Association of functional gene variants in the regulatory regions of COX-2 gene (PTGS2) with nonmelanoma skin cancer after organ transplantation

BACKGROUND: Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in excessive prostaglandin production, has been observed in human epidermal keratinocytes after ultraviolet B injury, in squamous cell skin carcinoma (SCC), in actinic keratoses, and in the early stages of carcinogenesis in a wide variety of tissues. The dysregulation of COX-2 expression can in part be due to functional changes affecting regulatory elements in the promoter or 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the gene. Two common polymorphisms (-765G-->C, and -1195A-->G) in the promoter region of the COX-2 gene (now PTGS2), and one common polymorphism in the 3' UTR (8473T-->C) have been described, and reported as associated with various malignancies. OBJECTIVES: To determine if common known polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the COX-2 gene (PTGS2) can be associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) predisposition after organ transplantation, to evaluate if cancer risks are associated with specific COX-2 gene (PTGS2) haplotypes containing these polymorphisms, and to identify possible new genetic polymorphisms in the proximal 5' or 3' regulatory regions of the gene associated with disease. METHODS: The frequency of the three polymorphisms was determined in 240 Northern Italian transplant recipient patients (107 cases and 133 controls) with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The proximal 5' and 3' regulatory regions of the gene were screened by heteroduplex analysis. RESULTS: Stratification by age at transplant and type of tumours [SCC or basal cell carcinoma (BCC)] demonstrated that allele -765C represented a protective factor in BCC cases undergoing transplantation before 50 years of age (CC + CG vs. GG, Fisher exact test P = 0.003). One rare polymorphism, -62C-->G, was detected in the 5' flanking region. The allele frequency of -62G was 0.019, and no difference in genotype between cases and controls was observed. No other variants were found, suggesting that sequence variations in these regions are not likely to contribute to NMSC risk in this population. Haplotype analysis showed that the haplotype containing all major alleles represents a protective factor in patients with SCC undergoing transplantation after 50 years of age [P = 0.009; OR = 0.37 (0.18-0.79)] and that variant -1195A-->G may represent a risk factor in this subgroup of patients [P = 0.01; OR = 4.77 (1.47-16.41)]. Haplotype analysis in patients with BCC revealed that variant -765C might be a protective factor in patients undergoing transplantation before 50 years of age. Variant 8473T-->C, located in the 3' UTR region of the gene, showed no association with NMSC risk after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: COX-2 common variants -765G-->C and -1195A-->G appear to be associated with risk of NMSC, although in different ways in the SCC and BCC subgroups, indicating that environmental and genetic risk factors may play different roles in the outcome leading to these two phenotypes.     

先天性鱼鳞病样红皮病3家系PNPLA1基因突变分析

【摘要】 目的 检测3个先天性鱼鳞病样红皮病家系基因突变情况。方法 对临床诊断为先天性鱼鳞病样红皮病的3例先证者外周血DNA进行遗传性皮肤病靶基因外显子测序明确突变位点，根据突变位点设计引物进行PCR扩增，Sanger测序验证先证者和家庭成员突变情况，明确致病原因。结果 先证者1和2表现为全身皮肤干燥，下肢伸侧多角形暗褐色鳞屑；先证者3主要表现为躯干、四肢境界清楚红斑、丘疹、鳞屑。均否认家族史。基因检测显示，先证者1存在PNPLA1基因c.100G>A（来自于母亲）和c.377G>A（来自于父亲）复合杂合突变；先证者2存在PNPLA1基因c.320T>A（来自于母亲）和c.434T>C（来自于父亲）复合杂合突变；先证者3存在PNPLA1基因上c.1300delG纯合突变。两个复合杂合突变家系表型和基因突变符合共分离原则。在检出的5个突变中，两个错义突变（c.377G>A和c.320T>A）为首次报道的突变。结论 PNPLA1基因的双等位基因突变是3个先证者的致病突变，新报道的突变丰富了该病基因突变谱。     

