Necrotizing fasciitis and evisceration complicating an inferiorly based epigastric TRAM flap

The rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, based on the deep inferior epigastric vessels, is an excellent flap for reconstructing large wounds of the groin and perineum. However, wound infection in the donor site is a potential complication, even with thorough preparation of the recipient site. We present one such case in a diabetic patient who developed a necrotizing fasciitis and evisceration following transfer of an inferiorly based myocutaneous flap.     

The deep inferior epigastric rectus abdominis muscle and myocutaneous free tissue transfer: further applications for head and neck reconstruction.

The rectus abdominis muscle and myocutaneous free tissue transfer is a well-recognized donor site for reconstruction of complex head and neck defects. Four composite deformities were successfully managed using this donor site. The rectus abdominis myocutaneous "sandwich" flap was used for closure of a pharyngocutaneous fistula and to provide intraoral lining and external coverage for a composite mandibular defect. The rectus muscle flap was used to obliterate a compound frontal sinus injury and an orbitomaxillary defect. All flaps were based on the deep inferior epigastric vascular pedicle.     

下斜方肌岛状皮瓣修复颈部放射性溃疡

目的 探讨颈部慢性放射性溃疡创面应用下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复的可行性与效果。方法 自1992年～1998年12月应用下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣移植修复颈部放射性溃疡创面49例。结果 49例颈部创面I期愈合，未出现新溃疡。结论 下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣具有血管恒定、面积大的特点，是修复颈部放射性溃疡的优良供区之一。     

眶区眼轮匝肌蒂岛状皮瓣在眶周皮肤缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨应用眶区眼轮匝肌蒂岛状皮瓣修复眶周皮肤全层缺损的方法与手术技巧。方法 根据缺损的部位、形态及面积,分别应用以上、下眶区眼轮匝肌内侧为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复眶周的皮肤缺损,供区直接缝合。结果 2003年7月至2009年10月,应用上述方法共修复24例,除l例术后皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药愈合,2例皮瓣表皮坏死未行处理,自行愈合外,其余皮瓣均成活良好。随访6 ～ 24个月,所有皮瓣色泽、质地均良好,与周围组织无明显差别,供区瘢痕不明显,外形满意。结论选择以眼轮匝肌眶部内侧为蒂的岛状皮瓣一期修复眶周皮肤缺损,血供良好,供区隐蔽,术后效果满意。     

胸锁乳突肌单蒂肌皮瓣修复颌面部软组织缺陷畸形的初步报告

目的探讨胸锁乳突肌胸骨头单蒂肌皮瓣修复颌面部软组织缺损畸形的方法及效果。方法2004年5月-2006年9月,应用胸锁乳突肌胸骨头单蒂肌皮瓣修复颌面部软组织瘢痕及缺损5例,均为男性,年龄23-34岁。分别为胎儿时母亲宫腔内注射药物、婴幼儿期面颊部感染、电击伤后遗留瘢痕或凹陷畸形。需要修复范围为5cm×3cm-9cm×6cm。结果术后5例移位胸骨头肌皮瓣均成活,但因静脉回流障碍均发生小面积的表皮坏死,2-3周自行愈合,皮瓣周围有少许瘢痕形成。1例术后患侧发生肩部上抬无力,6个月后基本恢复。术后均获随访1-6个月,修复后的颌面1例蒂部略显臃肿;1例瘢痕明显,但患者满意;余3例外观满意。结论胸锁乳突肌胸骨头单蒂肌皮瓣较全胸锁乳突肌皮瓣设计更灵活,且能提供足够的组织量,是修复颌面部皮肤软组织缺损的一种理想材料。     

Extended lower trapezius myocutaneous flap to cover a deep lateral neck defect on irradiated skin: A new application

Abstract

Defects of the skin and underlying soft tissue of the neck are uncommon, and the surgeon's main objective is to achieve reliable long-term coverage of the exposed vital organs with well-vascularised tissue harvested from a distant donor site. We present a patient whose extended irradiation site together with the previous unsuccessful attempt to cover it with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, needed an extended lower trapezius myocutaneous flap, which seemed to be the only way in which to close the large and deep cervical defect.     

