超快速液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用法测定人血浆中兰索拉唑的浓度

目的 建立测定人血浆中兰索拉唑(抗胃及十二指肠溃疡药)含量的超快速液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用法(UFLC-MS/MS).方法 血浆样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白后,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸(27:73)洗脱,用Ultimate XB-CN(5μm,2.1mm×150mm)色谱柱,通过电喷雾离子化三重四级杆串联质谱,经多反应监测模式检测,m/z370.4→m/z252.2(兰索拉唑),m/z 237.2→m/z 194.3(卡马西平,内标).结果 兰索拉唑在5.01～5007.90μg·L-1内线性关系良好(γ=0.998 5),最低定量浓度为5.01μg·L-1.方法 回收率(n=5)分别为90.21%,89.71%,92.27%,日内和日间精密度均<9%.结论 该法操作简单,灵敏,准确,重现性好,适用于该药的临床药代动力学研究.     

Chiral-LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中兰索拉唑对映体的浓度

目的:建立Chiral-LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中S-兰索拉唑和R-兰索拉唑的浓度.方法:以乙腈作为蛋白质沉淀剂,对血浆中的兰索拉唑对映异构体进行Chiral-LC-MS/MS分析.色谱柱:Chiralpak IC柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),柱温为30℃,流动相为10 mmol·L-1醋酸铵(含0.05%醋酸)-乙腈(50:50,v/v),兰索拉唑对映异构体在9.0 min内可达到基线分离.采用AB QTRAP 5500质谱仪,使用电喷雾离子化(ESI)正离子模式,兰索拉唑和内标(埃索美拉唑)的多反应监测(MRM)扫描离子对分别为m/z 370.1→252.1和346.1→198.1.结果:该方法无明显的基质效应,S-兰索拉唑和R-兰索拉唑在标准曲线范围内线性关系良好,标准曲线的线性范围均为20.00~10000 ng·mL-1,准确度在±15%,批内和批间精密度均小于10%.在兰索拉唑对映体的储存、 处理和分析过程中没有发现两者间的手性转化,测定过程中各化合物稳定性符合要求.结论:建立了简单、高选择性的Chiral-LC-MS/MS方法,可用于同时测定人血浆中的兰索拉唑对映体的浓度.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中艾普拉唑的浓度北大核心CSCD

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中艾普拉唑的浓度。方法:人血浆样本用乙酸乙酯提取后,选用Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以乙腈-10 mmol.L-1醋酸铵溶液(80∶20)为流动相,流速为0.20 mL.min-1;选用三重四极杆串联质谱仪的多重反应监测(MRM)扫描方式进行监测,电喷雾离子化源,正离子方式,选择监测离子反应分别为m/z367.5→m/z184.1(艾普拉唑)和m/z 383.2→m/z 266.8(内标氯雷他定)。结果:艾普拉唑和氯雷他定的保留时间分别为2.0 min和3.9 min;血浆中艾普拉唑的线性范围为5～1500 ng.mL-1(r>0.99),定量下限为5 ng.mL-1;日内、日间RSD均小于15%;低、中、高3个浓度下的提取回收率分别为(76.5±4.9)%、(78.8±6.3)%、(77.1±4.9)%。结论:该方法快速、灵敏、准确,专属性强,重复性好,适用于人血浆中艾普拉唑浓度的测定,可应用于艾普拉唑肠溶片的人体药代动力学及生物等效性研究。     

LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中兰索拉唑与代谢产物的浓度及其药动学研究(英文)

