG)或食道超声心动图(TEE)评价左心室舒张末径、左室流出道流速及压差(LVOT)、室间隔厚度、左室射血分数(EF)、二尖瓣结构和功能。结果 与术前比较，左室流出道压差（9.42±7.48 vs 79.76±51.9）（mmHg） (P<0．01)及室间隔厚度（1.87±0.57 vs 2.36±0.48）（cm）(P<0．01)明显下降，长期随访发现左室流出道压差进一步下降（7.57±5.21）（mmHg），室间隔厚度进一步变薄（1.69±0.45）（cm）。左室舒张末径在出院时有所扩大，长期随访有进一步扩大趋势。EF值较术前有所下降(P<0.01)，但仍在正常范围内。手术死亡0例。主要并发症：完全性左束支传导阻滞52例，右束支传导阻滞2例，室内传导阻滞3例，心房颤动7例（其中3例为阵发性房颤），短暂II～III度房室传导阻滞5例，持续Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞2例，室间隔穿孔1例，术后脑出血2例，急性胆囊炎1例。远期随访：5例失访，余67例术后随访3～53月（平均18个月），所有患者症状消失，生活质量明显改善，心功能I～Ⅱ级，无远期死亡或并发症。结论 肥厚梗阻性心肌病外科手术治疗可有效的减轻左室流出道梗阻，提高患者的生活质量。     

瓣膜手术同期行射频消融迷宫手术治疗心房颤动的疗效观察

目的观察瓣膜手术同期行射频消融迷宫手术治疗心房颤动的疗效,探讨外科手术治疗瓣膜病合并心房颤动的临床价值。方法2003年1月至2011年12月,149例心脏瓣膜病合并心房颤动患者接受瓣膜手术同期行射频消融迷宫手术。记录心电图变化,比较术前与术后心脏超声心动图指标（LAD、LVDS、EF）的变化及心脏功能的恢复情况。随访6～90个月。结果二尖瓣成形术21例,二尖瓣置换术89例（其中生物瓣置换术35例）,主动脉瓣置换术32例（其中生物瓣置换术11例）,三尖瓣成形术46例,三尖瓣置换术3例,左房血栓清除术48例。体外循环时间（82．1±17．8）min,主动脉阻断时间（37．8±25.3）min。双极射频消融121例,单、双极联合射频消融28例,射频消融时间12-38（17．4±5．1）min。手术后即刻,心房颤动全部消失,窦性心律133例,节性心律14例,Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞2例。围术期死亡3例,死亡率2．0％（3／149）,其中2例为严重低心排综合征,1例多器官功能衰竭。术后1个月,窦性心律121例（82．9％）,结性心律8例（5．5％）,心房扑动5例（3．4％）,房颤心律12例（8．2％）,Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞1例（0．6％）,安置永久起搏器。随访时间3～90个月,随访率78．8％（115／146）。随访期间死亡9例（4例心源性死亡,2例脑梗塞死亡,3例脑出血死亡）。106例随访到的存活病例,93例恢复窦性心律,转复率87．7％。随访超声心动图可见左心房及左心室舒张末内径均较术前减小,而左心室射血分数较术前无明显变化。结论瓣膜病合并心房颤动同期行瓣膜手术及射频消融迷宫手术,手术安全性高,远期疗效确切。抗凝并发症仍是瓣膜置换手术远期的主要并发症及致死原因之一,瓣膜成形或生物瓣置换联合射频迷宫手术可能降低此风险。     

保留整个二尖瓣和瓣下结构的人工瓣膜置换手术43例临床总结

目的 :总结保留整个二尖瓣腱索和乳头肌行二尖瓣瓣膜置换手术 (MVR)的经验。方法 :回顾分析 2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 4年 6月我科完成的 4 3例保留整个二尖瓣和瓣下结构的瓣膜置换手术患者的临床资料。其中男性 14例 ,女性 2 9例 ,平均年龄 (49± 13)岁 ;风湿性心脏病 36例 ,瓣膜退行性病变 4例 ,二尖瓣前瓣腱索断裂 3例 ;单纯二尖瓣关闭不全 11例 ,二尖瓣关闭不全为主伴狭窄 2 3例 ,二尖瓣狭窄为主伴关闭不全 9例 ;NYHA心功能Ⅱ级 7例 ,Ⅲ级 2 7例 ,Ⅳ级 9例 ;超声心动图示左心室舒张末直径平均 (5 5± 5. 5 )mm ,左心室射血分数 (LVEF)平均 0 .4 6± 0 . 0 6 ;5例有脑栓塞史 ,4例有糖尿病史 ;手术均在全麻中低温体外循环下进行 ;采用Miller法保留后瓣及瓣下结构、改良的Miki法保留前瓣及瓣下结构 ;均置换机械瓣 ,其中 19例用国产C L短柱倾碟瓣 ,2 4例用CarboMedics双叶瓣 ;17例同时行主动脉瓣置换术 ,其中 2例行窄小主动脉瓣环拓宽术 ;1例同时行主动脉瓣、三尖瓣置换术 ;35例合并三尖瓣返流者同时行三尖瓣成形术 ;1例同时行COX迷宫术 ;5例同时行左心房血栓清除术 ;4例巨大左心房同时行左心房折叠术 ;心肌阻断时间平均 (10. 9± 36 )min ,体外循环时间平均 (16 7± 4 2 )min。结果 :术后早期死亡 2例     