多种区域组织瓣在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用分析

目的:寻找口腔颌面部缺损的理想修复方法。方法:对97例口腔颌面部缺损,根据缺损部位、性质、范围,分别采用鼻唇沟皮瓣(6例),邻位滑行皮瓣(13例),Abbe瓣(4例),胸大肌肌皮瓣(17例),颈阔肌肌皮瓣(14例),下斜方肌肌皮瓣(4例),前臂皮瓣(13例),额瓣(6例),颞肌筋膜瓣修复(6例),舌瓣(11例),腓骨肌皮瓣(3例),观察修复效果。结果:97例区域组织瓣中,胸大肌肌皮瓣坏死1例,下斜方肌肌皮瓣尖端坏死1例,另1例胸大肌皮瓣术后放疗后坏死(术后4月),其余皮瓣存活,外形基本满意。所有患者均能进食,97%能正常饮食(食饭),其余可流质饮食。舌、腭、咽、口底肿物T3以上,术后语音轻度影响。结论:采用以上多种区域组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损,建议应尽可能采用邻近带蒂皮瓣;对于较大缺损修复主要是修复组织缺损,采用不同组织修复缺损,对进食、语音影响似区别不大,日后尚需作深入研究。     

rhEGF凝胶在肌皮瓣修复深度电击烧伤创面中的应用

目的:探讨重组人表皮生长因子(rhEGF)凝胶在肌皮瓣修复深度电击烧伤创面中的应用效果。方法:选取2013年2月-2018年10月笔者医院收治的84例深度电击烧伤患者,随机分为对照组与观察组,各42例。对照组采取常规清创及肌皮瓣修复治疗,观察组另在清创后、植皮后给予rhEGF凝胶涂抹。对比清创后至肌皮瓣修复时间、二次清创率、修复术前创面感染发生情况,并比较术后肌皮瓣成活及创面愈合情况,另对比供区创面愈合时间及住院时间,且术后随访12个月,观察供区创面瘢痕形成情况。结果:观察组清创后至肌皮瓣修复时间明显短于对照组,二次清创率及修复术前创面感染发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组与观察组术后肌皮瓣均完全成活(100.00%),其中创面一期愈合率分别为88.10%(37/42)、92.86%(39/42),其余经换药及引流后均创面愈合,且供区均愈合良好。观察组供区创面愈合时间及住院时间明显短于对照组,观察组术后6个月及12个月的供区创面瘢痕评分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在肌皮瓣修复深度电击烧伤创面中应用rhEGF凝胶,可明显缩短清创至肌皮瓣修复时间,减少二次清创及术前创面感染的发生,术后创面愈合效果满意,并可加快供区创面愈合速度,缩短住院时间,可减少术后供区瘢痕形成。     

Cancer recurrence involving a TRAM flap and abdominal donor site following mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: a case report

Local tumor recurrence after mastectomy with immediate reconstruction is rare. Most reported recurrences involve invasive or in situ ductal carcinoma and occur at the skin or subcutaneous tissues near the mastectomy site. We report a case of a patient with malignant phyllodes tumor that recurred after mastectomy with immediate pedicle transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction. The recurrent disease involved the mastectomy bed, transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, abdominal donor site, and precostal tunnel.     

The longitudinal gracilis myocutaneous flap: broadening options in breast reconstruction

Many patients who present for autogenous breast reconstruction are not suitable candidates for abdominal wall flaps, either because of previous abdominal surgery (most commonly transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for prior breast reconstruction) or because of the lack of enough adipose tissue. Another donor site option is the medial thigh that has more recently been recognized as a source of tissue for breast reconstruction. Prior reports have described the harvest of a gracilis myocutaneous flap through a transverse incision. From August 2004 to April 2007, 12 patients underwent autogenous breast reconstruction of 15 breasts with the longitudinal gracilis myocutaneous microvascular flap. The patients' ages ranged from 41 to 60 years (average, 48 years). In all patients the longitudinal gracilis flap was chosen because of a desire for autogenous reconstruction and a lack of available abdominal wall tissue. Mean follow-up of the 12 patients was 16.8 months (range, 5-36 months). There was no microvascular thrombosis or free-flap failure in this series. Donor sites were well tolerated by all patients. Three patients underwent suction-assisted lipectomy of 5 donor site areas to improve contour and/or symmetry. The longitudinal gracilis myocutaneous flap is a useful alternative for breast reconstruction in properly selected patients.     