目的建立同时测定人血浆中兰索拉唑及其代谢产物5’-羟基兰索拉唑和兰索拉唑砜的LC-MS/MS法。方法血浆样本用乙腈沉淀蛋白后,选用Zorbax SB-C18 Narrow-Bore色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以甲醇︰10 mmol.L-1乙酸铵(65︰35,V/V)为流动相,流速为0.4 mL.min-1。选用API3200型三重四极杆串联质谱仪的多重反应监测(MRM)扫描方式进行监测,电喷雾离子化源,负离子方式。结果兰索拉唑、5’-羟基兰索拉唑、兰索拉唑砜以及内标奥美拉唑的保留时间分别为2.63、1.56、2.21、2.30 min;血浆中兰索拉唑、5’-羟基兰索拉唑、兰索拉唑砜的线性范围分别为2.00～800、1.00～400、0.200～80.0μg.L-1(r>0.99),定量下限分别为2.00、1.00、0.200μg.L-1;日内、日间相对标准差(RSD)均小于8.0%;相对偏差(RE)均在±6.0%的范围以内;提取回收率较高,且可重现;兰索拉唑、5’-羟基兰索拉唑、兰索拉唑砜在各种贮存条件下均较稳定。该方法成功地应用于兰索拉唑肠溶片在中国健康人体内的药动学研究,兰索拉唑、5’-羟基兰索拉唑、兰索拉唑砜的ρmax分别为165～1400、15.8～177、10.2～530μg.L-1,AUC0-t分别为651～7 189、99.3～639、20.5～4 372μg.h.L-1。兰索拉唑及其代谢产物的药动学存在显著的个体间差异。结论该方法快速、灵敏、专属性强、重现性好,适用于兰索拉唑及其代谢产物的人体药动学研究。     

手性Chiralcel OD-RH柱拆分3种质子泵抑制剂对映体

目的建立了以纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)为手性固定相拆分兰索拉唑、雷贝拉唑和泮托拉唑对映体的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。方法考察了流动相中有机改性剂的种类和比例、pH、流速和柱温等对对映体分离的影响。结果拆分兰索拉唑、雷贝拉唑的流动相为水-甲醇(15:85);拆分泮托拉唑的流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.0,20mmol.L-1)-乙腈(70:30)。结论兰索拉唑、雷贝拉唑和泮托拉唑对映体均可以在Chiralcel OD-RH手性柱上实现完全分离。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人血浆中辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸。方法:血浆样本以乙醚-二氯甲烷(3∶2)液液萃取后,选用Inertsil ODS-SP色谱柱(75 mm×2.1 mm,3μm),以乙腈-1 mmol.L-1乙酸铵(pH 4.50)(75∶25)为流动相,流速为0.25 mL.min-1;选用API3200型三重四极杆串联质谱仪的多重反应监测(MRM)扫描方式进行监测,电喷雾离子化源,同一分析周期内正负离子扫描切换。辛伐他汀及其内标洛伐他汀采用正离子检测,选择监测离子反应分别为m/z 436.4→m/z199.3(辛伐他汀)和m/z 405.4→m/z 199.3(洛伐他汀);辛伐他汀酸及其内标洛伐他汀酸采用负离子检测,选择监测离子反应分别为m/z 435.3→m/z 115.0(辛伐他汀酸)和m/z 421.2→m/z 101.0(洛伐他汀酸)。结果:辛伐他汀、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀酸、洛伐他汀酸的保留时间分别为2.78,2.33,1.47,1.38 min;血浆中辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸的线性范围均为0.100～15.0μg.L-1(r>0.9950),定量下限均为0.100μg.L-1;日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于15%;准确度(RE)均在±15%的范围以内;辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸的平均提取回收率分别为(77.9±2.6)%和(86.1±6.1)%;平均基质效应因子分别为(95.3±4.5)%和(73.2±3.5)%;稳定性试验中,在各种贮存条件下血浆中辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸均较稳定。结论:该方法专属性强,灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于辛伐他汀临床药代动力学研究。     

奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑和泮托拉唑对黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响