重危瓣膜病变合并巨大心脏的外科治疗

目的:报道181例重危瓣膜病变合并巨大心脏的外科治疗体会。方法:回顾性分析181例瓣膜外科病例中合并巨大心脏临床资料,男性76例,女性105例,年龄15～57岁,平均(45.7±15.2)岁。分为2组:巨大左心房(GLA)组84例,左心房内径(LAD)70～150mm,平均(80.3±17.5)mm;巨大左心室(GLV)组97例,左心室舒张末内径(LVEDD)70～112mm,平均(79.4±12.7)mm。患者全部行瓣膜置换术,其中GLA组行主动脉瓣与二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术12例,二尖瓣置换术72例,同期行三尖瓣环缩成形术42例,左心房血栓清出13例;84例均作左心房折叠术。GLV组行主动脉瓣置换术38例,主动脉瓣与二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术27例,二尖瓣置换术32例,二尖瓣置换术均保留全部或部分瓣膜和瓣下结构,同期行三尖瓣环缩成形术18例,左心房血栓清出4例,左心房折叠术21例。结果:手术早期死亡率GLV组和GLA组分别为9.3%和6.0%,GLV组明显高于GLA组(P<0.05);死亡原因GLV组以室性心律紊乱为主(55.6%),明显高于GLA组(P<0.05);GLA组以呼吸衰竭为主。术后1个月超声心动图显示,GLA组LAD平均(60.1±12.1)mm,GLV组LVEDD平均(56.6±16.1)mm,较术前明显缩小(P<0.01)。心功能恢复良好。结论:瓣膜置换同期左心房折叠术有利于改善合并巨大左心房的术后恢复;保留二尖瓣瓣膜及瓣下结构有利于合并巨大左心室病例的恢复。     

46例危重心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗及并发症分析

目的探讨危重心脏瓣膜病手术治疗和围手术期处理的经验。方法46例危重心脏瓣膜病患者接受二尖瓣置换术（MVR）27例,二尖瓣并主动脉瓣置换术13例,主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）6例;同时行三尖瓣环缩术12例,左房折叠术11例。结果早期主要并发症为室性心律失常、低心排血量综合征、呼吸衰竭和多器官功能衰竭。早期死亡7例,其中室性心律失常2例、术后脑出血1例、多器官功能衰竭（MSOF）4例。结论危重心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗应注意围手术期处理,适当选择手术时机,合理纠正病变,加强术后并发症防治。     

人工心脏瓣膜置换术297例分析

目的总结我院2001年1月至2007年1月297例心脏瓣膜置换手术临床经验。方法手术在全麻体外循环中度低温下进行，全组共297例，其中行二尖瓣置换术（MVR）152例、主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）46例（其中主动脉根部拓宽主动脉瓣置换8例）、双瓣膜置换术（DVR）97例、三尖瓣置换术（TVR）2例。合并三尖瓣关闭不全（’rR）者行DeVega或Kay成形术，术中同期行冠状动脉搭桥4例、行射频消融Maze手术治疗房颤1例。结果早期死亡10例，死亡率3．4％，其中MVR、AVR、DVR的死亡率分别为2．6％、6．5％和3．1％。结论瓣膜置换术是治疗心脏瓣膜病变的可靠、有效手段。加强围术期处理，选择恰当的手术时机，缩短手术时间，加强心肌保护，提高手术技巧，保留二尖瓣下结构，积极处理三尖瓣反流。主动脉瓣置换时，尽可能置入大一号的瓣膜，减少跨瓣压差，以利术后左室重构，可提高远期疗效，减少术后并发症、降低死亡率，对重症瓣膜病患者尤为重要。     