着色性干皮病两例ERCC2和ERCC5基因突变分析

【摘要】 目的 分析2例着色性干皮病患儿基因突变。方法 收集2例着色性干皮病患儿临床资料,提取患儿及其父母外周血DNA,采用高通量全外显子组测序方法对患儿进行全外显子组测序,确定致病基因突变位点,再用Sanger测序法对患儿及其父母的DNA进行双向验证,重点关注着色性干皮病相关候选基因XPA、ERCC3、XPC、ERCC2、DDB2、ERCC4、ERCC5及POLH的变异。结果 例1为3岁男孩,面、耳、颈、双手背散发褐色斑点伴色素减退斑2年,步态不稳1年,皮疹夏季加重,以光暴露部位为主。例2为1岁5月龄男孩,面部散发褐色斑点伴少许色素减退斑1年。基因检测显示,例1 ERCC2基因发生复合杂合突变,即父源c.1805G>A（p.Gly602Asp）和母源c.586C>T（p.Arg196Ter）突变,为XPD型。例2 ERCC5基因发生复合杂合突变,即父源c.2533+2T>C和母源c.2453C>T（p.Ala818Val）突变,为XPG型。c.586C>T（p.Arg196Ter）和c.2533+2T>C既往未见报道。嘱防晒、避光,随访2年,患儿皮损较前有所增多,未出现恶性肿瘤。结论 ERCC2基因复合杂合突变可导致XPD型着色性干皮病,表现出皮肤和神经症状;ERCC5基因复合杂合突变可导致XPG型着色性干皮病,表现为轻症表型。早期临床特点结合基因检测有助于着色性干皮病患者的准确诊断及分型。     

Molecular characterization of erythropoietic protoporphyria in South Africa

Background  Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) results from a partial deficiency of ferrochelatase (FECH). Clinical expression normally requires coinheritance of a common hypomorphic FECH allele (IVS3-48C) in trans to a deleterious (primary) FECH mutation.
Objectives  To characterize South African subjects with EPP, by identification and assessment of FECH sequence variations, including the IVS3-48C polymorphism.
Methods  Polymerase chain reaction amplification, single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis were employed to identify and determine the frequencies of FECH sequence variations, including the IVS3-48C polymorphism, in a study cohort of symptomatic and asymptomatic South African EPP family members, and a matched control cohort.
Results  We identified 29 patients from 18 families. With the exception of one family, who may represent a phenocopy of EPP, the presentation of EPP was typical. All were of European immigrant stock, and we have not identified EPP in other ethnic groups. Ten sequence variations were identified, including four apparent disease-causing mutations, the IVS3-48T/C polymorphism and five further polymorphisms. The molecular basis of EPP was established for 15 of the 17 families. A 5-bp deletion in exon 7 (757_761delAGAAG) was present in 12 of these families and haplotype studies in these families suggested a single mutational event and thus a local founder effect for this deletion. The other mutations were family specific and included two previously described splice-site mutations (IVS3+2T>G and IVS7+1G>A) and a novel 7-bp deletion in exon 4 (356_362delTTCAAGA).
Conclusions  The IVS3-48C allele appears to modulate the phenotypic expression of EPP in the South African EPP cohort as observed in other populations.     

Polymorphisms in interleukin-15 gene on chromosome 4q31.2 are associated with psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese population

Through a series of linkage analyses in a large Chinese family cohort of psoriasis, we previously identified and confirmed a non-HLA psoriasis linkage locus PSORS9 within a small region at 4q31.2-32.1. Within the critical region of the PSORS9 locus, IL-15 has been long recognized as a strong candidate gene for psoriasis. In this study, we investigated the association between IL-15 genetic polymorphisms and psoriasis in a large Chinese sample. Highly significant evidence for association was identified at a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (g.96516A --> T) within the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the IL-15 gene (P=0.00006, after correction for multiple testing). Haplotype analysis using the SNPs within the 3'UTR region also provided strong supporting evidence for association (P=0.00005), where we identified a haplotype of the 3'UTR region of IL-15 associated with increased risk to psoriasis (odds ratio=1.65). This association was also supported by the results of our expression activity analyses, where we demonstrated that the identified risk haplotype is associated with an increased activity of IL-15. Therefore, we provided early evidence for the important role of IL-15 genetic variants in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, probably by increasing interleukin production and inflammation in the lesions of psoriasis.     

