内镜下逆行胰胆管造影胆道刷检对良恶性胆道狭窄的诊断价值*

目的探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术中行胆道刷检对良恶性胆道狭窄的诊断价值。方法选取2015年9月-2018年10月因梗阻性黄疸入住贵州医科大学附属医院行ERCP诊治的患者的临床资料,随机收集术中造影显示胆道狭窄的患者45例,常规行胆道细胞刷片并进行细胞病理学分析。结果细胞病理学报告细胞核增大、核膜不规则、核仁明显、具有多个核仁的染色质凝集、核浆比增大、细胞异型性明显、常见小团的散落的异型性细胞簇时,胆道刷检细胞学对恶性胆道狭窄诊断的意义更大。32例(71.11%)患者最终诊断为恶性胆道狭窄,其中22例通过组织病理学检查确诊,10例通过疾病进展和影像学检查明确诊断。Logistic回归分析显示,胆道狭窄长度(OR^=8.375,95%CI:1.249～56.173)是恶性胆道狭窄的危险因素。结论 ERCP胆道细胞刷检是一项安全可靠的检查方法,充分的取材、良好的制片方法和严格的细胞形态学诊断标准,均对良恶性胆道狭窄的鉴别有较好的价值。     

A percutaneous biopsy technique for patients with suspected biliary or pancreatic cancer without a radiographic mass

Background: Treatment of malignant pancreatic and/or biliary strictures requires tissue diagnosis. Since cytologic brushings at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) of these strictures has a poor sensitivity for malignancy (30–83%) (see ME Ryan. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1991;37(2):139–143; and MB Cohen, Wittchow RJ, Johlin FC, et al. Mod Pathol 1995;8:498–502), tissue diagnosis must be obtained by another route. We report our experience of percutaneous biopsy of malignant pancreatic and/or biliary strictures even when no radiographic mass is present. Methods: At ERCP, five patients demonstrated pancreatic and/or biliary duct strictures, had atypical cytological brushings, and had their strictures stented. No mass to account for the strictures could be identified on CT. These five patients underwent percutaneous biopsy of the peri-stent material by CT within 10 days of the ERCP. Results: Two patients had adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. One patient had malignant lymphoma and another had cholangiocarcinoma. One patient had inflammatory cells and was followed. Conclusions: If the diagnosis of malignancy cannot be made at the time of the ERCP sampling, then our experience suggests that a percutaneous biopsy should be performed even if a mass is not present using the stent as a target. Received: 30 January 1996/Accepted: 28 March 1996     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after pancreaticoduodenectomy for benign and malignant disease: indications and technical outcomes

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy develop postoperative complications related to surgery and their disease. Very little data are available on the role or success of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in such patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the indications and role of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP after pancreaticoduodenectomy for both benign and malignant disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a 10-year (1990 - 2000) single institution retrospective review of all ERCPs performed on patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy surgery. Indications for the ERCP and technical procedural success were studied. RESULTS: 29 patients with a pancreaticoduodenectomy underwent 56 ERCPs. Reasons for surgery were neoplasia and chronic pancreatitis. Indications for ERCP included evaluation of jaundice and pain. Technical success related to the clinical indication (jaundice 69 %, pain 54 %). CONCLUSION: ERCP plays an important role in the management of postpancreatic surgery problems including biliary and anastomotic strictures, and should be the modality of choice. However, surgical technique may make the afferent limb inaccessible, and the ductal anastomosis difficult to identify in patients with some types of pancreaticoduodenectomy. Closer collaboration between surgeon and endoscopist may allow alterations in surgical technique to improve postoperative ERCP success.     