危重心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗

目的总结危重心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗经验。方法对187例危重心脏瓣膜病患者先行强心利尿治疗控制心衰后,行二尖瓣置换术（MVR）44例,主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）27例,主动脉瓣联合二尖瓣置换术（DVR）111例,三尖瓣置换术（TVR）1例,同时行三尖瓣成形术（TVP）129例,冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）17例,房间隔缺损修补术（ASD）＋二尖瓣置换术4例;术后调整心脏前后负荷,适当延长呼吸机使用时间,加强呼吸道管理,维持水电解质平衡,加强抗凝。结果本组死亡17例,其中术中心脏复跳困难2例,低心排7例,肾功能衰竭2例,术后突发心律失常5例,机械瓣失功能1例。139例术后随访1~60个月,心功能Ⅰ级112例,Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级2例;仍存在心绞痛1例,心脏瓣周漏2例。结论恰当的围手术期处理、合理的术式选择是手术治疗重症心脏瓣膜疾病的关键。     

冲洗射频改良迷宫Ⅲ手术治疗心房颤动的临床效果观察

目的:对合并心房颤动(房颤)的心脏病患者行心内直视手术的同时进行冲洗射频改良迷宫Ⅲ手术,评价冲洗射频改良迷宫Ⅲ手术在心内直视手术中治疗房颤的临床效果。方法:从2004-05开始,采用Medtronic公司的射频消融系统对115例合并房颤的心脏病患者行心内直视手术的同时进行冲洗射频改良迷宫Ⅲ手术,其中包括双瓣置换术48例、二尖瓣置换术49例、主动脉瓣置换术2例、冠状动脉搭桥术同时行瓣膜置换术11例、冠状动脉搭桥术1例、三尖瓣置换术1例、其他手术3例。术后应用胺碘酮6个月。结果:115例患者手术当日109例房颤消除,其中95例为窦性心律,14例为结性心律;6例仍为房颤心律,房颤消除率为94.8%。术后随访3个月,82例维持窦性心律,10例为房性心律,房颤消除率为80%;14例基础心律为窦性心律或结性心律,但仍偶有房颤、房扑间断发作;9例仍为房颤心律。随访12～24个月,全组115例患者中80例维持窦性心律,11例为房性心律,房颤消除率为79.1%;9例基础心律为窦性心律或结性心律,但仍偶有房颤、房扑间断发作;15例为房颤。结论:冲洗射频消融改良迷宫手术在治疗合并有房颤的心脏疾病的心内直视手术中安全、简便、易于操作...     

退行性二尖瓣关闭不全行二尖瓣成形术305例临床分析

【】 目的 总结我院退行性二尖瓣关闭不全的患者行二尖瓣成形术的治疗经验,评价二尖瓣成形术的手术疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2005年10月至2015年l0月进行二尖瓣成形术的退行性二尖瓣关闭不全患者305例, 男167例,女138例,年龄43-78 (50.28±10.50)岁,术前超声心动图显示二尖瓣反流量中度136例,中-重度108例,重度61 例。在中度低温体外循环下根据二尖瓣病变Carpentier功能分型行二尖瓣成形术,术中改行二尖瓣置换术4例。同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术58例,三尖瓣成形术156例;Ⅲ型迷宫术18例。出院后进行随访,采用超声心动图观察心功能及二尖瓣返流程度。 结果 全组围术期无死亡。术后出现窦性心动过缓15例(4.92%),室上性心动过速30例(9.84%),延迟性心脏压塞1例(0.03%),永久起搏器置入1例(0.03%)。术后随访272例,随访率89.2%(272/305),随访时间3个月-10年。随访期间,1 例于术后13 个月死于脑梗塞,1例死于交通事故,余270例均存活。1例患者因二尖瓣关闭不全复发于术后36个月行二尖瓣置换术,1例患者因感染性心内膜炎于术后45个月行二尖瓣置换术。所有患者随访期间心脏功能均较术前明显改善,术后超声心动图示左心房内径(45.68±7.24 vs 37.21±8.65)、左心室舒张期末内径(62.30±6.56 vs 48.08±6.25)、左心室收缩期末内径(40.24±5.12 vs 35.16±6.37),与术前相比明显缩小(P均<0.05);左心室射血分数 (0.52±0.07 vs 0.64±0.05,P <0.05)明显提高。结论 根据退行性二尖瓣关闭不全的Carpentier分型,合理应用相应的成形方法,并熟练掌握相应的手术技巧,可获得良好的临床效果。     

Has the Partington procedure for chronic pancreatitis become a thing of the past? A review of the evidence

Introduction

For the surgical management of chronic pancreatitis with an inflammatory pancreatic head mass, extended drainage operations such as Beger and Frey procedures were established in the 1980s as an alternative to resectional procedures like pancreaticoduodenectomy and as opposed to simple drainage operations such as lateral pancreaticojejunostomy, that is, the Partington procedure. With the relatively rapid adoption of the two procedures, it seems that the Partington procedure has become a thing of the past.