眼皮肤白化病1家系致病基因鉴定

【摘要】 目的 利用全外显子测序及Sanger测序技术对两兄弟眼皮肤白化病患者的（OCA）家系进行致病基因筛选和鉴定。方法 收集1个OCA家系的临床资料，提取家系成员的外周血DNA，通过全外显子组测序技术对先证者的全外显子编码区进行直接测序以寻找可能存在的基因突变，并利用Sanger测序进行一代验证。结果 先证者及其弟弟均表现为全身皮肤、毛发变白，双眼球震颤，畏光，虹膜半透明，结膜充血，双眼屈光不正。先证者父母、祖父母、外祖父母及子女表型均正常，父母非近亲结婚。两兄弟OCA2基因中均出现3个杂合变异，即c.1290T>A无义突变、c.1363A>G错义突变和c.1204T>C错义突变。其中，OCA2 c.1204T>C尚未有报道，为OCA2基因的新突变位点。此外，先证者父亲OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1204T>C；先证者母亲OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1290T>A及c.1363A>G；先证者儿子OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1290T>A；先证者女儿OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1204T>C，先证者弟弟的女儿OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1290T>A。结论 本研究中2例OCA2患者均出现3处OCA2基因突变，其中c.1290T>A无义突变可能是导致该家系临床表型的突变位点，这些发现丰富了OCA2的致病基因突变谱。     

Association of promoter polymorphism −765G>C in the PTGS2 gene with malignant melanoma in Italian patients and its correlation to gene expression in dermal fibroblasts

Prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin E synthetase (PGE2), influence carcinogenesis by promoting cell proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, stimulating angiogenesis and mediating immune suppression. Cyclooxygenase‐2, coded by the PTGS2 gene, is the key enzyme in the production of prostaglandins. In melanoma, Cox‐2 is over expressed in primary malignant melanoma (MM) and in their corresponding metastases. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of PTGS2 gene can modulate gene expression and could modify individual susceptibility to MM. Two hundred and forty melanoma patients and 342 controls were genotyped for polymorphisms ?765G>C (rs20417) and ?1195A>G (rs689466). Allele ?765C frequency was significantly higher in melanoma patients. No allele frequency differences for ?1195A>G polymorphism were observed. Haplotype analysis revealed that the haplotypes carrying the minor alleles were associated to a higher risk of melanoma (P = 0.02). Expression analysis showed that allele ?765C is associated to a higher gene expression and could represent a risk allele by affecting the functionality of the promoter.     

反常性痤疮一家系NCSTN基因新致病突变报道

目的：检测反常性痤疮(AI)一家系致病基因及突变位点。方法：该家系中三代4人发病,提取4例患者、9名健康亲属以及100名健康志愿者的外周血DNA;对先证者进行全基因组外显子测序,经生物信息学分析,获得致病变异;而后通过Sanger测序在全部患者、健康亲属及健康对照中进行验证。结果：家族中先证者及其他患者均存在位于NCSTN基因的一个剪接位点突变c.85+2T>C,9名健康亲属和100名健康志愿者未发现该突变,突变与AI疾病符合共分离。结论：本家系中NCSTN突变位点（c.85+2T>C）与反常性痤疮发病相关。     

Non-melanoma skin cancer and its risk factors in an Austrian population of heart transplant recipients receiving induction therapy

