氨苯喋啶片质量分析

目的对氨苯喋啶片101批样品进行法定标准检验及探索性研究,对该品种的质量状况作出总体分析及评价。方法法定标准检验依据《中国药典》2010年版二部,其质量标准设定有性状、化学反应鉴别、溶出度、重量差异、UV法测定含量。探索性研究参照BP2010年版氨苯蝶啶原料项下有关物质检测方法,采用优化后的HPLC法考察各企业提供的氨苯蝶啶原料及101批片剂中的有关物质;采用HPLC法测定5个企业的样品在4种不同pH值介质中的溶出曲线,并与日本橙皮书中氨苯喋啶片溶出曲线进行比较;建立了溶出度测定的非标方法,并对全部样品进行检验;为考察辅料及各有关物质对氨苯蝶啶含量测定的影响,建立了HPLC法测定氨苯蝶啶片含量的方法。结果法定标准检验：101批样品,5批次不符合规定,不合格率为5%,不合格项目均为溶出度检查。探索性研究：有关物质研究表明制剂中的杂质来源于原料,检验101批样品,均检出已知杂质B、C和一个未知杂质,均未检出已知杂质A;溶出曲线及溶出度研究比较了该制剂在4种不同pH值介质中的溶出曲线,5家生产企业制剂溶出曲线与日本橙皮书上的相似性差异大,有3家生产企业的自身批间均一性相对较好;含量测定结果说明辅料及各有关物质对氨苯蝶啶含量测定基本无影响。结论各生产企业氨苯蝶啶片的质量参差不齐,总体质量状况与日本药品有差距,建议进一步进行生物等效性研究,改进制剂工艺,提高质量。     

氨苯喋啶片质量分析

目的 对氨苯喋啶片101批样品进行法定标准检验及探索性研究,对该品种的质量状况作出总体分析及评价。方法 法定标准检验依据《中国药典》2010年版二部,其质量标准设定有性状、化学反应鉴别、溶出度、重量差异、UV法测定含量。探索性研究参照BP2010年版氨苯蝶啶原料项下有关物质检测方法,采用优化后的HPLC法考察各企业提供的氨苯蝶啶原料及101批片剂中的有关物质;采用HPLC法测定5个企业的样品在4种不同pH值介质中的溶出曲线,并与日本橙皮书中氨苯喋啶片溶出曲线进行比较;建立了溶出度测定的非标方法,并对全部样品进行检验;为考察辅料及各有关物质对氨苯蝶啶含量测定的影响,建立了HPLC法测定氨苯蝶啶片含量的方法。结果 法定标准检验：101批样品,5批次不符合规定,不合格率为5%,不合格项目均为溶出度检查。探索性研究：有关物质研究表明制剂中的杂质来源于原料,检验101批样品,均检出已知杂质B、C和一个未知杂质,均未检出已知杂质A;溶出曲线及溶出度研究比较了该制剂在4种不同pH值介质中的溶出曲线,5家生产企业制剂溶出曲线与日本橙皮书上的相似性差异大,有3家生产企业的自身批间均一性相对较好;含量测定结果说明辅料及各有关物质对氨苯蝶啶含量测定基本无影响。结论 各生产企业氨苯蝶啶片的质量参差不齐,总体质量状况与日本药品有差距,建议进一步进行生物等效性研究,改进制剂工艺,提高质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定氨苯蝶啶片的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定氨苯蝶啶片的含量的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱条件:Waters Symmetry C18(150×4.6mm,3,5μm)色谱柱;流动相为甲醇-0.02mol.L-1醋酸钠溶液(冰醋酸调节pH 4.0)(6∶4);检测波长:360nm;流速:1.0mL.min-1。结果氨苯蝶啶在8.72~87.20μg.mL-1的浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),最低检出限为0.0218μg.mL-1,平均回收率分别为100.2%;RSD分别为0.60%.结论本方法专属性好,准确,灵敏,适用于氨苯蝶啶片的含量测定,结果可靠。     

洛伐他汀片溶出度测定

目的:建立测定洛伐他汀片剂溶出度的方法,并以此考察不同厂家洛伐他汀片剂的溶出度。方法:含量测定方法为高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为AlltimaC18,流动相为乙腈-0.01%磷酸(60∶40),检测波长为238nm;溶出度测定方法采用桨法,以2%十二烷基硫酸钠-磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH7.0)为溶出介质,转速为50r.min-1,取样时间为30min。对6个厂家12批样品进行了溶出度测定。结果:洛伐他汀检测浓度线性范围为4.88～195.2μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为97.7%(RSD=1.3%,n=9);12批样品中有2个厂家3批样品平均溶出量在80%以下,其余均为80%～101%。结论:本方法准确、重现性好、操作简单,能有效控制产品质量。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定氨氯缬沙噻嗪片中3种组分的溶出度