Materials and methods

The Partington procedure was re-evaluated with regard to the historical aspects and its present status by a literature review.

Results

The results show that this procedure relieves chronic abdominal pain in 66–91% of patients with a mean follow-up of 3.5–9.1 years. It is important to note that this procedure is generally used for inflammatory disease left of the gastroduodenal artery and is specifically not used as the procedure of choice for inflammatory disease of the pancreatic head.

Conclusion

For patients with a dilated main pancreatic duct but without an inflammatory pancreatic head mass, the Partington procedure is still the procedure of choice, since it is technically simple to perform with a minimum of morbidity and mortality, preserving pancreatic endocrine and exocrine function. Because it is a relatively simple technique, the laparoscopic approach will be justified as a treatment of appropriate patients in the near future.     

Ross手术的临床应用

目的 :总结我院心外科Ross手术临床应用情况。方法 :8例患者均在全麻体外循环中度低温下进行 ,采用Ross手术方法治疗主动脉瓣病变 ,根据超声心动图检查结果分析手术前后患者的心内结构变化 ,血液动力学变化以及患者的心功能。结果 :全组患者无手术死亡率及并发症 ,术后主动脉瓣跨瓣压差在正常范围 ,为 6 6 5± 1 4 1mmHg,心功能 (NYHA)Ⅱ级 ;3例远期随访中有 1例术后 1年发生同种瓣霉菌性心内膜炎再次手术治疗 ,术后因低心排死亡 ;另 2例随访 8年 ,均存活良好 ,心功能均Ⅰ级 ,主动脉瓣轻度返流 ,左室内径正常、肺动脉瓣均功能良好。 5例近期患者随访 1～ 6个月 ,心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级 ,主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣均功能良好。结论 :Ross手术是一种临床疗效好的矫治主动脉瓣病变的手术方法     

Ready or Not,Here They Come: Acting Interns’ Experience and Perceived Competency Performing Basic Medical Procedures

Objective To assess acting interns’ (AI’s) experience with and perceived level of competency performing 6 basic medical procedures. Design Fourth-year medical students at the University of Cincinnati (UCCOM) are required to complete 2 AI rotations in Internal Medicine. All AIs in 2003–2004 (n = 150) and 2004–2005 (n = 151) were asked to complete a survey about whether during each of their rotations they had performed and felt competent performing the following procedures: phlebotomy, intravenous (IV) catheter insertion, arterial blood gas (ABG), nasogastric (NG) tube insertion, lumbar puncture (LP), and Foley catheter insertion. Results Four hundred sixty-seven of 601 possible surveys (across both years and both rotations) were completed (78% response rate). During both rotations, relatively few students performed the procedures, ranging from 9% for Foley catheter insertion (24/208) to 50% for both ABG and NG tube insertion (130/259). The two procedures most often performed were ABG (range 46–50%) and NG tube insertion (range 42–50%). Feelings of competency varied from 12% (LP) to 82% (Foley catheter). Except for LP, if students performed a procedure at least once, they reported feeling more competent (range 85% for ABG to 96% for Foley catheter insertion). Among the students who performed LP during a rotation, many still did not feel competent performing LPs: 23 (74%) in rotation 1 and 20 (40%) in rotation 2. Conclusion Many fourth-year students at UCCOM do not perform basic procedures during their acting internship rotations. Procedural performance correlates with feelings of competency. Lumbar puncture competency may be too ambitious a goal for medical students.     

Perineal rectosigmoidectomy (Altemeier's procedure): a review of physiology,technique and outcome

Perineal rectosigmoidectomy (Altemeier's procedure), as used for the surgical treatment of full-thickness rectal prolapse, has a long history. The physiological derangement in patients with rectal prolapse is complex, frequently showing impairment of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex, intermittent high-pressure rectal motor activity, disturbances in anorectal sampling and attendant pudendal neuropathy. There are currently few defined preoperative factors in patients presenting with rectal prolapse and fecal leakage which predict for the restoration of continence after surgery. This review describes our technique of Altemeyer's procedure and analyzes the reported results of this operation, presenting those studies which assessed postoperative continence and prolapse recurrence in particular. The lack of prospective randomized data regarding this perineal approach makes clinical interpretation difficult at the present time. Received: 5 December 2001 / Accepted: 12 February 2002 Correspondence to A. P. Zbar     

Antegrade bowel intussusception after remote Whipple and Puestow procedures for treatment of pancreas divisum

To date, antegrade intussusception involving a Roux-en-Y reconstruction has been reported only once. We report a case of acute bowel obstruction due to an intussusception involving two Roux-en-Y limbs in a 40-year-old woman with a history of chronic pancreatitis due to pancreas divisum. Four years preceding this event, the patient had undergone a Whipple procedure, and three years prior to that, a Puestow operation. The patient was successfully treated with bowel resection and a sideto-side anastomosis between the most distal aspect of the bowel and the most distal Roux-en-Y reconstruction, which preserved both Roux-en-Y reconstructions.     

