急性白血病伴粒细胞缺乏患者预防性应用抗生素的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨急性白血病伴粒细胞缺乏患者采用预防性应用抗生素的临床疗效。方法:收集38例急性白血病伴粒细胞缺乏并感染发热患者38例,根据是否预防性应用抗生素分为2组,预防组患者18例在粒缺时给予万古霉素(1.0 g,2次/d)联合头孢吡肟(2 g,2次/d)或单用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(4.5 g,2次/d)预防细菌感染;对照组患者20例没有接受预防性抗生素治疗。结果:预防组(59个治疗周期)发热频率低于对照组(0.4 vs 0.9;P0.001),粒细胞缺乏与发热间隔较长(6.4d vs 3.8d;P=0.007),住院时间较短(21.5 d vs 28.5 d;P0.001),肺部感染率较低(38.8%vs 80.0%;P0.001)。1例患者应用万古霉素出现皮疹,3例患者应用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦出现腹泻,抗生素停药后,这些副作用消退。结论:对急性白血病伴粒细胞缺乏症患者预防性使用抗生素可有效降低感染性发热的发生率,缩短住院时间。     

伴嗜酸粒细胞增多的髓系白血病形态学研究

目的:探讨伴有嗜酸粒细胞增多的髓系肿瘤嗜酸粒细胞的形态学特征.方法:回顾性分析13例慢性嗜酸粒细胞白血病(CEL)、17例急性髓系白血病(AML)伴有t(8}21)(q22;q22),(AML/ETO)、25例AML伴有骨髓异常嗜酸粒细胞,inv(16)(p13;q22)或t(16;16)(p13;q22),(CBFβ/MYH11)和20例慢性粒细胞白血病慢性期(CML-CP)患者骨髓及外周血涂片嗜酸粒细胞细胞形态学,每例患者计数200个骨髓嗜酸粒细胞,分析各阶段嗜酸粒细胞比例及其形态特征.结果:CEL患者骨髓嗜酸粒细胞以嗜酸杆状核和分叶核细胞为主,形态学主要表现为细胞质嗜酸性颗粒减少,空泡及碱性颗粒.AML伴骨髓异常嗜酸粒细胞,inv(16)(p13;q22)患者骨髓嗜酸粒细胞以中晚阶段嗜酸粒细胞为主,细胞明显成熟障碍,形态学改变主要表现为粗大紫红色嗜碱性颗粒增多并覆盖细胞核,少数伴有细胞质空泡.AML伴t(8;21)(q22;q22)患者骨髓嗜酸粒细胞以嗜酸晚幼粒细胞为主,成熟阶段粒细胞减少,其形态学主要表现为颗粒增多但细小,多数表现为金黄色颗粒覆盖细胞核上.CML-CP患者骨髓嗜酸粒细胞以嗜酸晚幼粒细胞和杆状核细胞为主,颗粒以细小密集增多为主,颗粒减少及空泡不明显.结论:伴嗜酸粒细胞增多的髓系肿瘤,除各自原发病的特点之外,其嗜酸粒细胞比例以及形态学改变不尽相同,通过详细细胞形态学分析能够为上述疾病的诊断与鉴别提供初步依据.     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子联合抗生素治疗急性白血病化疗后中性粒细胞缺乏合并感染患者的疗效

目的探讨重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子联合抗生素治疗急性白血病化疗后中性粒细胞缺乏合并感染患者的疗效。方法选取急性白血病化疗后中性粒细胞缺乏合并感染患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为两组,各30例。观察组采用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子联合抗生素治疗;对照组采用抗生素治疗,比较两组患者临床疗效的差异。结果观察组治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05);外周血中性粒细胞最低值明显高于对照组,外周血中性粒细胞缺乏持续时间、退热时间与抗生素应用时间均明显短于对照组(P0.05)。观察组出现皮疹3例,对照组出现皮疹4例,两组比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。治疗前,两组卡氏体力状况(KPS)评分无统计学差异(P0.05);治疗后,全部患者KPS评分均明显高于治疗前(P0.05),其中观察组KPS评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子联合抗生素治疗急性白血病化疗后中性粒细胞缺乏合并感染患者的疗效显著,有助于提高患者的生活质量,且药物副作用较少,值得临床推广。     

