广州地区三甲妇儿医院护理科研现状调查

目的了解广州三级甲等妇女儿童医院护理人员开展护理科研的现状,为进一步采取有效措施提高护理科研能力提供依据。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷,对广州三级甲等妇女儿童医院的393名护理人员的科研状况进行调查,内容包括：一般资料、科研现状、科研态度、开展科研的困难及其知识的需求。结果不同职称和学历的护士开展护理科研的情况存在显著差异（p〈0.05）。缺乏科研知识（79.6%）及科研时间（66.9%）是从事护理科研工作的最大难题;科研设计（85.7%）及统计学知识（80.9%）是护理人员科研知识的最大需求。结论护理人员目前的科研现状不容乐观。积极开展多种形式的护理科研培训,对提高护理科研能力具有重要意义。     

二级综合性医院护理科研现状分析及对策

目的 分析二级医院护理科研的现状及存在问题,制定对策.方法 采用问卷法对两家二级医院100名护师以上护理人员进行调查.结果 护理人员普遍有开展护理科研的愿望,对护理科研培训的需求很高.护理人员开展护理科研的困难主要是缺乏科研知识、信息获取困难、撰写论文困难.结论 提高护理人员科研能力和科研意识,加强护理科研培训、指导和管理,制订相关激励政策,是护理教育者、管理者亟待探索的重要课题.     

西部地区业务再培训医务人员中艾滋病知识、态度和行为调查

目的了解来自西部地区医院业务再培训的医务人员对艾滋病预防知识知晓情况,掌握医务人员对艾滋病健康教育的需求,为在医务人员中进一步开展健康教育提供依据,以提高职业防护能力。方法对282名来自西部地区各医院业务再培训的医务人员进行AIDS知识和态度调查。结果医务人员的艾滋病相关知识水平整体较高,仅1.42%的被调查人员认为看起来健康的人不会携带艾滋病病毒,但是对AIDS诊断治疗及职业防护方面的知识掌握相对较差。36.17%的医务人员既往接受过AIDS专门培训,97.52%的医务人员有接受AIDS相关知识培训需求和意愿;大多数医务人员对PLWHA持同情和理解态度,但仍有一定比例的医务人员持恐惧回避态度;77.66%的医务人员表示“不愿意”去治疗或护理PLWHA的医院或科室工作;91.13%的医务人员认为自己有“职业感染HIV的危险”。结论西部地区医务人员对PLWHA持有一定的歧视态度,而且存在有恐惧和对职业暴露感染HIV风险的担忧。因此,医务人员的AIDS相关知识有待进一步提高,应开展针对性AIDS防治知识的专门培训。     

江苏省医院感染专职人员现状及科研能力调查△

目的：了解医院感染专职人员现状、科研态度、科研能力及需求。方法：纳入江苏省二级以上医疗机构医院感染专职人员为研究对象,通过问卷星的方式进行调查,内容包括：一般资料、参与科研情况调查及科研需求调查。结果：（1）专职人员配比基本符合要求,平均1人/243床（其中三级医院1人/276床,二级医院1人/210床）;（2）大部分专职人员意识到了科研的重要性,认为非常重要占比67.37%（609/904）;一旦被分配科研任务会认真完成56.77%（513/904）;（3）科研现状调查结果显示63.50%（574/904）的专职人员未曾参与过课题研究,仅3.43%（31/904）的专职人员获得过省级以上科研基金的资助;二、三级医疗机构专职人员的科研愿望及能力间有明显差异;（4）专职人员认为科研能力不足最主要的内在原因是知识储备不足,研究深度不够,最需要专业的理论/方法指导。结论：专职人员科研态度积极,但科研能力有待提升,完善院感专职人员培养体系迫在眉睫。     

遵义市初中生创伤现场救护知识技能现况

了解初中生的创伤现场救护知识技能掌握程度、培训需求和培训方式期望,为制定培训方案及开展培训提供依据.方法 采用自行设计问卷,对整群随机抽样的遵义市500名在校七年级学生进行调查,并对调查结果进行统计学分析.结果 初中生急救电话、加压包扎止血方法、骨折固定方法、脊柱损伤搬运方法、现场包扎替代物品和现场固定替代物品的知晓率分别为97.2%,25.5%,23.2%,22.4%,16.2%和14.7%,81.8%没有接受过创伤现场救护培训,62.8%认为有必要掌握基本的知识技能,70.9%愿意接受培训,51.1%选择教育游戏与技能模拟操作相结合的培训方式,45.7%选择医院医生护士作为培训教师,接受过培训学生与未接受过培训学生在4项技能自评和认为有必要掌握知识技能的选择上,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 初中生创伤现场救护能力亟待提高,且有参与培训的需求及意愿.应根据初中生的生理和心理特点制定培训方案,加强培训工作.     