目的:探讨奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑和泮托拉唑对药物代谢酶黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)活性的影响,预测奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑和泮托拉唑与常用药物的相互作用,指导临床医师合理用药。方法:以咖啡因作为药物代谢酶XO的探针药物,以高效液相色谱法测定90名受试者分别服用奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑和泮托拉唑前后尿液内咖啡因2种主要代谢产物的相对含量,采用代谢物的比率评价药物代谢酶XO活性的变化。结果:服用奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑和泮托拉唑3种质子泵抑制剂前XO平均活性分别为(0.42±0.11),(0.37±0.13),(0.45±0.06);服药后活性分别为(0.40±0.09),(0.39±0.08),(0.43±0.08),服药前后药物代谢酶XO活性差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:短期内服用治疗剂量的奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑和泮托拉唑不会影响与之合用的需经XO代谢的药物疗效。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中二甲双胍的浓度

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中二甲双胍的浓度。方法:人血浆样本以乙腈沉淀蛋白后,选用Zorbax SB-C18Narrow-Bore色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以甲醇-10 mmol.L-1乙酸铵(含1%甲酸)(5:95)为流动相,流速为0.3 mL.min-1;选用API3200型三重四极杆串联质谱仪的多重反应监测(MRM)扫描方式进行监测,电喷雾离子化源,正离子方式,选择监测离子反应分别为m/z130.1→m/z71.0(二甲双胍)和m/z147.1→m/z58.2(内标米曲肼)。结果:二甲双胍和米曲肼的保留时间分别为1.27 min和1.26 min;血浆中二甲双胍的线性范围为0.010～3.000 mg.L-1(r>0.99),定量下限为0.010mg.L-1;日内、日间RSD均小于6%;相对偏差(RE)均在±6%的范围以内;平均提取回收率为(86.6±5.4)%;稳定性试验中,在各种贮存条件下血浆中二甲双胍均较稳定。结论:该方法快速、灵敏,专属性强,重现性好,适用于人血浆中二甲双胍浓度的测定,可应用于盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片的人体生物等效性研究。     

手性柱液质联用法同时测定人体尿液中 泮托拉唑对映体浓度*

目的:建立同时测定人体尿液中左旋泮托拉唑和右旋泮托拉唑浓度的手性柱-液质联用法(Chiral-LC-MS)。方法:以乙腈作为蛋白质沉淀剂,对尿液中的泮托拉唑对映异构体进行Chiral-LC-MS分析。色谱柱:Chiral PAK IE(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),柱温为30℃,流动相为乙腈-10 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵(含0.1%乙酸)(72∶28,v/v),泮托拉唑对映异构体在9.0 min内可达到基线分离。使用电喷雾离子化(ESI)正离子模式,泮托拉唑和内标((R)-Pantoprazole-d6)的多反应监测(MRM)扫描离子对分别为m/z 384.1→200.1和390.1→206.0。结果:该方法无明显的基质效应,左旋泮托拉唑和右旋泮托拉唑在标准曲线范围内线性关系良好,均为2.50~5000 ng·mL^-1,批内、批间准确度和精密度均<15%。在泮托拉唑对映体的储存、处理和分析过程中未发现两者间的手性转化,测定过程中各化合物稳定性符合要求。结论:建立了简单、高选择性的Chiral-LC-MS方法,可用于同时测定人体尿液中的泮托拉唑对映体的浓度。     

HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆和尿液中哌拉西林他唑巴坦的浓度

目的：建立同时测定人血浆和尿液中哌拉西林他唑巴坦浓度的高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法。方法：采用Waters C18柱（4.6mm×50mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.5%甲酸,兰索拉唑为内标,以多反应监测（MRM）扫描方式进行检测,监测离子质荷比哌拉西林m/z516.2→233.1,他唑巴坦m/z299.0→138.1,兰索拉唑m/z368.1→163.9。血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白后取上清液进样,尿液样品稀释后经乙腈沉淀蛋白进样。结果：血浆和尿液中哌拉西林、他唑巴坦的线性范围均为0.10～100.00μg·mL-1,低、中、高3个浓度日内、日间精密度均小于10%。结论：本方法灵敏度高,重现性好,操作简便快捷,可用于生物样本中哌拉西林、他唑巴坦钠的浓度测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.