Background  Solid organ transplant recipients have a high risk of developing nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC). We describe the characteristics and incidence of skin tumors in an Austrian population of heart transplant recipients (HTR).
Methods  Three hundred and twenty-two HTR out of 970 who had received their organ between December 1984 and July 2003 were analyzed for NMSC. Factors associated with tumor development including the different immunosuppressive (IS) modalities were evaluated. Besides triple combination immunosuppressive therapy, all allograft recipients had received induction therapy either with antithymocyte globulin, OKT3 or monoclonal anti-IL-2 receptor antibodies.
Results  Median post-transplant follow-up for all patients was 74.18 months (minimum: 2.6, maximum: 224.8). The median time from transplantation until the excision of the first NMSC was 79.57 months (minimum: 2.69, maximum: 192.8). A total of 263 NMSC were excised in 73 patients. The cumulative incidence of developing a skin tumor increased from 7.3% after 5 years to 26.9% after 10 years and to 56.5% after 15 years. Older age at transplantation ( P  < 0.0001) and the presence of pre-cancerous skin conditions ( P  < 0.0001) were associated with an increased occurrence of NMSC. No significant difference in NMSC incidence was found when the different IS therapies were compared.
Conclusions  The cumulative incidence of NMSC in our cohort of HTR is comparable to published data on HTR adjusted according to the geographic location. Transplant patients with clinical evidence of pre-cancerous skin conditions have a higher degree of susceptibility for the development of NMSC and require particular dermatologic care.     

Glutathione S-transferase and CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms and non-melanoma skin cancer risk in Italian transplanted patients

Solid organ transplant recipients are at higher risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), especially basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Genetic alterations in the production of detoxifying enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and CYP1A1 may enhance this risk. We investigated the frequency of GST genotypes (GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and CYP1A1 in 239 transplant recipients: 107 cases with NMSC and 132 controls free from NMSC matched for type of transplanted organ, duration of transplantation, sex and age. Allele GSTP1*A was associated with a higher risk of NMSC [odds ratio (OR) 1.7 (1.1-2.5); P = 0.017]. Homozygosity for allele GSTP1 Val(105) was lower in cases [OR 0.3 (0.1-0.8); P = 0.012], especially in patients with SCC [OR 0.1 (0.0-0.7); P = 0.012]. A higher risk of BCC was found in patients with GSTM1 null/null [null/null versus A + B, OR 3.1 (1.4-6.8); P = 0.003]. Analysis of allelism and interaction between allelic variants showed significant association between combined GSTM1 and CYP1A1 Val(462) genotypes, where individuals homozygous for the risk allele GSTM1 null and carrying also the allele CYP1A1 Val(462), show a higher risk of developing NMSC [OR 4.5 (1.1-21.4); P = 0.03], especially SCC [OR 6.5 (1.4-34.4); P = 0.01]. GSTP1 polymorphisms are associated with both BCC and SCC risk. GSTM1 polymorphisms seem to be involved in BCC risk, while GSTM1 null/null genotype combined with CYP1A1 allele Val(462) are associated with a higher risk for SCC, indicating that allelism and/or interactions between allelic variants at other loci may also influence the risk of NMSC, particularly SCC.     

自我改善型火棉胶鱼鳞病三家系12R-脂氧合酶基因突变分析

目的:分析3个自我改善型火棉胶鱼鳞病家系基因突变情况。方法:收集3例自我改善型火棉胶鱼鳞病患者临床资料。提取患者及父母外周血DNA,使用先天性鱼鳞病多基因芯片对患者进行高通量测序,确定致病基因位点后用Sanger测序法对患者及父母DNA双向验证。结果:3例出生时均为火棉胶样儿,2~4周膜脱落后,均逐渐出现相似的轻度鱼鳞...     