62名新上岗医学本科生科研能力及培训需求调查

目的调查新上岗医学本科生的科研能力及培训需求,为制定合理的培训计划提供参考依据.方法采用问卷调查法对某二甲综合医院工作1月至1年内的62名新上岗本科毕业生进行调查.结果本科生科研基础薄弱（62人中仅有2人参与过课题研究;11人有论文写作基础;43人学习过有关科研的课程,但21人已经没有印象了;有7人完全没有学习过）.93.5%的研究对象对科研有正确认识和学习兴趣,并希望得到系统培训,培训的有效方法是理论加实践,尤其是以科研项目为载体的参与式培训效果最佳.结论新上岗医学本科生的科研基础较差,继续医学教育应尽早介入科研及论文写作的内容.     

村医生结核病防治服务提供意愿及影响因素分析

目的:了解村医生结核病防治服务提供意愿及其影响因素.方法:采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取山东省三个地市的六个县区共计1824名村医生,利用自制调查问卷进行调查,采用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析.结果:调查的1824名村医生愿意提供结核病防治服务的占84.9%,不愿意的占15.1%.村医生结核病防治服务提供意愿的影响因素有年龄、结核病防治知识掌握情况、是否接受过相关培训、对报病奖和督导管理费标准的评价、对结核病人的态度.结论:进一步有针对性的加强结核病防治相关知识的培训,采取多样化的激励措施满足不同村医生的需求,有助于提高村医生结核病防治服务的提供意愿.     

临床护理人员科研能力现状及对策

目的了解护理人员科研能力现况,提高我国护理科研水平,保障护理措施科学有效,提高人民的健康水平。方法选取护理研究2008-06—2009—10来稿作者中1000人科研能力状况进行调查分析。结果被调查护理人员的科研能力变异度较大,最低得分为16分,最高为120分（69．28±25．01分）;其中,软件操作技能和统计学知识得分较低,科研基础知识和论文写作知识得分较高,总体呈中等水平。硕士组科研能力总分、计算机统计软件操作技能、论文写作知识、科研基础知识、统计学知识4方面得分均高于本科及大专组（P〈0．001）,本科组在论文写作知识、统计学知识方面得分高于大专组;在论文写作知识和科研基础知识方面高级职称组与中初级职称组相比有统计学意义（P〈O．005）;临床护理人员对护理科研普遍具有较高的兴趣（82．6％）,有72．4％的护理人员参加过科研能力的培训,并显示出较好的科研能力得分;在学校工作的护理人员科研能力总分较高,尤其是计算机操作技能和统计学知识得分明显高于三级和二级医院的护理人员;单位的支持力度与护理人员的科研能力得分密切相关。结论应加强护理人员科研能力综合素质的培养,尤其应重视计算机软件操作和统计学知识的培训,以提高护理人员的综合科研能力水平。     

河北省农村地区村医生参与结核病防治工作态度调查

目的了解村医生参与结核病防治工作态度及其影响因素。方法抽取4个县村医生作为调查对象,采用问卷调查方法。结果村医愿意参与结防工作的比例为68．7％,不同性别、年龄、学历和不同工作年限的村医中愿意参与此项工作的比例无差异,愿意参与和不愿意参与的村医生每天平均接诊患者数量差异无统计学意义,接受过培训与否和村医生是否愿意参与结核病防治工作有关系,接受过培训的村医生愿意参与结核病防治工作的比例明显高于未曾接受过培训的村医生。结论对村医生经常进行结核病相关知识培训,可提高村医生参与结防工作的积极性。     

安徽省市级以上疾控机构专业技术人员科研意愿调查

目的了解疾病预防控制机构业务人员科研需求、科研意愿,为提高人员科研素养、提升疾控机构科研能力、制定科研人才政策提供依据。方法采用自行设计的"安徽省疾控系统科研意愿调查问卷"对全省省级、市级疾控机构专业技术人员的科研经历和科研意愿与需求进行调查。结果在328名调查对象中,仅56人有主持科研课题经历,占17.07%;有273人愿意参加科研活动,占83.23%;在科研活动动因中以提升业务能力的需要为主,占93.6%;学历影响科研的意愿,学历越高越愿意参加科研活动,OR值为1.979(1.202~3.257);科研选题、科研设计、科研立项是科研培训主要需求;缺乏科研平台被认为是最主要困难。结论安徽省市级以上疾控机构科研水平有待提高,但专业技术人员科研意愿比较强烈,疾控机构要搭建科研平台、做好专业技术人员的科研培训工作,促进科研能力提升。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.