白血病患者细菌感染诊断和治疗策略

<正>中性粒细胞缺乏患者是一组特殊的疾病人群。白血病本身及其放化疗是导致中性粒细胞缺乏的主要原因。由于免疫功能低下,炎症的症状和体征常不明显,病原菌及感染灶也不明确,发热可能是严重潜在感染的唯一征象,感染相关病死率高。因此,白血病患者出现粒缺伴发热就应当被认为是有感染的存在。中性粒细胞缺乏是指外周血中性粒细胞绝对计数(ANC)0.5×109/L,或预计48h     

伊曲康唑口服液预防急性白血病深部真菌感染的疗效

目的:评价伊曲康唑口服液预防急性白血病(AL)深部真菌感染疗效及安全性。方法:2004年12月～2005年12月我科AL住院高危患者入选研究。治疗组接受伊曲康唑口服液预防性治疗,剂量为200mg,每天2次,持续至粒细胞缺乏(粒缺)恢复或发生发热或其他感染性事件。对照组不接受任何抗真菌药物治疗。结果:143例患者入选研究,其中预防治疗组65例患者,17例(26.2%)出现发热,对照组78例患者,26例(33.3%)出现发热。两组比较,发热事件的发生率无统计学意义(P=0.367)。伊曲康唑口服液的主要不良反应为腹泻(9.2%)。预防治疗组抗真菌治疗总费用为390233元,人均6004元;对照组抗真菌治疗总费用为410200元,人均5259元。预防治疗组的粒缺-真菌治疗终点住院时间短于对照组(P=0.048)。结论:伊曲康唑口服液可安全地应用于AL患者深部真菌感染预防治疗。     

11q23异常成人急性白血病临床及实验室特征分析

目的 研究11q23异常成人急性白血病(AL)的实验室资料与其临床特征和预后的关系.方法 对1992年8月至2003年11月中国协和医科大学血液学研究所收治的23例11q23异常的成人AL的临床和实验室资料进行回顾性分析.结果 23例11q23异常的患者中14例为急性髓性白血病(AML),7例为急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL),1例为急性杂合细胞白血病(HAL),1例为急性未分化白血病(AUL).AML中以AML-M4及AML-M5为主,ALL中以前B-ALL为主.异常核型主要为11q23缺失(n=9)和t(4;11)(n=8).23例AL的中位存活时间为175 d,14例AML的中位存活时间为185 d,7例ALL的中位存活时间为167 d.结论 11q23异常AL在成人主要见于AML-M4及AML-M5和前B-ALL,具有高白细胞、易于髓外浸润、化疗缓解率低、预后差等临床特点,为预后不良的细胞遗传学改变.     

复杂易位t(2;8;21)(p12;q22;q22):变异型t(8;21)急性粒细胞白血病1例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨急性髓系白血病（AML）伴有t（2;8;21）（p12;q22;q22）复杂易位的实验室和临床特点。方法：取患者骨髓液,进行形态学检查及流式细胞术检测;用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RTPcR）方法检测AML1／ETO融合基因转录本;G显带分析染色体核型。结果：患者诊断为急性粒细胞白血病部分分化型（AML-M2）,PT—PCR检测到阳性AML1／ETO融合基因,染色体核型分析有t（2;8;21）（p12;q22;q22）复杂易位。结论：变异型t（8;21）累及染色体2p12区,可能对白血病的临床表现、预后等因素产生影响,但仍需要积累更多的病例以明确其临床与预后的特点。     