A proposed protocol for the surgical treatment of pressure sores based on a study of 337 cases

Pressure sores are very common complications following spinal cord injuries and other neurological problems. We present out 15 years' experience in treating pressure sores with myocutaneous flaps. Each anatomical site is considered, divided into those in which cover was successful and those with recurrences. Over the past 8 years careful preoperative planning has been used and specific flaps for each anatomical area. Our home care system is organized to cover both domestic and medical problems. Treatment is determined after examining the wound (anatomical site, staging, infection) and underlying medical, nutritional, and neurological problems. The first choice for ischial ulcers is the VY advancement hamstring myocutaneous flap, sacral ulcers a VY myocutaneous advancement flap of gluteus maximus muscle, and for trochanteric ulcers the myocutaneous rotation flap of tensor fascia lata muscle. Using this protocol the treatment outcome of sacral and ischial ulcers has been encouraging, but in trochanteric ulcers the results have been less satisfactory. This experience supports the use of these flaps in the treatment of pressure sores in para and tetraplegic patients.     

Sex differences in murine myocutaneous flap revascularization

Sex differences in susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury have been documented in humans. Premenopausal women have a lower risk of ischemic heart disease than age‐matched men, whereas after menopause, the risk is similar or even higher in women. However, little is known about the effects of sex on myocutaneous ischemia/reperfusion. To explore sex differences in wound revascularization, we utilized a murine myocutaneous flap model of graded ischemia. A cranial‐based, peninsular‐shaped, myocutaneous flap was surgically created on the dorsum of male and female mice. Physiological, pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular parameters were analyzed. Flaps created on female mice were re‐attached to the recipient site resulting in nearly complete viability at post‐operative day 10. In contrast, distal full‐thickness myocutaneous necrosis was evident at 10 days post‐surgery in male mice. Over the 10 day study interval, laser speckle imaging documented functional revascularization in all flap regions in female mice, but minimal distal flap reperfusion in male mice. Day 10 immunostained histologic sections confirmed significant increases in distal flap vessel count and vascular surface area in female compared to male mice. RT‐PCR demonstrated significant differences in growth factor and metabolic gene expression between female and male mice at day 10. In conclusion, in a graded‐ischemia wound healing model, flap revascularization was more effective in female mice. The recognition and identification of sex‐specific wound healing differences may lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of myocutaneous revascularization and drive novel discovery to improve soft tissue wound healing following tissue transfer for traumatic injury and cancer resection.     

眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣修复面部缺损

目的面部缺损在临床上较为常见,因局部皮辦或皮下蒂皮辦是由皮下直接供血,皮瓣修复的区域受到限制。为此,进行了以面部表情肌为供血来源的皮辦探讨。方法通过对眼轮匝肌的血管及面神经颞支的解剖研究,扩大了以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣的应用范围。结果 18例面部软组织缺损修复均取得了满意的效果。结论眼轮匝肌颞区皮辦比局部或皮下蒂组织辦易于移转,且供区隐散蔽。     

Clinical application of a free scapular fascial flap

The free scapular fascial flap based on the circumflex scapular vessels with skin graft on top has been used to cover the soft-tissue defects in 6 cases--5 hands and 1 foot, over the past one year. The size of the fascial flap ranged from 10 x 6 to 13 x 7 cm. Five flaps were survival completely and one with loss of a small portion due to infection. Compared with the cutaneous flap, myocutaneous flap or muscular flap, the fascial flap is thinner, showing no bulkiness on the recipient site, and also no impairment was noted in the donor site. The shortcoming is darker colour of the skin graft overlying it. The authors consider that the free fascial flap is mainly indicated for the soft-tissue defects of the extremities and those sites where no augmentation is required.     

The propeller flap concept used in vaginal wall reconstruction

Most posterior vaginal wall defects are due to abdominoperineal resection for colorectal carcinoma involving the posterior vaginal wall or resection of local malignancies. The rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, the modified Singapore flap and the gracilis myocutaneous flap remain workhorse solutions for this type of vaginal reconstruction. The introduction of the perforator concept has introduced new therapeutic options using the gluteal donor site region. Recently, perforator-based gluteal flaps have been described as a reliable solution for reconstruction of posterior vaginal wall defects, with low donor site morbidity. Here, we present a new technique to optimise results and minimise morbidity to the patient.     

