肝细胞靶向甘草酸表面修饰白蛋白纳米粒的制备工艺

目的研究能主动靶向于肝实质细胞的甘草酸表面修饰白蛋白纳米粒的制备工艺。方法去溶剂化法制备普通纳米粒，以高碘酸盐氧化法制备甘草酸-白蛋白纳米粒偶联物。用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸显色法与凝胶柱色谱法验证是否偶联成功，HPLC法测定修饰纳米粒表面甘草酸密度。结果修饰纳米粒表面活性氨基数量较对照组减少19.6%；偶联于纳米粒表面的甘草酸密度为9.2%。纳米粒形态圆整，平均粒径为73 nm，在25 ℃和37 ℃条件下放置10 d后，性质稳定。结论甘草酸表面修饰白蛋白纳米粒制备成功，为进一步研究其对肝细胞的靶向性奠定了实验基础。     

抗 EGFR 单克隆抗体偶联载紫杉醇纳米粒对胃癌肿瘤靶向性能力研究

目的：为了增强载药纳米粒靶向肿瘤的能力,将载药纳米粒与抗上皮生长因子细胞增殖和信号传导受体（EGFR）单克隆抗体偶联,探究该偶联是否会增加胃癌肿瘤靶向性。方法将制备好的载药纳米粒在羟基胶乳微球偶联抗体（EDC）的作用下通过酰胺反应与抗 EGFR 单克隆抗体进行偶联,制备成载药免疫纳米粒。通过透析袋法测定纳米粒体外缓释效果,用 ELISA 法测定抗体与载药纳米粒偶联率,最后采用荧光标记法对胃癌模型鼠进行活体成像结果纳米粒表面光滑,分布均匀,粒径在200～300 nm 间,载药量为61．02％,并且具有缓慢释药的效果,抗体与载药纳米粒的偶联率达到了70％,最终荧光活体成像的结果显示,此免疫载药抗体具有靶向胃肿瘤的效果。结论我们制备的免疫纳米粒既可以缓释药物也存在一定肿瘤靶向性,所以将抗体与载药纳米粒偶联,可以增加肿瘤病灶处局部的药物浓度,以此来缓解抗肿瘤药物对人体其他正常组织毒副作用。     

纳米粒淋巴靶向的研究进展

目的从淋巴靶向方面综述脂质体、纳米活性炭以及纳米碳管纳米粒的研究进展。方法参考近年来32篇相关的中外文献,在淋巴系统的生理基础上,探讨上述纳米粒的淋巴靶向性及其在淋巴靶向方面的应用。结果脂质体具有天然的淋巴靶向性。纳米活性炭有较好的淋巴趋向性,并能在淋巴结处缓缓释放出药物。纳米碳管可通过表面修饰来提高其淋巴靶向性。上述纳米粒均可以作为显影剂与药物载体以提高其淋巴靶向性。结论纳米粒有较好的淋巴靶向性,可以作为显影剂和药物靶向淋巴的理想载体。     

肝癌特异性多柔比星免疫磷脂纳米粒的实验研究

目的:研制肝癌特异性多柔比星免疫磷脂纳米粒。方法:先制备出多柔比星聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯毫微粒,再采用磷脂双分子层包裹,得到多柔比星磷脂纳米粒;将抗酸性铁蛋白单克隆抗体(McAb-PAF)与其相联,最后得到肝癌特异性多柔比星免疫磷脂纳米粒。并对其制备工艺、特性、细胞毒性、体内靶向性等进行了探讨。结果:制得的多柔比星免疫磷脂纳米粒粒径为97.2nm,抗体结合率78.8％,抗体活性保持良好;多柔比星免疫磷脂纳米粒对肝癌细胞的杀伤作用明显强于游离的多柔比星和普通脂质体;对于肝癌细胞荷瘤裸鼠,免疫磷脂纳米粒组较普通脂质体组抑瘤率有显著性差异。结论:肝癌特异性多柔比星免疫磷脂纳米粒,有可能成为一种新的药物靶向载体系统。     