Intraductal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Common bile duct (CBD) compression can be caused by stones in the cystic duct (Mirizzi syndrome) which can be difficult to diagnose even with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Conventional imaging often gives insufficient information and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and magnetic resonance imaging may improve diagnostic accuracy, but often the final diagnosis is made during exploratory surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients undergoing ERCP during a 3-year period were prospectively analyzed if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria: gallbladder in situ; obstructive jaundice with CBD stenosis, demonstrated at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), but unexplained at ultrasonography; and inability to demonstrate the cystic duct during ERC. Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) was carried out over a guide wire using a 20-MHz probe. Prior to ERCP, patients were evaluated with abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT), as well as by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or EUS in some. RESULTS: 74 patients out of 2089 undergoing ERCP fulfilled the entry criteria. Final diagnoses, from surgical exploration (n = 41), cytology (n = 21), or endoscopic extraction of stones from the cystic duct (n = 12), were Mirizzi syndrome (type I) in 30 patients and other causes in 44 patients (gallbladder carcinoma [n = 16], pancreatic carcinoma [n = 9], metastatic compression [n = 9], other [n = 10]). CT had shown suspected Mirizzi syndrome in 1/30 cases (3 %) and MRCP in 12/19 evaluated cases (63 %). EUS allowed a correct diagnosis in 11 of 15 evaluated cases (73 %). IDUS required an additional 8 +/- 3 min and showed a sensitivity of 97 % and specificity of 100 %. CONCLUSION: IDUS is a sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome.     

The clinical significance of common bile-duct dilatation in patients without biliary symptoms or causative lesions on ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Although abdominal ultrasonography (US) is a good initial screening method for detection of biliary tract disease, we sometimes encounter patients who only have findings of dilatation of the common bile duct (CBD) on US, without specific biliary symptoms or jaundice. This study aimed to evaluate the causes and clinical significance of dilatation of the CBD in patients without biliary symptoms, jaundice, or causative lesions at US. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 77 patients who had no biliary symptoms and whose internal CBD diameter was more than 7 mm, without definite causative lesions on US, were enrolled. Of these, 49 underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and 28 underwent follow-up US or computed tomography (CT) instead of ERCP. We excluded patients whose bilirubin level had increased beyond the upper normal level or who had previous history of upper abdominal surgery including cholecystectomy. RESULTS: The ERCP findings were as follows: no lesion in 20 patients (40.8%), juxtapapillary duodenal diverticulum (JDD) in 11 (22.5%), benign stricture in ten (20.4%), distal CBD mass in two (4.1%), choledochal cyst in two (4.1%), anomalous union of the pancreaticobiliary duct (AUPBD) in two (4.1%), and choledochal cyst with AUPBD in two (4.1%). There were no differences in age or in alkaline phosphatase or gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels between the patients who had causative lesions revealed at ERCP and those who did not. Among the 28 patients who did not undergo ERCP, 12 had returned to normal and eight had no change in CBD diameter on follow-up US. Among eight patients who underwent CT, there were four with normal findings, one with JDD, and three with suspected choledochal cysts. CONCLUSIONS: We detected a significant number of causative biliary tract lesions in asymptomatic adults with dilatation of the CBD on routine abdominal US; no laboratory or demographic parameters were useful for discrimination. Further diagnostic study will be helpful for the early diagnosis of biliary tract disease in such patients.     

胆胰管良恶性梗阻的多点位引流治疗

目的探讨通过内镜逆行胆胰管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiaopancreatography,ERCP),同期置入多点位支架以姑息性解除胆胰管良恶性梗阻的操作技术及其临床疗效。方法采用ERCP了解胆、胰管狭窄或梗阻的精确部位、范围、程度,并确定需置入多点位支架。然后在确定的胆、胰管分别置入导丝并逐级扩张狭窄段,然后在导丝引导下按常规分别置入多点位引流支架。术后观察血淀粉酶变化及黄疽、腹痛、腹泻等临床症状的改善情况及支架通畅期。结果28例胆胰管良恶性梗阻患者总有效率(引流满意组加引流一般组)为89.3%。其中,中、低位胆管梗阻者治疗有效率为90.9%,高位胆管梗阻治疗有效率为88.2%。术前6例上腹部胀痛患者,术后2周内2例消失,2例减轻,2例无明显变化;术前3例腹泻患者,术后1个月1例消失,1例明显减轻;有6例术后出现高淀粉酶血症,发生率为21.4%,均在72h内恢复正常;有2例患者术后2周内发生胆管炎,发生率为7.1%。28例病人中恶性梗阻病人多点位支架的平均通畅期为7个月,全组未发生与操作有关的严重并发症及死亡。结论多点位支架引流可扩大胆胰管良恶性梗阻的引流范围,迅速解除黄疸,减压止痛,改善胰腺外分泌功能,并能维持较长的支架通畅期,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Diagnostic and prognostic implications of DNA ploidy and S-phase evaluation in the assessment of malignancy in biliary strictures