应用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复注射引产致面部凹陷畸形

目的：探讨胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在修复注射引产引起的面部瘢痕伴凹陷畸形的方法及效果。方法：应用以胸锁乳突肌乳突头为蒂的单蒂肌皮瓣修复注射引产引起的颌面部瘢痕及面部明显凹陷畸形患者3例,术中切除面部瘢痕,彻底松解,在胸锁乳突肌远端设计相应大小的肌皮瓣,旋转覆盖面部缺损部位。结果：术后3例胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣均成活,但因静脉回流障碍均发生小面积的表皮坏死,经换药均自愈。面部瘢痕及凹陷得到明显改善。结论：胸锁乳突肌乳突头单蒂肌皮瓣旋转灵活,能提供足够皮肤及组织量,既解决了去除瘢痕后皮肤量不足的问题,又解决了面部软组织发育不良导致的面部凹陷,是一种较理想的手术方法。     

眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣修复面部缺损

目的面部缺损在临床上较为常见，因局部皮瓣或皮下蒂皮瓣是由皮下直接供血，皮瓣修复的区域受到限制。为此，进行了以面部表情肌为供血来源的皮瓣探讨。方法通过对眼轮匝肌的血管及面神经颞支的解剖研究，扩大了以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣的应用范围。结果１８例面部软组织缺损修复均取得了满意的效果。结论眼轮匝肌颞区皮瓣比局部或皮下蒂组织瓣易于移转，且供区隐散蔽。     

Soft tissue reconstruction with the superior gluteal artery perforator flap

The development of the perforator flap technique revolutionized the practice of soft tissue transfer. The main goal of this technique is muscle sparing at the donor site for function and strength. Meanwhile, this concept is being widely applied for reconstruction of tissues throughout the entire body. Perforator flaps are the ultimate upgrade of the well-known myocutaneous flaps. Theoretically, any myocutaneous flap can be harvested as a perforator flap if skin resurfacing is needed. Although the DIEP flap, the anterolateral thigh flap, and the TAP flap are probably more frequently used for breast, trunk, and upper and lower limb reconstruction, as well as head and neck reconstruction, the SGAP flap takes its own position in the large group of perforator flaps and has its own specific indications.     

逆行缝匠肌肌皮瓣修复小腿和膝周软组织缺损

目的:探讨逆行缝匠肌肌皮瓣或肌瓣修复小腿和膝周软组织缺损的临床效果。方法:对2006年1月~2014年1月我院收治的9例小腿和膝周软组织缺损患者均采用逆行缝匠肌肌皮瓣或肌瓣转移修复,7例采用肌皮瓣,2例采用肌瓣,封闭创面。供瓣区直接缝合。结果:9例患者缝匠肌肌皮瓣或肌瓣均存活良好,供瓣区愈合良好。1例肌瓣上植皮一期成活。1例患者肌瓣上植皮愈合稍差,经换药后创面愈合;1例患者肌皮瓣远端颜色发暗,经换药后创面愈合。9例患者术后均随访3个月~2年,皮瓣色泽良好,质地柔软,无骨髓炎及窦道形成。结论:采用逆行缝匠肌肌皮瓣或肌瓣是修复小腿和膝周软组织缺损的一种有效方法,临床疗效良好。     

Bipedicle Orbicularis Oculi Flap in the Reconstruction of the Lower Eyelid Ectropion

Background Lower eyelid ectropion is conventionally reconstructed with a local flap or full-thickness skin graft. However, scar contracture and recurrence of ectropion often occur. This article describes an effective surgical technique for lower eyelid ectropion repair using a bipedicle orbicularis oculi muscle or myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid. Methods This study prospectively analyzed collected data on the bipedicle orbicularis oculi muscle or myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid in reconstruction of lower eyelid ectropion between 1995 and 2004. The flap was used in 12 eyelid procedures for the correction of lower eyelid ectropion, in 10 cases with traumatic ectropion, and in 1 case with bilateral congenital ectropion. In these cases, a strip of orbicularis oculi muscle or a myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid with two pedicles attached in the medial and lateral canthus was advanced to the lower eyelid to suspend the eyelid and repair the skin defect. Results No problem of flap viability was encountered in any of the patients, and all healed well. Deformities were corrected, and evaluation showed satisfactory function and appearance during 0.5 to 6 years (average, 2 years) of follow-up evaluation. Eyelid malposition and bulkiness of the lower eyelid occurred in the early stages, but disappeared gradually about 3 months after the operation. There was no flap contraction, recurrent deformity, or significant donor site morbidity in the follow-up period. The incision scars were almost invisible. Conclusions The application of bipedicle orbicularis oculi muscle or a myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid in reconstruction of lower eyelid ectropion is effective and reduces postoperative morbidity.