抗肿瘤药物靶向载体系统的研究与开发

综述肿瘤靶向给药的基础和抗肿瘤药物靶向载体系统的发展。分类介绍普通被动靶向载药系统（如微乳、传统脂质体、聚合物纳米粒、固体脂质纳米粒、纳米脂质载体、药-脂结合物纳米粒等）、表面修饰的被动靶向载药系统及主动靶向载药系统（如免疫脂质体、免疫聚合物纳米粒及受体-配体介导靶向纳米载体）的研究与开发。在传统药物制剂的基础上，发展抗肿瘤药物的新型靶向载体系统，改善药物在体内的代谢动力学特性，增加药物定向富集到肿瘤部位甚至肿瘤细胞内，提高疗效，降低毒副作用，是近年来备受关注的课题。     

抗癌中药靶向制剂概述

靶向给药系统亦称靶向制剂(targeted drug delivery sys- tem,TDDS),是指给药后能使药物主动地或被动地选择性浓集定位于病变组织、器官、细胞或细胞内结构的新型给药系统。按载体的不同可分为脂质体、微粒、纳米粒(毫微粒)、复合型乳剂等。靶向制剂可使药物到达靶区,提高疗效,降低毒副作用,是近年来国内外药品开发的热点。我国中药     

胃肠道滞留型微粒释药系统的研究进展

综述了复合微粒系统中胃漂浮微粒、生物黏附脂质体及聚合物微粒3种胃肠道滞留型微粒释药系统的研究概况和评价方法。着重介绍了具有黏附性的脂质体、微球和纳米粒的研究进展。     

表面修饰的LPC纳米粒介导的siRNA肿瘤靶向递送(英文)

本研究构建了能够靶向肿瘤的新型纳米粒(脂质体-鱼精蛋白-硫酸软骨素纳米粒,LPC-NP)。该纳米粒粒径约90 nm,zata电位约+35 mV。采用后插法对LPC纳米粒进行DSPE-PEG_(2000)或DSPE-PEG_(2000)-T7修饰。T7是与转铁蛋白功能类似的七肽,能够靶向转铁蛋白受体过度表达的乳腺癌细胞MCF-7。PEG修饰可显著降低血清对LPC纳米粒的聚集作用,T7修饰的纳米粒显著提高siRNA的细胞摄取和基因沉默效率。体外细胞毒实验表明抗EGFR siRNA显著抑制MCF-7细胞生长。实验结果表明经T7肽修饰的LPC纳米粒有望成为RNA干扰肿瘤治疗的递送载体。     

抗HER2/neu受体拟肽修饰的紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒的血液毒性和病理学毒性研究（英文）

纳米制剂具备高载药量、靶向性积聚以及表面修饰性质,被广泛应用于临床诊断和治疗,但是相关的毒性研究很少。为了研究白蛋白纳米制剂静脉注射后对正常组织的毒性,我们先通过高压均质法制备稳定、均一的紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒,通过共价键将靶向肿瘤细胞HER2/neu受体的拟肽AHNP结合于纳米粒表面得到靶向修饰的纳米粒,并考察其理化性质。建立HER2受体过表达的荷瘤裸小鼠模型,静脉注射纳米制剂和紫杉醇传统注射液后取血进行血常规比较分析,发现紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒和AHNP靶向修饰的紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒均避免了传统注射液引起的粒细胞减少症和贫血作用。对动物肿瘤和重要组织进行病理切片、H&E染色分析,发现AHNP靶向修饰显著提高紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒的抗肿瘤效果。紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒和紫杉醇溶液均引起严重的肝损伤,AHNP靶向修饰能显著降低纳米粒对于肝脏的损伤,但可能增加个别动物的肺部损伤。     