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Brush cytology of biliary strictures has a low sensitivity for diagnosing malignancy, and additional diagnostic tools are needed. The aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic and prognostic importance of DNA measurements as an adjunct to brush cytology in patients with biliary strictures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients (n = 225) with bile duct strictures who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) between January 1997 and October 2003 at the Department of Radiology at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden, were included in the study. While 66 patients had an unclear final diagnosis and were therefore excluded, the remaining 159 patients were assessed with brush cytology and DNA flow cytometry. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of DNA aneuploidy for tumor detection were 43 % and 96 %. Using DNA analysis in addition to brush cytology, the sensitivity was 62 % compared with 57 % for brush cytology alone (not significant). Patients with diploid DNA tumors had a significantly better survival than patients with aneuploid DNA tumors ( P = 0.02). The mean survival was 10 months for diploid cancers and 6 months for aneuploid cancers. CONCLUSION: DNA ploidy measurement may be a diagnostic method that could supplement brush cytology in the identification of malignancy in biliary strictures. DNA aneuploidy is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with malignant biliary strictures.     

ERCP后CT诊断梗阻性黄疸病因(附25例分析)

目的 评价ERCP后CT对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。方法 25例胆道梗阻性疾病的ERCP后行上腹部螺旋CT容积扫描，在工作站利用软件将图象处理后得到胆道系统MPR和仿真内窥镜图像。结果 25例中，胆管癌2例，砂癌2例，胆总管结石16例，胆总管炎3例，胰头囊性肿瘤1例，胆囊癌侵犯胆总管1例，均经手术或病理证实。结论 ERCP后CT扫描是诊断梗阻性黄疸的一种可靠手段。     

无痛性梗阻性黄疸病因分析(附136例)

目的：探讨无痛性梗阻性黄疸的病因；方法：回顾性分析1994-2001年收治的136例无痛性黄疸，经B超，CT、PTC，ERCP或肝组织穿刺活检等检查及手术探查证实。结果：136例中恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻89例，其中胰头癌49例，十二指肠乳头癌15例。胆管癌18例，肝细胞性肝癌7例；胆总管下段结石32例，硬化性胆管炎6例；胆汁郁积性肝炎5例；慢性胰腺炎4例。结论：无痛性梗阻性黄疸以恶性肿瘤所致为主，占65%，但良性疾病引起也占35%。其中胆管下段嵌顿性结石23%，硬化性胆管炎，胆汁郁积性肝炎占12%，因此，在鉴别诊断中要引起重视。     

ERCP对胆胰疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨ERCP对胆胰疾病的诊断价值。方法对2007年07月-2008年07月胆胰疾病经B超、CT、MRCP检查诊断未明的行诊断性ERCP的患者进行分析研究。结果共行诊断性ERCP50例（其中单纯诊断23例,诊断＋治疗27例）,其中失败2例,未见异常3例,各种恶性肿瘤15例,良性肿瘤2例,Oddi括约肌功能障碍（SOD）11例（其中乳头狭窄9例）,原发性硬化性胆管炎（PSC）3例,胆管良性狭窄伴结石7例,胆、胰管变异5例,Mirrizi综合征1例,胆总管十二指肠瘘1例。术后并发轻型胰腺炎2例,高淀粉酶血症2例,术中局部渗血2例。结论B超、CT或MRCP无法完全代替ERCP,ERCP仍是诊断胆胰疾病的金标准,诊断性ERCP具有一定的并发症,因此要严格掌握适应证。     