Echocardiographic Postoperative Assessment of Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries

Successful surgical repair during childhood of complete transposition of the great arteries has resulted in a group of patients in adult life with complicated cardiac anatomy and physiology. It is imperative that cardiologists providing care for these patients have an understanding of the surgical procedures involved in redirecting the systemic and pulmonary venous returns at either the atrial level or great artery level. Echocardiography provides an excellent means for assessing newly created anatomical abnormalities; residual associated congenital heart defects; and ventricular function.     

32 year follow up of patients following atrial redirection surgery for transposition of the great arteries

Objective: A significant body of patients who have undergone Mustard or Senning procedure require lifelong follow up. In this retrospective review, we examined the cohort of such patients currently attending our center.
Design: Patients who had undergone either Mustard or Senning procedure were identified. We retrospectively reviewed medical records, recorded demographic in‐ formation and data regarding the clinical state, NHYA class, cardiopulmonary exer‐ cise testing, NT‐proBNP measurement, and recent cardiac MRI findings.
Results: Forty‐six patients were identified, the mean age was 32.2 years (± 6.1 years), 67.4% were male. Thirty‐two patients (69.6%) had undergone a Senning procedure. The median length of the follow‐up was 32 years. Thirty‐two patients (69.6%) were NHYA class 1. The mean VO_2max achieved was 24.2 ± 5.8 mL/min/kg. The mean NT‐ proBNP was 266.4 pg/mL (± 259.9 pg/mL). The mean right ventricular end‐diastolic volume (RVEDV) was 212.4 mL ± 73.1 mL (indexed 114.2 mL/m² ± 34.4 mL/m² ). The mean right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was 53.7% ± 7.9%. The mean left ven‐ tricular end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV) was 161.5 mL ± 73.7 mL (indexed 87.8 mL/ m² ± 41.1 mL/m² ). The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 59.8% ± 5.7%. There was a significant correlation between right ventricular (RV) size on MRI and NT‐proBNP level.
Conclusions: We present a relatively well cohort of patients with overall favorable long‐term outcome. The majority of patients are NHYA class 1 and the systemic right ventricular function appears to be well preserved as assessed by MRI. The exercise tolerance is reduced, with the majority of patients achieving around 60% of the esti‐ mated VO_2max. Regular specialist follow‐up and assessment with advanced imaging at regular intervals remain important for this group.     

Serial assessment of left ventricular diastolic function after Fontan procedure

OBJECTIVE—To assess longitudinal changes in systemic ventricular diastolic function late after the Fontan procedure.
DESIGN AND PATIENTS—Prospective study of 13 patients at 2.8 (2.0) years (early) and again at 11.4 (2.0) years (late) after the Fontan procedure by Doppler echocardiography with simultaneous ECG, phonocardiogram, and respirometer.
SETTING—Tertiary paediatric cardiac centre.
RESULTS—The isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) was significantly longer, and E wave deceleration time, E and A wave velocities, and E:A velocity ratio were reduced compared to normal both early and late after the procedure. The mean (SD) z score of IVRT decreased significantly from +2.50 (1.00) to +1.24 (0.80) (p = 0.002), and the z score of the E wave deceleration time decreased from −1.69 (1.31) to −2.40 (1.47) (p = 0.03) during follow up. The A wave deceleration time also tended to decrease (early 80 (12) ms v late 73 (11) ms, p = 0.13) with increased follow up. There were no changes of the E and A wave velocities and E:A velocity ratio. The E wave velocity was inversely related to IVRT both early (r = −0.82, p = 0.001) and late (r = −0.59, p = 0.034) after the operation. The prevalence of diastolic flow during isovolumic relaxation decreased from 85% (11/13) to 38% (5/13) (p = 0.04), while that of mid diastolic flow increased from 23% (3/13) to 77% (10/13) (p = 0.02) between the two assessments.
CONCLUSIONS—Left ventricular diastolic function remains highly abnormal late after the Fontan procedure. The longitudinal changes demonstrated on follow up are compatible with reduction of left ventricular compliance in addition to persisting abnormalities of relaxation.


Keywords: diastolic function; Fontan procedure