Lipoxen公司致力于开发一种利巴韦林的肝靶向纳米粒制剂

一种利巴韦林的“超级仿制药品”（super—generic）——肝靶向纳米粒制剂将成为英国上市公司Lipoxen和诺丁汉大学研究人员展开新一轮合作而研发的首个产品。Lipoxen公司擅长脂质体技术,诺丁汉大学则擅长纳米粒技术,双方合作将共同开发用于治疗丙型肝炎（简称丙肝）的基于脂质体和纳米粒释药系统的新型抗病毒药肝靶向制剂,其合作项目也将部分受到英国中东部地区bioKneX工业合作基金组织（BIPS）的资助。     

超临界流体过程与药物的超细化

用超临界流体过程制备微米和纳米级微粒,是近年来发展的一种粉体超细化处理的新技术,特别适用于具有热敏性和生物活性等特殊性能材料的超细化处理,在制药行业具有广阔的应用前景.介绍了超临界溶液快速膨胀过程和超临界反溶过程的原理、特点及其在药物微粒和微胶囊制备中的应用.     

Engineering biodegradable polyester particles with specific drug targeting and drug release properties

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres and nanoparticles remain the focus of intensive research effort directed to the controlled release and in vivo localization of drugs. In recent years engineering approaches have been devised to create novel micro- and nano-particles which provide greater control over the drug release profile and present opportunities for drug targeting at the tissue and cellular levels. This has been possible with better understanding and manipulation of the fabrication and degradation processes, particularly emulsion-solvent extraction, and conjugation of polyesters with ligands or other polymers before or after particle formation. As a result, particle surface and internal porosity have been designed to meet criteria-facilitating passive targeting (e.g., for pulmonary delivery), modification of the drug release profile (e.g., attenuation of the burst release) and active targeting via ligand binding to specific cell receptors. It is now possible to envisage adventurous applications for polyester microparticles beyond their inherent role as biodegradable, controlled drug delivery vehicles. These may include drug delivery vehicles for the treatment of cerebral disease and tumor targeting, and co-delivery of drugs in a pulsatile and/or time-delayed fashion.     

Effect of finasteride particle size reduction on its pharmacokinetic,tissue distribution and cellular permeation

Finasteride (FSD), a specific competitive inhibitor of the steroid type-II 5α-reductase enzyme, is used in treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness. The drug is of limited solubility that affect its dissolution and bioavailability. The aim was to study the effect of FSD particle size reduction on the pharmacokinetic, tissue distribution and cellular permeation. An optimized drug micro- and nano-particles were developed, characterized, administered to group of rats, and systemic pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution within target and not-target organs were determined using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technique. Moreover, the cellular permeation of the prepared formulations through normal prostate epithelial cells was assessed and compared to pure FSD. The developed micro- and nano-particles were of 930 and 645?nm, respectively. Plasma maximum drug levels (C_max) and overall exposure (AUC) of both formulations were not significantly higher than unformulated drug. However, micronized FSD achieved significant higher concentration within the target tissue (prostate) within the current study compared to pure drug and nano-sized formulation as well. Yet, this is explained by the higher sequestration ability of spleen tissue to the nano-sized formula compared to micro-sized FSD. At the cellular level, permeation of nano-sized FSD through prostate epithelial cells was superior to the unformulated FSD as well as the micro-sized drug formulation. FSD particle size reduction significantly influences its cellular permeation and to a lesser extend affect its systemic pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution after oral administration.     

Delivering growth factors for therapeutics

The method by which a drug is released can have a significant effect on therapeutic efficacy. The mode of drug delivery is especially relevant when the therapeutic agent is a growth factor because the dose and spatiotemporal release of such agents at the site of injury is crucial to achieving a successful outcome. Here, we highlight delivery technologies designed to facilitate the local and controlled spatiotemporal release of growth factors through the use of biomaterials, 3D micro- or nano-particles, microspheres, gene therapy and PRGF technology. We present some of the most interesting therapeutic applications based on these approaches and, on PRGF technology in particular, in addition to the limitations, future challenges and directions of the field.     

Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and inflammatory responses of micro- and nano-particles of granite on human lung fibroblast cell IMR-90

Occupational exposure of granite workers is well known to cause lung impairment and silicosis. Toxicological profiles of different size particles of granite dust, however, are not yet understood. Present evaluation of micro- and nano-particles of granite dust as on human lung fibroblast cells IMR-90, revealed that their toxic effects were dose-dependent, and nanoparticles in general were more toxic. In this study we first demonstrated that nanoparticles caused oxidative stress, inflammatory response and genotoxicity, as seen by nearly 2 fold induction of ROS and LPO, mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and induction in micronuclei formation. All these were significantly higher when compared with the effect of micro particles. Thus, the study suggests that separate health safety standards would be required for granite particles of different sizes.     

Cell-based drug-delivery platforms

Cell systems have recently emerged as biological drug carriers, as an interesting alternative to other systems such as micro- and nano-particles. Different cells, such as carrier erythrocytes, bacterial ghosts and genetically engineered stem and dendritic cells have been used. They provide sustained release and specific delivery of drugs, enzymatic systems and genetic material to certain organs and tissues. Cell systems have potential applications for the treatment of cancer, HIV, intracellular infections, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's disease or in gene therapy. Carrier erythrocytes containing enzymes such us L-asparaginase, or drugs such as corticosteroids have been successfully used in humans. Bacterial ghosts have been widely used in the field of vaccines and also with drugs such as doxorubicin. Genetically engineered stem cells have been tested for cancer treatment and dendritic cells for immunotherapeutic vaccines. Although further research and more clinical trials are necessary, cell-based platforms are a promising strategy for drug delivery.     

BioMEMS in drug delivery

The drive to design micro-scale medical devices which can be reliably and uniformly mass produced has prompted many researchers to adapt processing technologies from the semiconductor industry. By operating at a much smaller length scale, the resulting biologically-oriented microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) provide many opportunities for improved drug delivery: Low-dose vaccinations and painless transdermal drug delivery are possible through precisely engineered microneedles which pierce the skin's barrier layer without reaching the nerves. Low-power, low-volume BioMEMS pumps and reservoirs can be implanted where conventional pumping systems cannot. Drug formulations with geometrically complex, extremely uniform micro- and nano-particles are formed through micromolding or with microfluidic devices. This review describes these BioMEMS technologies and discusses their current state of implementation. As these technologies continue to develop and capitalize on their simpler integration with other MEMS-based systems such as computer controls and telemetry, BioMEMS' impact on the field of drug delivery will continue to increase.     

Determination of the particle size of realgar nano-particles by scanning 

目的：建立纳米雄黄的粒度分析研究方法。方法：利用扫描电镜对纳米雄黄表观形态进行直接观察测定,用激光光散射法对纳米雄黄的粒度分布范围进行分析测定。结果：经扫描电镜和激光光散射颗粒度测定仪的测量,粒径在100 nm以下的纳米雄黄约达90%,其中较大颗粒又是由粒径在5~30 nm左右的细小晶粒和其周围的非晶体聚集而成。结论：扫描电镜法和激光光散射法快速、简便、准确,可用于纳米雄黄的粒度检测。     

Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles-a review

In the present scenario, most of the developed and new discovered drugs are posing real challenge to the formulation scientists due to their poor aqueous solubility which in turn is responsible for poor bioavailability. One of the approach to overcome above problem is the packaging of the drug in to particulate carrier system. Among various carriers, lipid emerged as very attractive candidate because of its unique property of enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. Solid lipid, one of the physical forms of lipid, is used to formulate nanoparticles, popularly known as Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), as an alternative carrier system to emulsions, liposomes and polymeric micro- and nano-particles. SLNs combine advantages of the traditional systems but avoid some of their major disadvantages. This paper reviews numerous production techniques for SLNs along with their advantages and disadvantages. Special attention is paid to the characterization of the SLNs by using various analytical tools. It also emphasizes on physical state of lipid (supercooled melts, different lipid modifications).