急性戊型肝炎严重黄疸患者的临床特征及危险因素分析

目的分析伴或不伴严重黄疸的急性戊型肝炎患者的临床特征,并探究发生严重黄疸的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2018年1月1日—2020年3月26日上海市公共卫生临床中心收治的179例急性戊型肝炎患者的临床资料。根据TBil是否>171μmol/L分为AHE伴轻度黄疸(AHE-M)组和AHE伴严重黄疸(AHE-S)组,比较两组临床资料及实验室检查指标。两组间比较采用t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验或χ2检验,独立危险因素分析采用二元logistic回归。结果179例患者56.42%(101例)伴严重黄疸。与AHE-M组比较,AHE-S组男性占比多(80.20%vs 61.54%,χ2=7.612,P=0.006),住院时间长[29(19~45)d vs 18(14~22)d,Z=-6.035,P<0.001],发生肝衰竭的人数多[23 vs 0,χ2=18.373,P<0.001],预后差(P<0.001)。AHE-S组基线的抗-HEV-IgM、AFP、肝脏弹性值均高于AHE-M组(Z值分别为-3.534、-3.588、-4.496,P值均<0.001),基线的CD4低于AHE-M组(Z=-2.015,P<0.05),TBil、DBil、肌酐、凝血酶原时间、INR、中性粒细胞绝对数的峰值均高于AHE-M组(Z值分别为-11.016、-10.926、-2.726、-4.787、-4.989、-6.016,P值均<0.01),GGT的峰值、白蛋白、前白蛋白、淋巴细胞绝对数的谷值均低于AHE-M组(Z值分别为-4.550、-4.685、-5.087、-4.818,P值均<0.001)。logistic回归分析显示抗-HEV-IgM(OR=1.022,95%CI:1.005~1.039,P=0.012)、GGT(OR=0.995,95%CI:0.993~0.998,P=0.001)、前白蛋白(OR=0.991,95%CI:0.983~0.999,P=0.02)、中性粒细胞(OR=1.486,95%CI:1.169~1.889,P=0.001)是急性戊型肝炎患者出现严重黄疸的独立危险因素。结论急性戊型肝炎严重黄疸患者男性占比多,住院时间长,发生肝衰竭人数多,预后差,抗-HEV-IgM、GGT、前白蛋白、中性粒细胞是急性戊型肝炎患者出现严重黄疸的独立危险因素。     

永久起搏器置入患者预防性应用抗生素临床分析

目的:回顾性分析永久起搏器置入患者围术期不同方式预防性应用抗生素的疗效。方法:收集兰州大学第二医院心内科和兰州军区总医院心内科行永久起搏器置入术的722例患者的临床资料,根据抗生素用药方案分为4组。A组(n=187)、B组(n=183)、C组(n=174)均在术前30 min~1 h预防性静脉滴注抗生素1次,术后A组使用抗生素平均(6.52±1.13)d,B组使用3 d,C组术后未使用,D组(n=178)术前、术后均未使用抗生素。4组患者术后第1、3、5天常规各换敷料1次,住院期间观察手术切口和囊袋,并分别在术后1个月、3个月门诊或电话随访1次。结果:4组患者术后发热、切口红肿及囊袋积血发生率及感染率均无显著差异。结论:延长预防性使用抗生素疗程未能显著降低永久起搏器置入患者感染发生率。     

降钙素原在恶性肿瘤并发中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者感染风险评估中的临床意义

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)在恶性肿瘤放化疗致中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者中对潜在严重感染可能及危险分层诊断的指导意义。方法前瞻性入组2016-07～2017-10在汕头大学医学院附属肿瘤医院抗肿瘤治疗期间出现中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者90例。参照美国感染病学会(IDSA)中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者抗菌药物临床应用指南(2010年版),将中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者分为高危组和低危组各45例,分别检测两组患者的血清PCT水平,对比分析两组患者的PCT值是否存在差异。结果高危组与低危组比较,PCT显著增高[7. 06(0. 40～100. 00) ng/ml vs 1. 16(0. 08～5. 25) ng/ml,P=0. 020]; PCT 1. 32 ng/ml为临界值诊断中性粒细胞减少伴发热患者高危组的敏感度为71. 8%,特异度为77. 5%,曲线下面积为0. 778(95%CI:0. 676～0. 880,P 0. 001)。结论血清PCT检测是中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者的感染危险度评估的有效辅助指标。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.