Diagnosis of biliary strictures in conjunction with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography,with special reference to patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Strictures of the bile ducts due to malignant changes are difficult to distinguish from benign changes, particularly in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic methods for malignancy in biliary strictures in conjunction with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Bile duct strictures were identified during ERCP in 57 patients, who were thus included in the present study. Brush samples from the strictures were taken for cytology and for evaluation of DNA content by flow cytometry. The tumor markers CA 19-9 and CEA were determined both in serum and bile fluid. Two independent radiologists evaluated all cholangiograms. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each diagnostic method were evaluated separately and in combination. RESULTS: 32 patients were found to have malignant strictures and when the four methods: brush cytology, DNA analysis, serum CA 19-9 and serum CEA were combined, a diagnostic sensitivity of 88 % and specificity of 80 % were reached. Seven of the 20 patients with PSC were found also to suffer from cholangiocarcinoma, yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 100 % and 85 %, respectively. Analyses of CA 19-9 and CEA in bile fluid had no diagnostic significance. CONCLUSION: An ERCP procedure with brush cytology, a DNA analysis, combined with serum analysis of CA 19-9 and CEA, can increase the possibility of distinguishing between malignant and benign biliary strictures, especially in PSC patients.     

MRCP对恶性胆道狭窄的诊断价值

目的：通过与ＥＲＣＰ／ＰＴＣ对比,评价ＭＲＣＰ对恶性胆道狭窄的定位、定性的准确性。材料与方法５７例恶性胆道狭窄患者,采用不屏气或屏气快速自旋回波（ＦＳＥ）序列扫描,对照ＥＲＣＰ或ＰＴＣ检查和病理结果,评价ＭＲＣＰ对恶性胆道狭窄征象的显示能力。结果：ＭＲＣＰ诊断恶性胆道狭窄的定位准确性分别为１００％和８７．８％,经统计学检验证实与ＥＲＣＰ／ＰＴＣ不存在显著性差异。对病变胆管截断、狭窄及管壁不规则等征     

Diagnosis of Cancer Spread Using Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Cholangioscopy-guided Ultrasonography for Malignant Bile Duct Stenosis

The characteristics of sites of intramural cancer spread were examined by comparing the intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) and wall thickening findings at sites of intramural cancer spread and non-spread, in patients with malignant bile duct stenosis who had undergone percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD).The subjects were ten patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer, two with pancreatic cancer, one with cancer of the gallbladder, and one with cancer of the papilla of Vater who underwent preoperative IDUS. From these patients, 50 IDUS slices were examined with a congruent relationship with the histologic section of resected tissue. The maximum thickening, minimum thickening, maximum/minimum thickening ratio, and form factor of the medial and lateral margins of the medial hypoechoic layer were determined using diagnostic imaging, and the results were compared at sites of cancer spread and non-spread.Twelve slices were obtained from the site of stenosis, 14 from sites of cancer spread, and 24 from non-spread sites. The maximum thickening, minimum thickening, and maximum/minimum thickening ratio differed significantly between the sites of spread and the non-spread.The absolute values for wall thickening are useful for diagnosing the presence of intramural spread in patients with malignant biliary duct stenosis.     

Blunt Pancreatic Head Hematoma as an Infrequent Cause of Delayed Obstructive Jaundice

Background

Blunt pancreatic injury is a rare type of abdominal trauma. It is a challenge to physicians due to difficulties in early diagnosis and associated complications. Most simple cases of pancreas contusion and hematoma can be safely treated conservatively. Nevertheless, the possibility of delayed mass effect and complications always exists.

Objectives

We present a case with delayed complications after blunt pancreatic trauma.

Case Report

A 70-year-old woman with simple pancreatic head hematoma was treated conservatively. A delayed obstructive jaundice occurred 4 weeks subsequent to the trauma. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with biliary stent placement provided a successful treatment instead of surgical intervention.

Conclusion

A pancreatic hematoma after blunt abdominal trauma can be complicated by common bile duct obstruction with a delayed onset of obstructive jaundice. The application of ERCP with placement of a biliary stent was effective in this case. Conscientious follow-up and serial imaging studies should be utilized in patients with an initial presentation of an uncomplicated pancreatic head hematoma.     