Non-melanoma skin cancer risk in the Queensland renal transplant population

BACKGROUND: Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is an important complication of solid organ transplantation, especially in areas of high ultraviolet light exposure. Registry data may underestimate the scale of the problem. OBJECTIVES: A single-observer study of a Queensland renal transplant population was conducted between July 1999 and April 2000 utilizing both cross-sectional and retrospective data. The aims were to determine accurately the risk of NMSC following renal transplantation and compare this with currently available registry data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A structured interview and full skin examination was completed by 398 renal transplant recipients. Case notes and histology reports were examined for details of previous skin tumours. Independently collected data on 341 subjects from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplantation Registry (ANZDATA) were also examined. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-seven of 361 (51.8%) transplant recipients of Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV had developed 3979 histologically diagnosed NMSCs since first transplantation. The ratio of SCC/BCC was reversed from 1 : 3.7 before transplantation to 2 : 1 after transplantation. NMSC increased with duration of immunosuppression; 29.1%, 52.2%, 72.4% and 82.1% of those immunosuppressed for < 5, 5-10, 10-20 and > 20 years, respectively, had developed at least one tumour. The ANZDATA registry under-recorded the numbers of patients with NMSC by 28.4% and gave no indication of tumour numbers. CONCLUSIONS: NMSC is a greater clinical problem in renal transplant recipients living in subtropical Queensland, Australia, than is shown by currently available registry data. This has implications for the development of prevention and surveillance strategies.     

IL36RN基因突变与掌跖脓疱病的相关性研究

目的：明确IL36RN基因突变与掌跖脓疱病的相关性。方法：提取96例掌跖脓疱病患者(PPP)与144名健康对照外周血DNA,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术扩增 IL36RN 基因所有外显子及其侧翼序列并进行Sanger测序。结果：96例PPP患者中有3例患者携带c.115+6T>C(p.Arg10ArgX1),3例携带c.140A>G (p.Asn47Ser)。144名对照者中有2名携带c.115+6T>C,4名携带c.140A>G。PPP组与健康对照组IL36RN突变率比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.67,OR=0.65,95% CI: 0.20~2.09)。结论：PPP与IL36RN基因突变不相关。     

Genetic association between an AACC insertion in the 3'UTR of the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme gene and atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a disease with an impaired skin barrier that affects 15%-20% of children. In the normal epidermis, the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE) thought to play a central role in desquamation by cleaving proteins of the stratum corneum (e.g., corneodesmosin and plakoglobin). Genetic variations within the SCCE gene could be associated with dysregulation of SCCE activity leading to an abnormal skin barrier. We screened the SCCE gene for variations and performed a case-control study on 103 atopic dermatitis patients and 261 matched controls. 16 synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified and a 4 bp (AACC) insertion has been found in the 3'UTR. We performed an association study of the SCCE AACC insertion in the 3'UTR, and found a significant trend between the AACC allele with the two insertions and disease in the overall data set [odds ratio (OR)=2.31; p=0.0007]. The AACC insertion in the SCCE gene may result in a change to SCCE activity within the skin barrier. These findings suggest that SCCE could have an important role in the development of atopic dermatitis.     

9例色素异常性皮肤淀粉样变患者GPNMB基因序列分析

目的:研究色素异常性皮肤淀粉样变(ACD)患者的临床特征及GPNMB基因突变情况.方法:回顾性分析9例ACD患者的临床资料,对患者及部分患者父母进行GPNMB基因检测和序列分析,采用Mutation-Taster预测突变位点的致病性.结果:9例患者中:c.565C>T纯合突变6例,其中4例经家系验证符合常染色体隐性遗传...     

毛囊角化病ATP2A2基因突变分析

目的检测毛囊角化病患者ATP2A2基因的突变。方法提取全部患者及健康对照个体的外周血DNA,采用聚合酶链反应扩增ATP2A2基因的全部外显子,并进行DNA测序。结果在收集到的2个家系和3例散发患者中共发现3个突变,包括1个缺失突变(1622delAACA),1个插入突变(180insCTTAA)和1个错义突变(698GT),均为未见报道的突变。在100例正常对照中均未发现上述突变。结论收集到的毛囊角化病患者存在ATP2A2基因的突变,这些突变可能会影响角质形成细胞中钙离子的转运,使表皮细胞的连接和分化出现异常。