目的:建立可同时测定氨氯缬沙噻嗪片3种组分溶出度的反相高效液相色谱方法。方法:采用Inertsil ODS-3 C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以20 mmol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(磷酸调节pH值至3.5)-乙腈(55∶45)为流动相,流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长225 nm。结果:氨氯地平、缬沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的线性范围分别为1.3～20.1μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),39.8～636.8μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9)和3.1～49.4μg.mL-1(r=1.000 0);回收率分别为100.5%,100.6%和100.4%。结论:方法简便快速、重复性好,可用于同时测定氨氯缬沙噻嗪片3种组分的溶出度。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方对乙酰氨基酚片的含量和溶出度

目的:建立测定复方对乙酰氨基酚片含量和溶出度的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱条件:采用SHIMADZUShim-pack C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.1%醋酸钠溶液(冰醋酸调节pH 3.5)(30∶70),流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长272nm。按中国药典桨法,采用ZRS-8G智能溶出仪,以0.1 mol.L-1盐酸溶液为溶出介质测定溶出度。结果:对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、阿司匹林线性范围分别为6.462～161.55μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),1.577～39.42μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),11.04～276.1μg.mL-1(r=0.9999);回收率(n=5)分别为100.1%,100.4%,99.8%,RSD分别为0.53%,0.70%,0.55%。样品溶出度均一性好,在30 min时3个组分溶出度均达到80%。结论:本方法准确、方便,结果满意,适用于复方对乙酰氨基酚片的含量和溶出度测定。     

HPLC法同时测定复方利血平氨苯蝶啶片中3种成分含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定复方利血平氨苯蝶啶片中氢氯噻嗪、硫酸双肼屈嗪和氨苯蝶啶的含量.方法:色谱柱:Waters Symmetry C18( 150 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:0.1％庚烷磺酸钠溶液(含0.05％磷酸二氢铵,磷酸调pH为3.0)-乙睛(80∶ 20),检测波长:310 nm.结果:氢氯噻嗪、硫酸双肼屈嗪和氨苯蝶啶均在0.06 ～0.18 mg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r =0.999 9);平均回收率为100.2％,RSD=0.22％.结论:该方法具有操作简便、结果准确的优点,可用于测定复方利血平片的含量测定.     

复方硫酸氢氯吡格雷阿司匹林双层片的制备和溶出度测定

目的建立复方硫酸氢氯吡格雷阿司匹林双层片的制备和溶出度测定方法,通过比较自制品和市售产品的体外溶出行为,考察其有效性。方法制备复方硫酸氢氯吡格雷双层片,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定含量。色谱条件:色谱柱为Ultimate XB-C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水-磷酸(体积比40∶60∶2),检测波长为235nm,流速为1.0mL·min-1;采用桨法,以pH值2.0盐酸缓冲液为溶出介质,转速为75 r·min-1测定溶出度;采用f2因子比较法,考察体外溶出行为。结果硫酸氢氯吡格雷和阿司匹林的质量浓度在20~200mg·L-1内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9)。硫酸氢氯吡格雷与阿司匹林的平均回收率分别为100.2%和99.8%。自制品和市售品的溶出曲线一致。结论制备方法简单易行。所建立的溶出度测定方法专属、高效、简便,可用于测定复方硫酸氢氯吡格雷阿司匹林双层片的溶出度。     

辛伐他汀口服制剂溶出度比较

目的建立以高效液相色谱法测定辛伐他汀胶囊溶出度的方法,并考察不同厂家辛伐他汀口服制剂的体外溶出度情况,为临床用药提供参考。方法含量测定方法为高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Hypersil C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.025mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(pH=4.5)-乙腈(35∶65),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为238nm;溶出度测定方法采用转篮法,以磷酸盐缓冲液-正丙醇(2∶1)为溶出介质,转速为100r·min-1,取样时间为30min,对不同厂家的7批样品进行了溶出度测定。结果辛伐他汀浓度线性范围是0.489～15.64μg·mL-1,r=0.9996(n=7),平均加样回收率为98.73%～99.03%(n=9)和99.22%～99.43%(n=9),RSD=0.36%～0.54%和0.37%～0.49%,各个品种的溶出度都大于80%。结论本方法准确、重现性好、操作简单,能有效控制产品质量。     

谷维素片溶出度测定方法考察及溶出行为评价

摘要：目的:建立谷维素片的溶出度方法并对不同厂家样品进行溶出曲线比较。方法:采用HPLC法,使用Polypak NH2色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以甲醇-水（90∶10）;流速:1.0 ml·min-1;柱温:35℃;检测波长:325 nm;溶出度试验采用桨法,以0.15%十二烷基二甲基氧化胺溶液900 ml为溶出介质,转速为75 r·min-1。结果:在本文色谱条件下,谷维素在0.551～22.040μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率为103.1%,RSD为0.8%（n=9）;溶出度方法较好地反映了不同厂家谷维素片溶出行为的差异。结论:建立的HPLC溶出度测定方法简单方便,具有较好的专属性、精密度和准确度,溶出方法能较好地体现不同厂家样品间的差异。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.