Prospective evaluation of brush cytology of biliary strictures during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Cytological methods may be used to differentiate benign from malignant biliary strictures. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of an endobiliary cytotechnique which can easily be performed during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cytological samples were obtained by brushing biliary strictures via a guide wire in 86 patients with strictures of unknown status. Samples were classified by an expert cytologist as normal (including reactive cells), severely dysplastic (atypical cells suspicious of malignancy) and clearly malignant. A final diagnosis was achieved in 78 patients based on intraoperative findings and histological investigation, autopsy or prolonged follow-up. Strictures were malignant in 57 cases (31 pancreatic carcinoma, 20 cholangiocarcinoma, 6 others) and benign in 21 cases (11 chronic pancreatitis, 5 chronic nonspecific inflammation, 5 others). RESULTS: The overall results for brush cytological investigation were sensitivity 56.1%, specificity 90.5%, positive predictive value 94.1%, negative predictive value 43.2 %, and accuracy 65.4 %. Sensitivity was significantly higher (P<0.005) in cholangiocarcinoma (80%) compared with pancreatic carcinoma (35.5%). The overall specificity of less than 100 % resulted from dysplasia in two patients with chronic pancreatitis and inflammatory mass. No procedure-related complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Brush cytology is helpful for differentiating between benign and malignant biliary strictures, especially in suspected cholangiocarcinoma. Dysplastic cells may occur in the absence of malignancy and their presence should therefore be interpreted cautiously.     

胆总管下段癌的腔内超声与ERCP诊断价值比较

目的比较内镜超声(EUS)、胆管腔内超声(IDUS)与内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)对胆总管下段癌的诊断价值.方法回顾分析上海长海医院1999年8月至2003年8月期间,同期施行EUS、IDUS和ERCP检查,并经手术标本病理证实的42例胆总管下段癌患者的病例资料,比较EUS、IDUS和ERCP的诊断价值.结果 42例患者中,男24例,女18例,平均年龄53.9岁.EUS检出39例(92.9%),IDUS检出42例(100%),ERCP检出40例(95.2%),三者检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).EUS漏检的3例病灶均局限于胆管壁,但被IDUS确诊.结论 EUS与ERCP对胆总管下段癌具有相当的检出率, EUS和ERCP联合IDUS可提高早期胆总管下段癌的诊断水平.     

Potential impact of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography workload and complication rate in patients referred because of abdominal pain

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has a significant mortality, morbidity, and failed cannulation rate. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a safer, noninvasive method of imaging the pancreaticobiliary tree. A substantial number of patients are referred for ERCP because of abdominal pain, a high proportion of whom have normal ducts or pathology not requiring interventional ERCP. The aim was to assess the potential impact of MRCP on overall ERCP workload and patient outcome if MRCP were the primary investigation in patients referred for ERCP because of abdominal pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 1758 consecutive ERCPs performed in 1148 patients over a 3-year period in a single tertiary referral center in the pre-MRCP era were reviewed. Cannulation failure, ERCP findings, need for follow-up ERCP and all 30-day major complication rates were analyzed with regard to clinical indications. RESULTS: The overall workload comprised 1108 (63 %) successful initial ERCPs, 188 (11 %) failed cannulation attempts and 462 (26 %) follow-up ERCPs. Of the patients, 299 (27 %) had normal ERCP findings, 331 (30 %) had choledocholithiasis and 246 (22 %) had strictures. lf MRCP had been used as the primary imaging investigation in the 451 patients (39 %) referred for ERCP because of abdominal pain, we estimate that 197 patients (44 %) would have avoided ERCP, and the overall ERCP workload would have been reduced by 13 %. Initial MRCP in suspected gallstone pancreatitis and certain miscellaneous groups, it was estimated, would have further decreased ERCP workload by 9 %. Four of 40 major ERCP-related complications (3.5 %) and one of four ERCP-related deaths (0.35 %) would potentially have been avoided. CONCLUSIONS: Initial MRCP in patients referred with abdominal pain would potentially have avoided ERCP in 44 % of cases, reduced ERCP workload by 13 % and significantly reduced patient morbidity and mortality. The relatively small reduction in ERCP workload among these patients reflects the fact that over half of them had probable sphincter dysfunction, a significant proportion of whom might have benefited from biliary manometry and/or endoscopic intervention despite a normal MRCP. Furthermore, a small number of patients with calculi and subtle biliary and pancreatic strictures would be missed by this approach.     

Accuracy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for locating hepatolithiasis and detecting accompanying biliary strictures

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is rapidly replacing diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in various pancreaticobiliary diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of MRCP in detection of hepatolithiasis and accompanying biliary strictures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study over 2 years was conducted in 66 patients with primary intrahepatic stones. All patients with hepatolithiasis underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTC) within 2 weeks of the MRCP examination. The MRCP findings were compared with those of PTC as the reference standard for assessing the location of intrahepatic stones and the presence or absence of accompanying biliary strictures. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRCP for detecting and locating intrahepatic stones were 97 %, 99 %, and 98 %, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRCP for detecting and locating intrahepatic bile duct strictures were 93 %, 97 %, and 97 %, respectively. During PTC, six of the 66 patients (9 %) were found on histology to have intraductal cholangiocarcinoma in stone-bearing ducts, which had not been suspected on MRCP. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, MRCP allowed intrahepatic stones and accompanying biliary strictures to be located accurately. MRCP may therefore be able to replace diagnostic ERCP in patients with primary intrahepatic stones. However, MRCP had a limited ability to reveal concurrent intraductal cholangiocarcinoma associated with hepatolithiasis.     

Rare variant of pancreaticobiliary maljunction associated with pancreas divisum in a child diagnosed and treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A case report

BACKGROUND Pancreaticobiliary maljunction(PBM) is an uncommon congenital anomaly of the pancreatic and biliary ductal system, defined as a union of the pancreatic and biliary ducts located outside the duodenal wall. According to the Komi classification of PBM, the common bile duct(CBD) directly fuses with the ventral pancreatic duct in all types. Pancreas divisum(PD) occurs when the ventral and dorsal ducts of the embryonic pancreas fail to fuse during the second month of fetal development. The coexistence of PBM and PD is an infrequent condition.Here, we report an unusual variant of PBM associated with PD in a pediatric patient, in whom an anomalous communication existed between the CBD and dorsal pancreatic duct.CASE SUMMARY A boy aged 4 years and 2 mo was hospitalized for abdominal pain with nausea and jaundice for 5 d. Abdominal ultrasound showed cholecystitis with cholestasis in the gallbladder, dilated middle-upper CBD, and a strong echo in the lower CBD, indicating biliary stones. The diagnosis was extrahepatic biliary obstruction caused by biliary stones, which is an indication for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP). ERCP was performed to remove biliary stones. During the ERCP, we found a rare communication between the CBD and dorsal pancreatic duct. After clearing the CBD with a balloon, an 8.5 Fr 4-cm pigtail plastic pancreatic stent was placed in the biliary duct through the major papilla. Six months later, his biliary stent was removed after he had no symptoms and normal laboratory tests. In the following 4-year period, the child grew up normally with no more attacks of abdominal pain.CONCLUSION We consider that ERCP is effective and safe in pediatric patients with PBM combined with PD, and can be the initial therapy to manage such cases,especially when it is combined with aberrant communication between the CBD and dorsal pancreatic duct.     

十二指肠镜在处理胆囊切除术后胆道并发症中的应用价值

目的：探讨十二指肠镜在处理胆囊切除术后胆道并发症中的作用。方法：1997年1月－2001年6月对胆囊切除术后出现腹痛和黄患者行ERCP，明确为胆道并发症者285例，胆囊切除术后行ERCP的平均时间为95d。结果：285例胆道并发症者中，胆道残余结石217例，209例结石排出，胆总管部分狭窄47例，随访1年，35例取得满意效果。胆总管完全横断19例，12例行ENBD，待黄疸减退后全部行外科手术，胆漏2例，EST和ENBD治疗后2天体温下降症状减轻，避免再次外科手术。结论：胆囊切除术后临床怀疑有胆道并发症，应尽早行ERCP检查，十二指肠镜对胆道残余结石和胆漏的疗效确切，对胆管部分狭窄的患者应首选十二指肠镜内支架治疗。